Deformation monitoring and remote analysis of ultra-deep underground space excavation

The development and utilization of urban underground space is producing many deep foundation pits.On-site monitoring is a key issue to ensure the safety of the foundation excavation,especially the monitoring of the lateral displacement of the structure.The ultra-deep circular foundation excavation project(58.65 m deep,the deepest foundation pit in Shanghai)in the test section of the Suzhou River deep tunnel is one of the most challenging engineering around the world.The distributed optical fiber monitoring technology of Brillouin optical frequency domain analysis(BOFDA)was employed to monitor the lateral displacement of the deep foundation.The monitoring process lasted for 14 months,and a total of 19 times of monitoring was carried out following the progress of the excavation of the foun-dation pit.This paper introduces the process,methods and precautions of optical fiber monitoring from early installation,equipment debugging to data acquisition,data processing and data analysis.By comparing the fiber monitoring data with the manual monitoring data,the deformation of the deep foundation excavation is analysed.The analysis results not only obtain the deformation law of ultra-deep foundation excavation,but also prove the advantages of optical fiber monitoring in deep foundation excavation.Finally,with the support of the Smart Infrastructure Service System(iS3),the research combines optical fiber monitoring with an information platform.Under the framework of the iS3 platform,an integrated data processing and analysis module for fiber monitoring is developed,and the feasibility of remote real-time collection and analysis of monitoring data is discussed.With the support of the information platform,the monitoring data can be transmitted back to the computer terminal to realize remote monitoring.

Separate Analysis of Remote Sensing Information of Structures of Different Geological Periods and Quantitative Study of Corresponding Tectonic Stress Fields

The structural feature shown on a remote sensing image is a synthetic result ofcombination of the deformations produced during the entire geological history of an area.Therefore, the respective tectonic stress field of each of the different stages in the complexdeformation of an area can be reconstructed in three steps: (1) geological structures formed atdifferent times are distinguished in remote sensing image interpretation; (2) structuraldeformation fields at different stages are determined by analyzing relationships betweenmicrostructures (joints and fractures) and the related structures (folds and faults); and (3)tectonic stress fields at different stages are respectively recovered through a study of the featuresof structural deformation fields in different periods. Circular structures and related circlular and radial joints are correlated in space to con-cealed structural rises. The authors propose a new method for establishing a natural model ofthe concealed structural rises and calculating the tectonic stress field by using quantitative dataof the remote sensing information of circular structures and related linear structures.

THE ANALYSIS OF REMOTE SENSING IMAGES FOR ACTIVE FAULTS AND EARTHQUAKES IN CHINA

The Landsat image information has recently been widely applied to structural geology, especially to the analysis of lineaments, owing to their macroscopic, visual and comprehensive features. The images will be more effective when applied to the interpretation of active faults. Active faults are widely ditributed in China. Much attention has been paid to the study of active faults both in China and abroad. There is certain controversy concerning the implication of the term "active fault". Strictly speaking, the term should refer only to the faults that are still active in the present day. However, the term also usually refers to the faults which have been active continually or intermittently from the Quaternary (or the end of Tertiary) to the present day. We propose that the tones and the configurations of features on Landsat images are the principal keys to the interpretation of active faults. The faults, which display the most prominent

APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING IN THE ANALYSIS OF WATER ENVIRONMENT IN ZHUJIANG RIVER ESTUARY

1. PREFACE Lingdingyang is a trumpet estuary. It accepts the runoff of the Dongjiang River, the Beijiang River, the Zhengjiang River and the Liusihe River. It also accepts a part of the runoff of the Xijiang River. Its mean year runoff is 1.742×10" M^3. In resent ten years, industry and agriculture are developing rapidly in Guangzhou City, Dongguan City, Zhongshan City, Shunde County, Panyu County. Lingdingyang’s pollution is increesing. Water quality of lingdingyang is steadily deteriorated. In order to investigate the situation of water environment of Lingdingyang, we study its static environmental capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus. LANDSAT imageries are used in the study. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous is detected by convention method.

REMOTE SENSING ANALYSIS OF WASTELAND EXPLOITATICN OF SANJIANG PLAIN IN CHINA

1. Introduction Sanjiang Plain is situated in northeast part of Heilongjiang Province in China. The area is 108,900km^2. The mountain and hill make up 39% and the plain makes up 61% in the whole plain area. The marshland is a special landscape of the plain. After the People’s Republic founding, the wasteland has been reclaimed 27,440,000ha. through three times of large scale reclaimation. The farmland has been enlarged three times in 35 years, in which the exploitation speed of state farm system is much faster than county system. Its farmland has been increased from original 7,267ha. to current 1,644,700ha.. The farmland increasing brings about raising of grain production to a great extent.

APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING IN ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND CHANGE ANALYSIS IN THE THREE GORGES AREA

1. INTRODUCTION The proposed Three Gorges Project, one of the biggest hydroelectric projects in the world, will dam the middle reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, the third longest river in the world, and form a large reservoir. Its impacts on environment have attracted wide attention. Entrusted by National Scientific-Technical Commission, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) was in charge of a research project on this issuse from 1984 to 1989. Tho use of remote sensing played an important role in the project considering the study area is mountainous and not convenientlv located, which makes it difficult to conduct the research onlv using conventional means.

Object-Based Analysis of Multispectral RS Data and GIS for Detection of Climate Change Impact on the Karakoram Range Northern Pakistan

Changing climate has a great impact on northern area of Pakistan＇s environment and is more prone to environmental changes impacts than rest of the country due to its high elevation. However, melting glaciers effect not only the local environment but also the whole country with frequent and heavy floods. Remote sensing （RS） from Satellites and Airplanes used in Geographical Information Systems （GIS） are technologies that can aid in understanding the on-going environmental processes. Furthermore, help researchers to observe, understand, forecast and suggest response to changes that occur. It can be natural disasters or man-made disasters and human induced factors. Still analysis accuracy issues play a vital role for the formulation of any strategy. To achieve better results, object based analysis methods have been tested. Various algorithms are developed by the analysts to calculate the magnitude of land cover changes. However, they must be evaluated for each environment that is under observation as mountainous areas. Here were object-based methods evaluated in comparison with pixel based. Landslides, soil moisture, soil permeability, snow cover and vegetation cover can be effectively monitored by those methods.