Separate Analysis of Remote Sensing Information of Structures of Different Geological Periods and Quantitative Study of Corresponding Tectonic Stress Fields

The structural feature shown on a remote sensing image is a synthetic result ofcombination of the deformations produced during the entire geological history of an area.Therefore, the respective tectonic stress field of each of the different stages in the complexdeformation of an area can be reconstructed in three steps: (1) geological structures formed atdifferent times are distinguished in remote sensing image interpretation; (2) structuraldeformation fields at different stages are determined by analyzing relationships betweenmicrostructures (joints and fractures) and the related structures (folds and faults); and (3)tectonic stress fields at different stages are respectively recovered through a study of the featuresof structural deformation fields in different periods. Circular structures and related circlular and radial joints are correlated in space to con-cealed structural rises. The authors propose a new method for establishing a natural model ofthe concealed structural rises and calculating the tectonic stress field by using quantitative dataof the remote sensing information of circular structures and related linear structures.

Spectrum spatial structure characteristic analysis of remote sensing alteration information and interference factors

Based on the statistical characteristics of remote sensing data, the spatial geometric structure characteristics of spectral data and distribution of background, interference and alteration information in characteristic space were researched through the analysis of two-dimensional and three-dimensional scatter diagrams. The results indicate that the hyper-space of remote sensing multi-data aggregation belongs to low-dimensional geometric structure, i.e. hyperplane form, and anomalous point groups including alteration information usually dissociate out of hyperplane. Scatter diagrams of remote sensing data band are mainly presented as two distribution forms of single-ellipse and dual-ellipse. Clarifying the relations of three objects of background, disturbance and alteration information in remote sensing images provides an important technical thought and guidance for accurately detecting and extracting remote sensing alteration information.

Methods and Prospects of Road and Linear Structure Automatic Extraction from Remote Sensing Images

Automatic extraction of road and linear structure from remote sensing images is a very important problem. This paper analyses several existing methods of the automatic road and linear structure extraction by using some multi-spectral remote sensing images acquired from different spatial resolutions, districts and road characteristics. Their advantages and disadvantages have been generalized.

A classification method of building structures based on multi-feature fusion of UAV remote sensing images

In order to improve the accuracy of building structure identification using remote sensing images,a building structure classification method based on multi-feature fusion of UAV remote sensing image is proposed in this paper.Three identification approaches of remote sensing images are integrated in this method:object-oriented,texture feature,and digital elevation based on DSM and DEM.So RGB threshold classification method is used to classify the identification results.The accuracy of building structure classification based on each feature and the multi-feature fusion are compared and analyzed.The results show that the building structure classification method is feasible and can accurately identify the structures in large-area remote sensing images.

Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Mineral Alteration Mapping and Lineament Extraction Case of Oudiane Elkharoub (Requibat Shield, Northern of Mauritania)

The integration of remotely sensed data allowed the successful characterization of the mineral alteration zones of the Oudiane Elkharoub area in the Northeastern part of Reguibat Shield using image transformation techniques. As both chemical and geochemical analyses showed significant Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cr, Ni, Th and Y anomalies, it’s very interesting to apply the remote sensing and GIS in mineral resources mapping. The remote sensing is a direct adjunct to the field, lithologic and structural mapping, and more recently, GIS has played an important role in the study of mineralization areas. The integration of several evidential maps highlighted the plausible areas with high concentrations of chlorite, epidote, kaolinite, calcite, alunite, hematite, illite and sulfur among other key mineral alterations that reflect the intensity of hydrothermal effects and the probable sites of ore bodies. The methodological approach integrates geological information acquired from Aster and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS (Operational Land Imager/Thermal InfraRed Sensor) images and a multi-criteria GIS analysis. The superimposition of various lineament and hydrothermal alteration maps and the consideration of precious and base metal indicators allowed the zoning of sites likely to contain mineral concentrations. Remote sensing becomes an important tool for locating mineral deposits in its own right, when the primary and secondary processes of mineralization result in the formation of spectral anomalies. Reconnaissance lithological mapping is usually the first step of mineral resource mapping. This is complimented with structural mapping, as mineral deposits usually occur along or adjacent to geologic structures, and alteration mapping, as mineral deposits are commonly associated with hydrothermal alteration of the surrounding rocks. Ground truthing and laboratory studies including XRD analysis were utilized to verify the results.

Intra-continental deformation and tectonic evolution of the West Junggar Orogenic Belt,Central Asia:Evidence from remote sensing and structural geological analyses

The West Junggar Orogenic Belt(WJOB)in northwestern Xinjiang,China,is located in the core of the western part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB).It has suffered two stage tectonic evolutions in Phanerozoic,before and after the ocean–continental conversion in Late Paleozoic.The later on intracontinental deformation,characterized by the development of the NE-trending West Junggar sinistral strike-slip fault system(WJFS)since Late Carboniferous and Early Permian,and the NW-trending Chingiz-Junggar dextral strike-slip fault(CJF)in Mesozoic and Cenozoic,has an important significance for the tectonic evolution of the WJOB and the CAOB.In this paper,we conduct geometric and kinematic analyses of the WJOB,based on field geological survey and structural interpretation of remote sensing image data.Using some piercing points such as truncated plutons and anticlines,an average magnitude of^73 km for the left-lateral strike-slip is calculated for the Darabut Fault,a major fault of the WJFS.Some partial of the displacement should be accommodated by strike-slip fault-related folds developed during the strike-slip faulting.Circular and curved faults,asymmetrical folds,and irregular contribution of ultramafic bodies,implies potential opposite vertical rotation of the Miao’ergou and the Akebasitao batholiths,resulted from the sinistral strike-slipping along the Darabut Fault.Due to conjugate shearing set of the sinistral WJFS and the dextral CJF since Early Mesozoic,superimposed folds formed with N–S convergence in southwestern part of the WJOB.

Edge detection method for remote sensing image based on morphological variable structuring element

There are problems such as incomplete edges and poor noise suppression when a single fixed morphological structuring element is used to detect the edges in remote sensing images. For this reason, a morphological edge detection method for remote sensing image based on variable structuring element is proposed. Firstly, the structuring elements with different scales and multiple directions are constructed according to the diversity of remote sensing imagery targets. In order to suppress the noise of the target background and highlight the edge of the image target in the remote sensing image by adaptive Top hat and Bottom hat transform, the corresponding adaptive morphological operations are constructed based on variable structuring elements; Secondly, adaptive morphological edge detection is used to obtain multiple images with different scales and directional edge features; Finally, the image edges are obtained by weighted summation of each direction edge, and then the least square is used to fit the edges for accurate location of the edge contour of the target. The experimental results show that the proposed method not only can detect the complete edge of remote sensing image, but also has high edge detection accuracy and superior anti-noise performance. Compared with classical edge detection and the morphological edge detection with a fixed single structuring element, the proposed method performs better in edge detection effect, and the accuracy of detection can reach 95 %

A method of remote sensing image water segmentation based on adaptive morphological elliptical structuring elements

The use of visible and infrared remote sensing images to calculate the water area is an effective means to grasp the basic situation of water resources,and water segmentation is the premise of statistics.Generally,the edge features of the water in the remote sensing images are complex.When the traditional morphology is used for image segmentation,it is easy to change the image edge and affect the accuracy of image segmentation because the fixed structuring elements are used to perform morphological operations on the image.To segment water in the remote sensing image accurately,a remote sensing image water segmentation method based on adaptive morphological elliptical structuring elements is proposed.Firstly,the eigenvalue and eigenvector of the image are estimated by linear structure tensor,and the elliptical structuring elements are constructed by the eigenvalue and eigenvector.Then adaptive morphological operations are defined,combining the close operation to eliminate the influence of dark detail noise on water without overstretching the water edge,so that the water edge can be maintained more accurately.Finally,on this basis,the water area can be segmented by gray slice.The experimental results show that the proposed method has higher segmentation accuracy and the average segmentation error is less than 1.43%.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF REMOTE SENSING TECTONICS IN QIANGTANG-CHANGDU MASSIF, QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU

The northern Tibet plateau is the core of generalized Qinghai—Tibet plateau. The main part of Qiangtang—Changdu massif, which is 45×10 4km 2 and more than 5000m in altitude, conforms to the northern Tibet plateau in area.1 The shape features and boundary conditions of Qiangtang—Changdu massif\;(1) Qiangtang—Changdu massif shows huge flat\|lying “S” area In MSS7 mosaic image, Qiangtang—Changdu massif extends in west and east, and appears a long\|elliptic huge block composed of feathered and dendritic textures.. Noticeably, there are two similar texture “tails" in the west and east ends of the massif. The western tail turns and constringes to the north, and eastern tail to the south. Thereby, the massif shows huge “S" area. According to the regional analysis, the eastern tail locates between Shaluli Mt.\|Taniantaweng Mt. and Mujiang River, and western part through Bangong\|Co connects with Pamirs along Karakoram Mt. In regional tectonics, the massif locates between Lazhulong\|Xijinwulan\|Co\|Jinshajiang River and Bangong\|Co\|Dongqiao\|Nujiang River fault belts.

Remote sensing of subtropical tree diversity:The underappreciated roles of the practical definition of forest canopy and phenological variation

Tree species diversity is vital for maintaining ecosystem functions,yet our ability to map the distribution of tree diversity is limited due to difficulties in traditional field-based approaches.Recent developments in spaceborne remote sensing provide unprecedented opportunities to map and monitor tree diversity more efficiently.Here we built partial least squares regression models using the multispectral surface reflectance acquired by Sentinel-2 satellites and the inventory data from 74 subtropical forest plots to predict canopy tree diversity in a national natural reserve in eastern China.In particular,we evaluated the underappreciated roles of the practical definition of forest canopy and phenological variation in predicting tree diversity by testing three different definitions of canopy trees and comparing models built using satellite imagery of different seasons.Our best models explained 42%–63%variations in observed diversities in cross-validation tests,with higher explanation power for diversity indices that are more sensitive to abundant species.The models built using imageries from early spring and late autumn showed consistently better fits than those built using data from other seasons,highlighting the significant role of transitional phenology in remotely sensing plant diversity.Our results suggested that the cumulative diameter(60%–80%)of the biggest trees is a better way to define the canopy layer than using the subjective fixeddiameter-threshold(5–12 cm)or the cumulative basal area(90%–95%)of the biggest trees.Remarkably,these approaches resulted in contrasting diversity maps that call attention to canopy structure in remote sensing of tree diversity.This study demonstrates the potential of mapping and monitoring tree diversity using the Sentinal-2 data in species-rich forests.

Understanding the Moon's internal structure through moonquake observations and remote sensing technologies

Explorations for the interior structure of the Moon mainly involve three technologies: the early gravitational observations via circumlunar satellites, the moonquake observations during the Apollo period, and the recent high-resolution remote sensing observations. Based on these technologies, we divided the development of the moon's interior structure into three stages. The first stage is the discovery of high-density anomalous masses(mascons) on the lunar surface with the low-order gravitational field models, which were obtained by observing perturbations of the early lunar orbital satellites. The second stage is the preliminary understanding of the layer structure with the help of moonquake observations during the Apollo period. The third stage is the deep understanding of the structure of the lunar crust, mantle, and core, with the use of high-resolution remote sensing data and the reassessment of moonquake data from the Apollo's mission. This paper gave detailed introduction and comments on different observation technologies, gathered data, and data processing techniques used at the three stages. In addition, this paper analyzed the current issues in the researches on the Moon's internal structure and discussed the prospects for future explorations.

An automated method for mapping physical soil and water conservation structures on cultivated land using GIS and remote sensing techniques

An efficient and reliable automated model that can map physical Soil and Water Conservation（SWC） structures on cultivated land was developed using very high spatial resolution imagery obtained from Google Earth and Arc GIS？ERDAS IMAGINE？and SDC Morphology Toolbox for MATLAB and statistical techniques. The model was developed using the following procedures：（1） a high-pass spatial filter algorithm was applied to detect linear features,（2） morphological processing was used to remove unwanted linear features,（3） the raster format was vectorized,（4） the vectorized linear features were split per hectare（ha） and each line was then classified according to its compass directionand（5） the sum of all vector lengths per class of direction per ha was calculated. Finallythe direction class with the greatest length was selected from each ha to predict the physical SWC structures. The model was calibrated and validated on the Ethiopian Highlands. The model correctly mapped 80% of the existing structures. The developed model was then tested at different sites with different topography. The results show that the developed model is feasible for automated mapping of physical SWC structures. Thereforethe model is useful for predicting and mapping physical SWC structures areas across diverse areas.

Study on spectral structure of quantum remote sensing

A study of the use of fine spectral structure in quantum remote sensing, including an expression, begins with a summary of present-day applications of spectrum remote sensing, which is followed by a theoretical discussion of the influence of electronic spin upon hydrogen-like atom energy levels and the calculation of spectral line in the absence of a circumstance field.

Tracing Escaping Structure in the Northern Indo-China Peninsula by Openness and Remote Sensing

The Openness based on DEM emphasizes the terrain convexity and concavity. It facilitates the interpretation of detailed landforms on the Earth＇s surface. Compared with the layer stacking of ETM＋ with less three-dimensionality and visualizability and with indefinite details of linear images in the deep cutting or deep covered region, the Openness is used for accurate interpretation of tectonic geomorphic units and linear structures. In this paper, the ETM＋ images（741 RGB） and RRIM based on Openness combined with the field geological investigation are used to trace the escaping structure in SE Asia. The east boundary is Ailaoshan shear zone and the west boundary is Uttaradit-Dien Bien Phu fault, which together form the southwards extruding wedge block. The arc boundary surface of the southern Khorat Plateau is jutted to the north. The NW and NE sides of Khorat Plateau are traversed by Uttaradit-Dien Bien Phu fault and Thakhek-Da Nang fault, respectively, resulting in a blocked escaping structure. The SE margins of Truong Son structure belt and Song Ma structure belt are both arcs jutting to SE. These arc structures clamped by faults or related to the fault on one side indicating the material flow direction obviously, are the most specific manifestation of escaping structures. Moreover, these push units are extruded from south to north successively.

Landscape spatial structure for predicting suitable habitat: The case of <i>Dalea villosa</i>in Saskatchewan

Prediction of potentially suitable habitat is important for the recovery of species protected by federal laws. Therefore, the objective of this research was to study the relationship between habitat configuration and hairy prairie-clover occurrence in order to predict suitable and unsuitable bare sand habitat across the study site. Bare sand patches were extracted from a land cover classification of the study site and several patch scaled metrics were calculated to characterize habitat spatial structure. Binary logistic regression was used to determine which metrics were significantly correlated with hairy prairie-clover occurrences. The logistic regression equation was subsequently used to predict suitable and unsuitable bare sand habitat for hairy prairie-clover based on the probability of occupancy. Results showed that about 29% of the variation in bare sand patch occupancy could be explained by the size, shape, and degree of isolation of a sand patch as well as the amount of vegetation on a sand patch in the early growing season. Based on these variables, 18.8% of bare sand patches in the study site were predicted to be unsuitable hairy prairie-clover habitat, 45.7% were predicted to be marginally unsuitable, 32.7% were predicted to be suitable, and 2.8% were predicted to be marginally suitable.

Spatial structural characteristics of the Deda ancient landslide in the eastern Tibetan Plateau:Insights from Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics and the Microtremor Survey Method

It is of crucial importance to investigate the spatial structures of ancient landslides in the eastern Tibetan Plateau’s alpine canyons as they could provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of the landslides and indicate the potential for future reactivation.This study examines the Deda ancient landslide,situated in the Chalong-ranbu fault zone,where creep deformation suggests a complex underground structure.By integrating remote sensing,field surveys,Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics(AMT),and Microtremor Survey Method(MSM)techniques,along with engineering geological drilling for validation,to uncover the landslide’s spatial feature s.The research indicates that a fault is developed in the upper part of the Deda ancient landslide,and the gully divides it into Deda landslide accumulation zoneⅠand Deda landslide accumulation zoneⅡin space.The distinctive geological characteristics detectable by MSM in the shallow subsurface and by AMT in deeper layers.The findings include the identification of two sliding zones in the Deda I landslide,the shallow sliding zone(DD-I-S1)depth is approximately 20 m,and the deep sliding zone(DD-I-S2)depth is 36.2-49.9 m.The sliding zone(DD-Ⅱ-S1)depth of the DedaⅡlandslide is 37.6-43.1 m.A novel MSM-based method for sliding zone identification is proposed,achieving less than 5%discrepancy in depth determination when compared with drilling data.These results provide a valuable reference for the spatial structural analysis of large-deepseated landslides in geologically complex regions like the eastern Tibetan Plateau.

Differentiated effects of morphological and functional polycentricurban spatial structure on carbon emissions in China: an empiricalanalysis from remotely sensed nighttime light approach

Understanding the relationship between urban development and environmental sustainability to achieve‘double carbon’goals in China can be strengthened by evaluating the environmental effect of urban spatial structure(US).However,there have been few studies that consider the differentiated effects of polycentric US(PUS)on carbon emissions from both functional and morphological perspectives simultaneously.Thus,taking China’s 31 provinces as experimental subjects,our study developed a novel framework with remotely sensed nighttime light(NTL)data to quantify morphological PUS(MPUS)and functional PUS(FPUS)from 2000 to 2019.Then,from these two dimensions,differentiated effects of PUS on carbon emissions were further examined.Results indicated that NTL data presented high potential in quantifying MPUS and FPUS.The effect of FPUS on carbon emission-cutting outperformed that of MPUS.In addition,the spillover effect effectively enhanced the decreasing effect of the FPUS on carbon emissions.Our empiricalfindings can provide guidance for the government in developing strategies for reducing carbon emissions and optimizing USs.

激光雷达森林结构指标在森林植物多样性评估中的研究进展

森林生态系统保护需要及时、准确、动态获取森林植物多样性现状和变化信息,并对导致其变化的因素做出分析与评价。遥感技术的发展为森林植物多样性多尺度监测提供了契机,尤其是基于光谱变异假说的光学遥感数据已广泛应用于森林植物多样性监测中;然而树冠的光谱变异信息更多反映水平方向的多样性,对森林垂直结构多样性的监测能力有限,且容易受光饱和效应的影响。尽管森林结构特征在理解森林功能多样性和物种多样性方面具有很大潜力,但迄今为止,对森林结构的测量手段仍十分有限。近年来,随着以激光雷达(LiDAR)为代表的主动遥感技术的发展,遥感技术对森林植物多样性的探测已从光谱维度拓展到结构维度,为厘清森林的结构-功能关系提供了契机。本研究通过文献整理,从森林结构角度出发,探讨森林植被结构与植物多样性的关系,概述不同平台激光雷达数据提取的结构指标在森林结构属性量化、结构多样性、植物物种多样性和功能多样性的评估、森林类型与演替阶段的区分、林下植被和枯木的探测等方面的研究进展。对不同的森林生物多样性指标有显著解释意义的LiDAR结构指标不同,且受数据采集、传感器类型、采样尺度、森林类型、地理位置等因素影响。将光学影像的光谱信息与LiDAR的结构信息融合在一起对物种识别与多样性相关研究非常有利。依托星-机-地不同平台的激光雷达遥感技术可以实现不同尺度森林结构与多样性的监测与评估,融合星载激光雷达和卫星影像数据有助于理解全球范围内冠层垂直结构变化对生态系统组成和功能的影响,在生物多样性保护和管理中具有广阔的应用前景。

An experiment using mid and thermal infrared in quantum remote sensing

The concept of quantum remote sensing and the differences between quantum remote sensing and remote sensing is introduced, an experiment about the uses of mid and thermal infrared in quantum remote sensing is described and results are analyzed.

Structural and Fault Analysis of Haji Abad with Interpretation of Landsat 8 Satellite Images

Zagros orogenic belt has developed on northern-eastern edge of Arabian plate from Northern-Western-Southern-Eastern Turkey to Strait of Hormuz with a length of over 2000 km. Thick sedimentary series of the Zagros (6 - 12 km) has maintained complex tectonic history of the region, which represents all stages of development of a basin from a passive continental shelf to a rift. This finally represents various stages of deformation in relation to ophiolite obduction and continental collision. The study area is located in the south and southeastern part of Iran in the range of 28 and 29 to 55 and 57. The study area includes Hormozgan and Kerman Provinces in national classification. Geographic position of this region at the intersection of three sedimentary structural zones of Zagros, Makran and Central Iran has revealed that Hormozgan Province has specific geological and structural features. Nowadays, remote sensing techniques and particularly structural analysis with satellite images are supplement to the observation and field interpretation. Landsat satellites can be noted in this regard, which has helped the scientists to interprete natural science since a long time ago. Landsat 8 is equipped with panchromatic band and thus has a high spatial resolution. Therefore, the images obtained from this satellite are used. The images are raw and after application of various filters and image processing operations by ER mapper and Arc GIS the lineaments that have remained unidentified are observed. The discoveries are then introduced to the realm of construction geology in the form of a new map of regional faults using the remote sensing technologies.