Highly efficient solution-processed CZTSSe solar cells based on a convenient sodium-incorporated post-treatment method

In CZTSSe solar cells,a simple sodium-incorporation post-treatment method toward solution-processed Cu2Zn Sn S4precursor films is presented in this work.An ultrathin NaCl film is deposited on Cu2Zn Sn S4precursor films by spin-coating NaCl solution.In subsequent selenization process,the introduction of Na Cl is found to be benefacial for the formation of Cu2-xSe,which can further facilitate the element transportation,leading to dense and smooth CZTSSe films with large grains and less impurity Cu2Sn(S,Se)3phase.SIMS depth profiles confirm the gradient distribution of the sodium element in Na-doped absorbers.Photoluminescence spectra show that the introduction of appropriate sodium into the absorber can inhibit the band tail states.As high as 11.18% of power conversion efficiency(PCE)is achieved for the device treated with 5 mg mL^-1 NaCl solution,and an average efficiency of Na-doped devices is 10.71%,13%higher than that of the control groups(9.45%).Besides,the depletion width and the charge recombination lifetime can also have regular variation with sodium treatment.This work offers an easy modification method for high-quality Na-doped CZTSSe films and high-performance devices,in the meantime,it can also help to further understand the effects of sodium in CZTSSe solar cells.

Comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment use of selenium in retinal ischemia reperfusion injury

AIM: To investigate the effects of selenium in rat retinal ischemia reperfusion(IR) model and compare pretreatment and post-treatment use.METHODS: Selenium pre-treatment group(n =8) was treated with intraperitoneal(i.p.) selenium 0.5 mg/kg for7 d and terminated 24 h after the IR injury. Selenium posttreatment group( n = 8) was treated with i. p. selenium0.5 mg/kg for 7d after the IR injury with termination at the end of the 7d period. Sham group(n =8) received i.p.saline injections identical to the selenium volume for 7d with termination 24 h after the IR injury. Control group(n =8) received no intervention. Main outcome measures were retina superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione(GSH),total antioxidant status(TAS), malondialdehyde(MDA),DNA fragmentation levels, and immunohistological apoptosis evaluation.RESULTS: Compared to the Sham group, selenium pre-treatment had a statistical difference in all parameters except SOD. Post-treatment selenium also resulted in statistical differences in all parameters except the MDA levels. When comparing selenium groups, the pre-treatment selenium group had a statistically higher success in reduction of markers of cell damage such as MDA and DNA fragmentation. In contrast, the post-selenium treatment group had resulted in statisticallyhigher levels of GSH. Histologically both selenium groups succeeded to limit retinal thickening and apoptosis. Pre-treatment use was statistically more successful in decreasing apoptosis in ganglion cell layer compared to post-treatment use.CONCLUSION: Selenium was successful in retinal protection in IR injuries. Pre-treatment efficacy was superior in terms of prevention of tissue damage and apoptosis.

Influence of the post-treatment of HZSM-5 zeolite on catalytic performance for alkylation of benzene with methanol

The porous material HZSM-5 zeolite with micro-mesopore hierarchical porosity was prepared by post-treatment （combined alkali treatment and acid leaching） of parent zeolite and its catalytic performance for benzene alkylation with methanol was investigated. The effect of post-treatment on the textural properties was characterized by various techniques （including ICP-AES, XRD, nitrogen sorption isotherms, SEM, NH3-TPD, Py-IR and TG）. The results indicated that the post-treatment could modify the structural and acidic properties of HZSM-5 zeolite. In this procedure, not only additional mesopores were created by selective extraction of silicon but also the acidity was tuned. Consequently, the modified HZSM-5 zeolite showed larger external surface area with less acid sites as compared to the parent zeolite. It was found out that the modified zeolite exhibited a higher benzene conversion and xylene selectivity for alkylation of benzene with methanol as well as excellent life span of the catalyst than conventional ones. This can be explained by the facts that the presence of additional mesopores improved the diffusion property in the reactions. Furthermore, the modified zeolite showed an appropriate Bronsted acidity for effective suppression of the side reaction of methanol to olefins, thus reduced the accumulation of coke on the HZSM-5 zeolite, which was favorable for the catalyst stability. In comparison with the parent HZSM-5 zeolite, the modified zeolite by alkali treatment and acid leaching showed better performance for the benzene alkylation with methanol.

Curcumin pretreatment and post-treatment both improve the antioxidative ability of neurons with oxygen-glucose deprivation

Recent studies have shown that induced expression of endogenous antioxidative enzymes thr- ough activation of the antioxidant response element/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 （Nrf2） pathway may be a neuroprotective strategy. In this study, rat cerebral cortical neurons cultured in vitro were pretreated with 10 ktM curcumin or post-treated with 5 pM curcumin, respectively before or after being subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation for 24 hours. Both pretreatment and post-treatment resulted in a significant decrease of cell injury as indicated by propidium iodide/Hoechst 33258 staining, a prominent increase of Nrf2 protein expression as indicated by western blot analysis, and a remarkable increase of protein expression and enzyme activity in whole cell lysates of thioredoxin before ischemia, after ischemia, and after reoxygenation. In addition, post-treatment with curcumin inhibited early DNA/RNA oxidation as indicated by immunocytochemistry and increased nuclear Nrf2 protein by inducing nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. These findings suggest that curcumin activates the expression of thi- oredoxin, an antioxidant protein in the Nrf2 pathway, and protects neurons from death caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation in an in vitro model of ischemia/reperfusion. We speculate that pharmacologic stimulation of antioxidant gene expression may be a promising approach to neu- roprotection after cerebral ischemia.

Post-treatment of TS-1 with Mixtures of TPAOH and Ammonium Salts and the Catalytic Properties in Propylene Epoxidation

TS-1/SiO_2 extrudate was post-treated with mixed solution of tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide(TPAOH)and various ammonium salts solution(NH_4F,(NH_4)_3PO_4,(NH_4)_2CO_3,(NH_4)_2SO_4,NH_4CH_3CO_2,NH_4NO_3,NH_4Cl and(NH_4)_2TiF_6).The obtained hierarchical TS-1 catalysts were characterized by many techniques and tested for propylene epoxidation using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant in a fixed-bed reactor.It was shown that the physicochemical and catalytic properties of the treated TS-1/SiO_2 extrudate depended on the types of ammonium salts added.Compared to the treatment with TPAOH alone,the treatment with a mixed solution of TPAOH and some ammonium salts can greatly improve the catalytic properties of the treated TS-1/SiO_2 extrudate.Some of these ammonium salts were favorable for the incorporation of titanium in the framework,and the beneficial effect depended on the types of ammonium salt.TS-1/SiO_2 extrudate treated with a mixed solution of TPAOH and(NH_4)_3PO_4 exhibited the highest catalyst stability in propylene epoxidation.Such catalytic property can be correlated to high crystallinity,more framework titanium,large specific surface area and large external surface area.

Effect of Post-Treatment Conditions on the Inactivation of MS2 Bacteriophage as Indicator for Pathogenic Viruses after the Composting Process

A rural model composting toilet system still had some pathogens in the compost after months of operation and hence requires a post-treatment. The aim of the study was to sanitize compost withdrawn from the composting toilet by setting post-treatment conditions. The kinetics inactivation of MS2 bacteriophage, selected as indicator for pathogenic viruses were determined during post-treatment at different temperatures (30°C, 40°C and 50°C) with varying moisture contents (50%, 60% and 70%). As a result, the inactivation rates during the post-treatment were 0.093 - 0.020 h-1, 0.025 - 0.088 h1, 0.447 - 0.100 h-1 at 30°C, 40°C and 50°C respectively. The inactivation rate coefficient (k) values of MS2 bacteriophage depended on higher temperature but not on moisture content.

Heat Post-Treatment to Reduce Thickness Swelling of Particleboard from Fast-Growing Poplars

According to the high thickness swelling and low dimensional stability of Poplars particleboard, this paper studied the effect of heat post-treatment on the board properties. The results indicated that the post-treatment could be a very effective way to produce dimensinaly stable fast-growing poplars particleboard. The thickness swelling of the board decreased with increasing the time and temperatures of post-heat treatment. So under190℃, being treated for 15 min., the total thickness swelling (TS1) of the board was 8.96%, reduced by 22.88%. The irreversible thickness swelling (TS2) was also reduced with the post-treatment of 190 ℃ or 220℃; The reversible thickness swelling (TS3) was not signifcantly changed when the time of treatment increased up to 25 min. under 190℃.

Post-treatments of Super Absorbent Polymer

Properties of high absorbency and modulus (gel strength) were both needed in applications of superabsorbent polymer (SAP). Generally, the absorption characteristic and gel strength reach a crossover point for a given system. Beyond this point, a given property will show improvement at the expense of another property. To synthesize SAP with properties superior to this optimum value, further modification in the process becomes essential. In our post-treatment modification of superabsorbent polymer, neither the variety of the crosslinkers, nor their amount was found the effective factors to the polymer performance, but the liquor ratio of the treating liquid to polymer. The combination of the chemical treating and heat-treating method was also explored. But this didn’t put any positive effect on SAP’s properties.

Method for determining the sliding-friction coefficient of the aluminum-zincplated post-treatment plate

With reference to the testing standard ASTM D1894,the sliding-friction coefficient of the aluminumzinc-plated post-treatment plate was measured.To reduce the detection error in practical applications,a correction factor is proposed.Although the test results showed that the relative standard deviation of the friction coefficient of the aluminum-zinc-plated post-treatment plate was 12.1%indicating that the test results experienced a certain fluctuation,it can nevertheless be used as an internal factory-controlled test method.At the same time,problems were encountered with respect to sample contact,sample edge burr,and sample surface contamination.However,measures can be taken to reduce the impact of these factors.

Effects of microwave post-treatments on leaching resistance of ACQ-D treated Chinese fir

In order to improve the leaching resistance of active ingredient-copper in ammoniacal copper quat-type D （ACQ-D） treated Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.）, microwave post-treatments were carried out. The percentages of leached copper from ACQ-D treated Chinese fir with different microwave post-treatments were obtained after leaching tests by analyzing the copper retention in treated wood. The fixation mechanism of copper in the treated wood was determined with the help of SEM and FTIR spectra, while the valence conversion of copper after microwave post-treatments was studied by UV spectroscopy. Our experimental results show that the percentage of leached copper was reduced significantly after microwave post-treatment over time. This development was reinforced by allowing even more time for the treatment as well as with an increase in the power of microwave post-treatment. The leaching resistance of copper in wrapped samples was better than that in unwrapped samples, which is attributed to the combined effects of temperature and moisture content. Compared with air-dried samples, the valence conversion in the samples with microwave post-treatments changed slightly, which demonstrates that microwave post-treatments cannot impair the natural decay resistance of ACQ-D treated wood. SEM and FTIR spectra showed the presence of crystal particles formed by chemical reactions between copper and wood ingredients in wood cell walls and wood pits. Only a small amount of copper reacted with cellulose, while lignin and hemicellulose were the major bonding sites for copper in wood. Given the experimental results of mechanical properties, microwave post-treatments had a slight effect on the compression strength parallel to the grain and on the erystallinity of ACQ-D treated Chinese fir.

Evaluation of the clinical effects of atropine in combination with remifentanil in children undergoing surgery for acute appendicitis

BACKGROUND Acute appendicitis(AA)is the most common cause of acute abdomen in children.Anesthesia significantly influences the surgical treatment of AA in children,making the scientific and effective selection of anesthetics crucial.AIM To assess the clinical effect of atropine(ATR)in combination with remifentanil(REMI)in children undergoing surgery for AA.METHODS In total,108 cases of pediatric AA treated between May 2020 and May 2023 were selected,58 of which received ATR+REMI[research group(RG)]and 50 who received REMI[control group(CG)].Comparative analyses were conducted on the time to loss of eyelash reflex,pain resolution time,recovery time from anesthesia,incidence of adverse events(AEs;respiratory depression,hypoxemia,bradycardia,nausea and vomiting,and hypotension),intraoperative responses(head shaking,limb activity,orientation recovery,safe departure time from the operating room),hemodynamic parameters[oxygen saturation(SPO2),mean arterial pressure,heart rate,and respiratory rate],postoperative sedation score(Ramsay score),and pain level[the Face,Legs,Activity,Cry,Consolability(FLACC)Behavioral Scale].RESULTS Compared with the CG,the RG showed significantly shorter time to loss of eyelash reflex,pain resolution,recovery from anesthesia,and safe departure from the operating room.Furthermore,the incidence rates of overall AEs(head shaking,limb activity,etc.)were lower,and influences on intraoperative hemodynamic parameters and stress response indexes were fewer.The Ramsay score at 30 min after extubation and the FLACC score at 60 min after extubation were significantly lower in the RG than in the CG.CONCLUSION ATR+REMI is superior to REMI alone in children undergoing AA surgery,with a lower incidence of AEs,fewer influences on hemodynamics and stress responses,and better post-anesthesia recovery.

Pharmacokinetics of Remifentanil in Chinese Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery

Aim To study the pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in Chinese aduh patients undergoing elective surgery and compare the results with the data already published. Methods The pharmacokinetics of remifentanil was determined in 10 aduh patients undergoing elective surgery. Remifentanil 5 - 6 μg·kg^-1 was administered within 1 min after the induction of anesthesia. One point five millilitre of arterial blood samples were collected at 0 （baseline）, 1,2, 3, 5,7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min after drug administration. Remifentanil concentration was assayed by HPLC/MS/MS. Resuits The concentration-time course of remifentanil was best described by a two-compartment model. Total clearance （CL = 2. 149 ± 0. 431 L·min^-1） of remifentanil was greater than the normal hepatic blood flow. The distribution half-life （t1/2α） [ 1.56 ± 0. 52 min （0.73 - 2.31 ） ] and the elimination half-life （t1/2β） [22.07 ± 10.30 min （9, 71 -36.07）] were similar with those in previous reports. Volume of distribution （ Vd = 65. 766 ± 29. 100 L） was about two times greater than that reported in previous studies of other ethnics. Conclusion In the present study, the volume of distribution is significantly greater than thai reported in previous studies of other ethnics, indicating that there are some differences in the pharmacokinetics of remifentanil among different ethnics.

新型超短效镇痛药——remifentanil

remifentanil具有可被组织及血液中的非特异性酯酶快速降解、清除率快、分布容积小、半衰期短、镇痛效能强、对呼吸循环肝肾功能影响小等特点,临床应用广泛。

右美托咪定复合Remifentanil在面部整形手术非插管静脉全麻中的应用效果及作用研究

研究右美托咪定复合Remifentanil在面部整形手术非插管静脉全麻中的应用效果及作用。方法: 68例面部整形手术患者均为我院2019年08月-2021年08月收治于2019.08-2021.08,随机分为对照组、观察组,分别施以丙泊酚复合Remifentanil麻醉、右美托咪定复合Remifentanil麻醉。结果:两组心电监护指标[MAP(平均动脉压)、HR(心率)、Paw(气道压)、PETCO2(呼气末二氧化碳分压)、BIS(脑电双频指数)]以及应激反应指标[COR(皮质醇)、CRP(C-反应蛋白)、DBP(舒张压)、SBP(收缩压)、GLU(血糖)]组间、时间点、交互作用均有统计学差异(P<0.05)。观察组术后不同时间段、不同状态下的疼痛评分、不良反应发生率均低于对照组,苏醒、清醒时间短于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:在面部整形手术麻醉中应用右美托咪定复合Remifentanil麻醉效果显著,应用价值高。

Effect of Electro-acupuncture Stimulation of Ximen(PC4) and Neiguan(PC6) on Remifentanil-induced Breakthrough Pain Following Thoracal Esophagectomy

The clinical analgesic effect of electro-acupuncture（EA） stimulation（EAS） on breakthrough pain induced by remifentanil in patients undergoing radical thoracic esophagectomy, and the mechanisms were assessed. Sixty patients（ASAⅢ） scheduled for elective radical esophagectomy were randomized into three groups： group A（control） receiving a general anesthesia only; group B（sham） given EA needles at PC4（Ximen） and PC6（Neiguan） but no stimulation; and group C（EAS） electrically given EAS of the ipsilateral PC4 and PC6 throughout the surgery. The EAS consisting of a disperse-dense wave with a low frequency of 2 Hz and a high frequency of 20 Hz, was performed 30 min prior to induction of general anesthesia and continued through the surgery. At the emergence, sufentanil infusion was given for postoperative analgesia with loading dose of 7.5 μg, followed by a continuous infusion of 2.25 μg/h. The patient self-administration of sufentanil was 0.75 μg with a lockout of 15 min as needed. Additional breakthrough pain was treated with dezocine（5 mg） intravenously at the patient＇s request. Blood samples were collected before（T1）, 2 h（T2）, 24 h（T3）, and 48 h（T4） after operation to measure the plasma β-EP, PGE2, and 5-HT. The operative time, the total dose of sufentanil and the dose of self-administration, and the rescue doses of dezocine were recorded. Visual Analogue Scale（VAS） scores at 2, 12, 24 and 48 h postoperatively and the incidence of apnea and severe hypotension were recorded. The results showed that the gender, age, weight, operative time and remifentanil consumption were comparable among 3 groups. Patients in EAS group had the lowest VAS scores postoperatively among the three groups（P〈0.05）. The total dose of sufentanil was 115±6.0 μg in EAS group, significantly lower than that in control（134.3±5.9 μg） and sham（133.5±7.0 μg） groups. Similarly, the rescue dose of dezocine was the least in EAS group（P〈0.05） among the three groups. Plasma β-EP levels in EAS group at T3（176.90±45.73） and T4（162.96±35.00 pg/mL） were significantly higher than those in control（132.33±36.75 and 128.79±41.24 pg/mL） and sham（136.56±45.80 and 129.85±36.14 pg/mL） groups, P〈0.05 for all. EAS could decrease the release of PGE2. Plasma PGE2 levels in EAS group at T2 and T3（41±5 and 40±5 pg/mL respectively） were significantly lower than those in control（64±5 and 62±7 pg/mL） and sham（66±6 and 62±6 pg/mL） groups. Plasma 5-HT levels in EAS group at T2（133.66±40.85） and T3（154.66±52.49 ng/mL） were significantly lower than those in control（168.33±56.94 and 225.28±82.03） and sham（164.54±47.53 and 217.74±76.45 ng/mL） groups. For intra-group comparison, plasma 5-HT and PGE2 levels in control and sham groups at T2 and T3, and β-EP in EAS group at T3 and T4 were significantly higher than those at T1（P〈0.05）; PGE2 and 5-HT levels in EAS group showed no significant difference among the different time points（P〉0.05）. No apnea or severe hypotension was observed in any group. It was concluded that intraoperative ipsilateral EAS at PC4 and PC6 provides effective postoperative analgesia for patients undergoing radical esophagectomy with remifentanil anesthesia and significantly decrease requirement for parental narcotics. The underlying mechanism may be related to stimulation of the release of endogenous β-EP and inhibition of inflammatory mediators（5-HT and PGE2）.

Propofol and remifentanil at moderate and high concentrations affect proliferation and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells

Propofol and remifentanil alter intracellular Ca^2＋ concentration （[Ca^2＋]i） in neural stem/progen-itor cells by activating γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors and by reducing testosterone levels. However, whether this process affects neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and differenti-ation remains unknown. In the present study, we applied propofol and remifentanil, alone or in combination, at low, moderate or high concentrations （1, 2–2.5 and 4–5 times the clinically effective blood drug concentration）, to neural stem/progenitor cells from the hippocampi of newborn rat pups. Low concentrations of propofol, remifentanil or both had no noticeable effect on cell proliferation or differentiation; however, moderate and high concentrations of propofol and/or remifentanil markedly suppressed neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and differen-tiation, and induced a decrease in [Ca^2＋]i during the initial stage of neural stem/progenitor cell differentiation. We therefore propose that propofol and remifentanil interfere with the prolifer-ation and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells by altering [Ca^2＋]i. Our ifndings suggest that propofol and/or remifentanil should be used with caution in pediatric anesthesia.

Comparative induction of controlled circulation by magnesium and remifentanil in spine surgery

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of magnesium sulfate(MGS) in comparison with remifentanil for induction of relative hypotension in posterior fusion of spine(PSF).METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial, 40 patients with the American Society of Anesthesiologists Ⅰ and Ⅱ physical status undergoing lumbar PSF were randomized to receive remifentanil(REM) 0.15 μg/kg or MGS 50 mg/kg for controlled hypotension. The administering anesthesiologist was blinded to the medication. Continuous infusion was maintained at a fixed volume rate to deliver precalculated doses of either study drugs. All other aspects of anesthesia and surgery were similar in the two groups. The target mean arterial pressure(MAP) range used in this study was 60-70 mm Hg. In the course of surgery, the hemodynamic variables, volumeof blood loss, urine output, fluid intake and surgeon's satisfaction were recorded. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 13.0 and P values less than 0.05 were considered significant.RESULTS: Twenty patients in the MGS group and 19 patients in the REM group were studied. There was no difference between the two groups in the hemodynamic variables, blood loss, urine output, fluid requirement and surgeon's satisfaction for exposure. The target MAP was achieved in 75% of Mg and 58% of remifentanil groups. Although a higher number of patients in the REM group required nitroglycerin(42.1%) to reach the target MAP than those in the MGS group(25%), this difference was not statistically significant(P = 0.32).CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that in patients undergoing lumbar PSF surgery, remifentanil and MGS have a similar hypotensive effect and comparable amount of blood loss without any significant adverse effects.

The Effects of Glucose Load on Catabolism during Remifentanil-Based Anesthesia in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Randomized Trial

Background: General anesthesia using remifentanil may suppress the unwanted metabolic changes caused by surgical stress including hyperglycemia and ketogenesis. Surgery-related changes in catabolism can be attenuated with low-dose glucose load, without causing hyperglycemia. However, the impact of glucose load in diabetic patients during surgery is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of glucose load on catabolism during remifentanil-based anesthesia in patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods: Twenty-nine patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective surgery were randomly assigned to receive a glucose load (1.5 mg/kg/min) or not. Plasma levels of glucose, insulin, cortisol, dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, acetoacetic acid, free fatty acid, ketone bodies, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, and 3-methylhistidine/creatinine, a marker of protein catabolism were measured at the start of surgery and 3 h after the start of surgery. Results: Glucose and insulin levels were significantly higher in patients who received a glucose load than in those who did not. Cortisol levels decreased at 3 h after the start of surgery in both groups whereas the levels of catecholamines were unchanged. Acetoacetic acid and total ketone body levels were significantly lower in patients given a glucose load than in those who were not 3 h after the start of surgery. The difference in the 3 methylhistidine/creatinine ratio between the two groups was not significant. Conclusions: The infusion of glucose suppressed lipid catabolism in diabetic patients under remifentanil-based anesthesia during surgery. Our study also suggests that in patients with diabetes mellitus, protein sparing is inhibited by remifentanil-based anesthesia, regardless of the glucose load. Trial registration: the University Hospital Medical Information Network identifier: UMIN000010914.

Comparison of Hemodynamic Responses Associated with Tracheal Intubation Under Various Induction Doses of Remifentanil and Propofol

.Background: The optimal dose of propofol and remifentanil induction to minimize the cardiovascular response associated with tracheal intubation may exist. We investigated the cardiovascular response associated with tracheal intubation when various continuous induction doses of remifentanil in combination with propofol were used. Methods: Seventy- five patients were randomly allocated into 1 of 3 groups: the R-0.4 P-1 group (remifentanil 0.4 μg/kg/min and propofol 1 mg/kg);the R-0.5 P-1 group (remifentanil 0.5 μg/kg/min and propofol 1 mg/kg);and the R-0.4 P-2 group (remifentanil 0.4 μg/kg/min and propofol 2 mg/kg). One minute after remifentanil infusion commenced, a bolus of propofol was injected. Rocuronium 1 mg/kg was administered 1 min after propofol injection following loss of consciousness. Controlled ventilation was then performed for 2 min, and the trachea was intubated 4 min after the start of the remifentanil infusion. The infusion rate of remifentanil was decreased to 0.1 μg/kg/min after intubation. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured during this period until 5 min after tracheal intubation. Results: The changes in BP response due to tracheal intubation in the R-0.4 P-1 group were greater than those in the other 2 groups, whereas the HR responses to tracheal intubation were similar among the 3 groups. Conclusion: The combination of remifentanil 0.4 μg/kg/min and propofol 1 mg/kg led to an exaggerated cardiovascular response to tracheal intubation compared with the other combination groups.

Study on the protective mechanism of remifentanil on mitochondria in rat hepatocytes subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury

Objective:To explore the protective effect of remifentanil on mitochondria in rat hepatocytes subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury and their possible mechanism. Methods:The model of rat hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury was used and the effect of remifentanil on the ultrastructure of mitochondria, calcium homeostasis, MDA level in mitochondria were observed. Results: In contrast with the control group, mitochondrial matrix calcium concentration, calcium concentration after calcium uptake, and the quantity of calcium uptake in low and high remifentanil concentration groups and 5-HD group are lower (P<0. 01), and there is no difference in RHD (5-HD+remifentanil) group. The difference in MDA level between groups is insignificant. Conclusion:Remifentanil at clinical concentrations exerts a protective effect on mitochondria in rat hepatocytes subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury, in which activating the KATP channel may be involved.