Modeling urban redevelopment:A novel approach using time-series remote sensing data and machine learning

Accurate mapping and timely monitoring of urban redevelopment are pivotal for urban studies and decisionmakers to foster sustainable urban development.Traditional mapping methods heavily depend on field surveys and subjective questionnaires,yielding less objective,reliable,and timely data.Recent advancements in Geographic Information Systems(GIS)and remote-sensing technologies have improved the identification and mapping of urban redevelopment through quantitative analysis using satellite-based observations.Nonetheless,challenges persist,particularly concerning accuracy and significant temporal delays.This study introduces a novel approach to modeling urban redevelopment,leveraging machine learning algorithms and remote-sensing data.This methodology can facilitate the accurate and timely identification of urban redevelopment activities.The study’s machine learning model can analyze time-series remote-sensing data to identify spatio-temporal and spectral patterns related to urban redevelopment.The model is thoroughly evaluated,and the results indicate that it can accurately capture the time-series patterns of urban redevelopment.This research’s findings are useful for evaluating urban demographic and economic changes,informing policymaking and urban planning,and contributing to sustainable urban development.The model can also serve as a foundation for future research on early-stage urban redevelopment detection and evaluation of the causes and impacts of urban redevelopment.

Machine learning in geosciences and remote sensing

Learning incorporates a broad range of complex procedures. Machine learning（ML） is a subdivision of artificial intelligence based on the biological learning process. The ML approach deals with the design of algorithms to learn from machine readable data. ML covers main domains such as data mining, difficultto-program applications, and software applications. It is a collection of a variety of algorithms（e.g. neural networks, support vector machines, self-organizing map, decision trees, random forests, case-based reasoning, genetic programming, etc.） that can provide multivariate, nonlinear, nonparametric regression or classification. The modeling capabilities of the ML-based methods have resulted in their extensive applications in science and engineering. Herein, the role of ML as an effective approach for solving problems in geosciences and remote sensing will be highlighted. The unique features of some of the ML techniques will be outlined with a specific attention to genetic programming paradigm. Furthermore,nonparametric regression and classification illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of ML for tackling the geosciences and remote sensing problems.

基于FSSA-ELM的模拟电路故障诊断方法

在大规模电路中,模拟电路的故障率高达80%。针对模拟电路故障诊断方法准确率低、耗时长的问题,提出了一种分数阶麻雀搜索算法结合极限学习机(FSSA-ELM)的模拟电路故障诊断方法。利用核主成分分析与局部线性嵌入(KPCA-LLE)联合方式对电路故障数据进行特征提取,通过分数阶与麻雀搜索算法(SSA)相融合,对极限学习机(ELM)的权重和阈值进行寻优,将提取后的特征数据输入到FSSA-ELM模型中进行训练和测试。T型反馈网络反相比例运算电路诊断实例表明,FSSA-ELM的故障诊断用时相较于SSA-ELM缩短了891 s,单故障诊断准确率可达972%,比SSA-ELM和ELM分别提高了19%和28%;双故障诊断准确率可达95%,分别提高了04%和10%。该故障诊断方法准确率高、耗时短,具有较强的模拟电路故障检测能力。

基于PSO−ELM的综采工作面液压支架姿态监测方法

针对基于惯性测量单元的液压支架姿态解算方法会产生累计误差、校正结果不准确的问题,提出一种基于粒子群优化(PSO)−极限学习机(ELM)的综采工作面液压支架姿态监测方法。以液压支架顶梁俯仰角为监测对象,采用倾角传感器和陀螺仪采集液压支架顶梁支护姿态实时信息,对采集到的数据进行预处理,将处理后的数据输入PSO−ELM误差补偿模型中,得到解算误差预测值;同时通过卡尔曼滤波融合进行液压支架姿态解算,得到解算值;再用误差预测值对解算值进行误差补偿,从而求得更加准确的顶梁支护姿态数据。该方法只考虑加速度和角速度数据与解算误差的关系,不依赖具体的物理模型,可有效降低姿态解算累计误差。实验结果表明:液压支架顶梁俯仰角平均绝对误差由补偿前的1.4208°减少到0.0580°,且误差曲线具有良好的收敛性,验证了所提方法可持续稳定地监测液压支架的支护姿态。

一种基于PSO-ELM的低渗透砂岩水淹层测井识别方法

水淹层测井识别对油田开发方案部署及提高采收率有着重要意义。新疆陆梁油田作业区某区块油层水淹类型主要为污水水淹,测井响应特征复杂多变,传统识别图版方法难以对水淹层有效识别。文中基于测井、地质、试油等资料,在水淹层测井响应特征分析基础上,提出了一种利用改进粒子群优化算法(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)及极限学习机(Extreme Learning Machine,ELM)的水淹层识别方法。首先,利用相关系数优选6个主控因素:RD,RS,GR,SP,DEN,AC。其次,采用改进粒子群算法对极限学习机模型进行参数寻优;最后,利用优化后的模型对研究区水淹层进行预测。结果表明,利用PSO-ELM模型识别水淹层,识别符合率达到91.7%,应用效果优于ELM模型及传统识别图版,为水淹层测井识别提供了新思路。

基于RCMFME和AO-ELM的齿轮箱损伤识别策略

针对模糊熵只考虑信号的局部特征而忽略信号的全局特征,导致齿轮箱故障识别的准确率不佳的问题,提出了一种基于精细复合多尺度模糊测度熵(RCMFME)、天鹰优化器(AO)优化极限学习机(ELM)的齿轮箱故障诊断方法。首先,在精细复合多尺度模糊熵的基础上,对矢量的构造方式进行了改进,提出了能够同时考虑时间序列局部特征和全局特征的RCMFME方法;随后,利用RCMFME指标提取了齿轮箱振动信号的熵值,组建了故障特征向量;接着,利用AO算法对极限学习机的参数进行了自适应搜索,生成了参数最优的多类别分类器;最后,将训练样本的故障特征向量输入至AO-ELM分类模型中进行了模型训练,以构造性能最优的分类器,并实现了对齿轮箱测试样本的故障识别目的;利用两种齿轮箱振动数据集进行了实验,在识别准确率和识别稳定性方面,与相关的特征提取方法进行了对比。研究结果表明:采用基于RCMFME和AO-ELM的故障诊断方法能够分别取得100%和98%的分类准确率,平均识别准确率分别达到了100%和98%,优于精细复合多尺度全局模糊熵(RCMGFE)、精细复合多尺度模糊熵(RCMFE)、精细复合多尺度样本熵(RCMSE)。该方法具有显著的应用潜力。

基于ELM神经网络的高速公路隧道运营风险评估模型

为克服传统高速公路隧道运营安全风险评估方法计算过程繁琐、运算效率低及泛化能力差等问题,采用极限学习机(Extreme Learning Machine,ELM)神经网络模型对高速公路隧道运营风险进行评估。首先,基于系统工程理论,分析了高速公路隧道运营风险影响因素,构建了运营风险评估指标体系。然后,以全国126个隧道典型运营事故数据为样本集,基于ELM神经网络算法,对比不同激活函数模型的分类准确率和测试时间指标,选定Sigmoid作为激活函数,训练得到高速公路隧道运营风险评估模型。最后,以该模型为核心算法开发了隧道运营风险评估系统,并依托广东省某高速公路隧道路段开展了工程应用。结果表明,所构建的风险评估模型简化了人工计算过程,可提升高速公路隧道运营风险评估的及时性和有效性。

Lithium-bearing Pegmatite Exploration in Western Altun,Xinjiang,using Remote-Sensing Technology

Western Altun in Xinjiang is an important area,where lithium(Li)-bearing pegmatites have been found in recent years.However,the complex terrain and harsh environment of western Altun exacerbates in prospecting for Li-bearing pegmatites.Therefore,remote-sensing techniques can be an effective means for prospecting Li-bearing pegmatites.In this study,the fault information and lithologyical information in the region were obtained using the median-resolution remotesensing image Landsat-8,the radar image Sentinel-1 and hyperspectral data GF-5.Using Landsat-8 data,the hydroxyl alteration information closely related to pegmatite in the region was extracted by principal component analysis,pseudoanomaly processing and other methods.The high spatial resolution remote-sensing data WorldView-2 and WorldView-3 short-wave infrared images were used and analyzed by principal component analysis(PCA),the band ratio method and multi-class machine learning(ML),combined with conventional thresholds specified the algorithms used to automatically extract Li-bearing pegmatite information.Finally,the Li-bearing pegmatite exploration area was determined,based on a comprehensive analysis of the faults,hydroxyl alteration lithology and Li-bearing pegmatite information.Field investigations have verified that the distribution of pegmatites in the central part of the study area is consistent with that of Li-bearing pegmatites extracted in this study.This study provides a new technique for prospecting Li-bearing pegmatites,which shows that remote-sensing technology possesses great potential for identifying lithium-bearing pegmatites,especially in areas that are not readily accessible.

基于PCA-PSO-ELM模型预测地震死亡人数研究

筛选42个历史地震震例,对地震震级、震源深度、震中烈度、抗震设防烈度、震中烈度与抗震设防烈度之差(ΔL)、人口密度以及发震时刻7个影响指标进行主成分分析(principal components analysis,PCA),构建粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization,PSO)极限学习机(extreme learning machine,ELM)地震死亡人数预测模型。将37个震例数据进行预处理和训练,并使用5个震例数据来检验模型的预测精度。实验结果表明,该PCA-PSO-ELM组合模型的平均误差率为10.87%,相比于PCA-ELM模型和ELM模型,其平均误差率分别降低8.70个百分点和18.38个百分点。因此,采用PCA-PSO-ELM组合模型预测地震死亡人数具有一定的可行性。

基于PSO-ELM的变压器油纸绝缘状态无损评估方法

油浸式电力变压器作为电网的重要组成部分,其可靠运行至关重要。针对变压器长期运行后无法定量评估其绝缘状态的问题,文中开展了油纸绝缘模型的加速老化及受潮试验,探究了油纸绝缘老化及受潮程度对其回复电压曲线的影响规律,并提出采用粒子群优化-极限学习机(particle swarm optimization-extreme learning machine,PSO-ELM)算法的参数预测方法,实现了基于回复电压曲线特征参量的油纸绝缘老化与受潮状态量化评估。由油纸绝缘模型理化性能分析的对比结果可知,基于PSO-ELM方法的预测值精度远高于传统ELM方法,油纸绝缘内含水率及纸板聚合度预测的绝对误差范围分别小于±0.4%、±30。

Fast cross validation for regularized extreme learning machine

A method for fast 1-fold cross validation is proposed for the regularized extreme learning machine （RELM）. The computational time of fast l-fold cross validation increases as the fold number decreases, which is opposite to that of naive 1-fold cross validation. As opposed to naive l-fold cross validation, fast l-fold cross validation takes the advantage in terms of computational time, especially for the large fold number such as l 〉 20. To corroborate the efficacy and feasibility of fast l-fold cross validation, experiments on five benchmark regression data sets are evaluated.

Prediction of length-of-day using extreme learning machine

Traditional artificial neural networks （ANN） such as back-propagation neural networks （BPNN） provide good predictions of length-of-day （LOD）. However, the determination of network topology is difficult and time consuming. Therefore, we propose a new type of neural network, extreme learning machine （ELM）, to improve the efficiency of LOD predictions. Earth orientation parameters （EOP） C04 time-series provides daily values from International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service （IERS）, which serves as our database. First, the known predictable effects that can be described by functional models-such as the effects of solid earth, ocean tides, or seasonal atmospheric variations--are removed a priori from the C04 time-series. Only the residuals after the subtraction of a priori model from the observed LOD data （i.e., the irregular and quasi-periodic variations） are employed for training and predictions. The predicted LOD is the sum of a prior extrapolation model and the ELM predictions of the residuals. Different input patterns are discussed and compared to optimize the network solution. The prediction results are analyzed and compared with those obtained by other machine learning-based prediction methods, including BPNN, generalization regression neural networks （GRNN）, and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference systems （ANFIS）. It is shown that while achieving similar prediction accuracy, the developed method uses much less training time than other methods. Furthermore, to conduct a direct comparison with the existing prediction tech- niques, the mean-absolute-error （MAE） from the proposed method is compared with that from the EOP prediction comparison campaign （EOP PCC）. The results indicate that the accuracy of the proposed method is comparable with that of the former techniques. The implementation of the proposed method is simple.

A new approach for epileptic seizure detection: sample entropy based feature extraction and extreme learning machine

The electroencephalogram (EEG) signal plays a key role in the diagnosis of epilepsy. Substantial data is generated by the EEG recordings of ambulatory recording systems, and detection of epileptic activity requires a time-consuming analysis of the complete length of the EEG time series data by a neurology expert. A variety of automatic epilepsy detection systems have been developed during the last ten years. In this paper, we investigate the potential of a recently-proposed statistical measure parameter regarded as Sample Entropy (SampEn), as a method of feature extraction to the task of classifying three different kinds of EEG signals (normal, interictal and ictal) and detecting epileptic seizures. It is known that the value of the SampEn falls suddenly during an epileptic seizure and this fact is utilized in the proposed diagnosis system. Two different kinds of classification models, back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and the recently-developed extreme learning machine (ELM) are tested in this study. Results show that the proposed automatic epilepsy detection system which uses sample entropy (SampEn) as the only input feature, together with extreme learning machine (ELM) classification model, not only achieves high classification accuracy (95.67%) but also very fast speed.

Constrained voting extreme learning machine and its application

Extreme learning machine(ELM)has been proved to be an effective pattern classification and regression learning mechanism by researchers.However,its good performance is based on a large number of hidden layer nodes.With the increase of the nodes in the hidden layers,the computation cost is greatly increased.In this paper,we propose a novel algorithm,named constrained voting extreme learning machine(CV-ELM).Compared with the traditional ELM,the CV-ELM determines the input weight and bias based on the differences of between-class samples.At the same time,to improve the accuracy of the proposed method,the voting selection is introduced.The proposed method is evaluated on public benchmark datasets.The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the original ELM algorithm.Further,we apply the CV-ELM to the classification of superheat degree(SD)state in the aluminum electrolysis industry,and the recognition accuracy rate reaches87.4%,and the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is more robust than the existing state-of-the-art identification methods.

基于PSO-ELM组合算法的热力站负荷预测研究

提出了一种粒子群优化极限学习机(PSO-ELM)算法用于热力站负荷预测,应用粒子群(PSO)算法优化极限学习机(ELM)的输入权值和隐含层阈值。将提出的组合算法应用于天津市某小区热力站的负荷预测中,并与ELM、支持向量回归(SVR)和粒子群优化支持向量回归(PSO-SVR)算法在同等条件下进行比较。结果表明,PSO-ELM在预测精度上优于其他算法;在热负荷波动较大时,表现优于PSO-SVR;在一定范围内样本容量对预测结果影响不大,PSO-ELM可遗忘更多的数据。

Classification of hyperspectral remote sensing images based on simulated annealing genetic algorithm and multiple instance learning

A hybrid feature selection and classification strategy was proposed based on the simulated annealing genetic algonthrn and multiple instance learning （MIL）. The band selection method was proposed from subspace decomposition, which combines the simulated annealing algorithm with the genetic algorithm in choosing different cross-over and mutation probabilities, as well as mutation individuals. Then MIL was combined with image segmentation, clustering and support vector machine algorithms to classify hyperspectral image. The experimental results show that this proposed method can get high classification accuracy of 93.13% at small training samples and the weaknesses of the conventional methods are overcome.

Novel Vegetation Mapping Through Remote Sensing Images Using Deep Meta Fusion Model

Preserving biodiversity and maintaining ecological balance is essential in current environmental conditions.It is challenging to determine vegetation using traditional map classification approaches.The primary issue in detecting vegetation pattern is that it appears with complex spatial structures and similar spectral properties.It is more demandable to determine the multiple spectral ana-lyses for improving the accuracy of vegetation mapping through remotely sensed images.The proposed framework is developed with the idea of ensembling three effective strategies to produce a robust architecture for vegetation mapping.The architecture comprises three approaches,feature-based approach,region-based approach,and texture-based approach for classifying the vegetation area.The novel Deep Meta fusion model(DMFM)is created with a unique fusion frame-work of residual stacking of convolution layers with Unique covariate features(UCF),Intensity features(IF),and Colour features(CF).The overhead issues in GPU utilization during Convolution neural network(CNN)models are reduced here with a lightweight architecture.The system considers detailing feature areas to improve classification accuracy and reduce processing time.The proposed DMFM model achieved 99%accuracy,with a maximum processing time of 130 s.The training,testing,and validation losses are degraded to a significant level that shows the performance quality with the DMFM model.The system acts as a standard analysis platform for dynamic datasets since all three different fea-tures,such as Unique covariate features(UCF),Intensity features(IF),and Colour features(CF),are considered very well.

基于IWOA-ELM的风功率特征参量预测方法

在风力储能微电网中,提前精确地对风电场的实际输出功率进行预测,能够有效提高并网调节的稳定性。针对现有模型对风功率特征参量预测精度不高,提出一种基于IWOAELM(improved whale optimization algorithm of extreme learning machine,IWOA-ELM)的风功率特征参量预测方法。通过改进鲸鱼算法优化极限学习机的参数,建立基于时间序列的IWOAELM风功率特征参量预测模型,预测未来时刻风功率的特征参量;采用均方根误差、平均绝对误差等指标综合评估模型的预测性能。试验结果表明,提出的预测方法在风速上的均方根误差和平均绝对误差为5.488、3.72%,在风向上的均方根误差和平均绝对误差为19.354、12.46%。预测精度明显高于WOA-ELM、PSO-ELM、BP、ELM等风功率预测模型。

基于特征采样引导和集成RFELM的道路高排放源识别模型

机动车排放的污染气体会对环境造成严重危害,其中尾气排放超标的车辆是主要污染来源,因此实现对道路高排放源的有效识别具有重要意义。针对尾气遥测数据,提出一种基于特征采样引导和集成随机傅里叶特征极限学习机(RFELM)的道路高排放源识别模型。首先对遥测数据进行多次随机采样,构建多组训练子集;然后对每组训练子集进行多次特征采样,并训练对应的子分类器,根据组内最优子分类器的输入特征更新特征采样的概率与特征权重;最后对所有子分类器的验证分数进行排序,筛选出一定比例的RFELM组成分类器集合,采用加权投票法预测数据的标签。实验结果表明,相比于RFELM和随机森林等算法,所提模型在真实的道路遥测数据上具有更好的识别效果,还有着更强的抗噪能力。

基于ISSA-ELM的船舶压载水系统故障诊断研究

为了从船舶压载水系统中有效挖掘数据信息,降低极限学习机(ELM)初始参数随机性对故障诊断精度的影响,提出基于改进麻雀搜索算法(ISSA)优化ELM的船舶压载水系统故障诊断模型。首先,使用自适应加权策略和Levy飞行策略改进发现者位置公式,获得ISSA并验证其性能;而后利用改进后的麻雀搜索算法对ELM的初始输入权重和阈值进行优化,建立基于ISSA-ELM的故障诊断模型。结果表明,ISSA-ELM模型的故障诊断精度为96.6%,比SSAELM、PSO-ELM、GWO-ELM模型高出1.8%、3.5%和2.6%,比ELM和SVM模型高出4.5%和7.1%。