Nitrogen Removal Improvement by Adding Peat in Deep Soil of Subsurface Wastewater Infi ltration System

In order to enhance the nitrogen removal, a subsurface wastewater infiltration system （SWIS） was improved by adding peat in deep soil as carbon source for denitrification process. The effects of addition of carbon source in the underpart of the SWIS on nitrogen removal at different influents （with the total nitrogen （TN） concentration 40 and 80 mg L^-1, respectively） were investigated by soil column simulating experiments. When the relatively light pollution influent with 40 mg L^-1 TN was used, the average concentrations of NO3-N and TN in effluents were （4.69±0.235）, （6.18±0.079） mg L^-1, respectively, decreased by 32 and 30.8% than the control; the NO3--N concentration of all effluents was below the maximum contaminant level of 10 mg L^-1; as high as 92.67% of the TN removal efficiency was achieved. When relatively heavy pollution influent with 80 mg LITN was used, the average concentrations of NO3--N and TN in effluents were （10.2±0.265）, （12.5±0.148） mg L^-1 respectively, decreased by 20 and 21.2% than the control; the NO3--N concentration of all effluents met the grade Ⅲ of the national quality standard for ground water of China （GB/T 14848-1993） with the values less than 20 mg L^-1; the TN removal efficiency of 94.1% was achieved. In summary, adding peat in the underpart of the SWIS significantly decreased TN and NO3- -N concentration in effluents and the nitrogen removal efficiency improved significantly.

Influence of packing media on nitrogen removal in a subsurface infiltration system

Influence of packing media on nitrogen removal in a subsurface infiltration system was studied. System A was filled with loamy soil and system B was filled with mixed soil of 75% red clay with 25% cinder. Both systems were fed with sewage at the same hydraulic loading of 2 cm/d at continuous operation mode. The same excellent removal performances of COD and T-P could be achieved in both infiltration systems with removal rates about 85% and 98%, respectively. In system A, NH +_4-N removal rate was as high as 96.5% and T-N removal rate was relatively much lower as 55.7%. And in system B, NH +_4-N removal rate was as low as 75.4% and T-N removal rate was relatively much higher as 75.5%. The difference was attributed to different soil oxidation-reduction condition that was greatly influenced by soil texture in subsurface infiltration system. Loamy soil led to oxidative condition that was favorable to nitrification and disadvantageous to denitrification. The results were just adverse to the system filled with clay. Intermittent operation was adopted to improve nitrogen removal in system B. NH +_4-N removal rate could be increased to about 95% and T-N removal rate could be increased to about 90% at intermittent operation mode in system B. Analysis of nitrogen removal mechanisms indicated that nitrification-denitrification was the primary nitrogen removal path in subsurface infiltration system and crop uptake was another important nitrogen removal way. It was the key to improve the total N removal performance that a suitable packing soil was available to present favorable oxidation-reduction condition for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.

Research on Nitrogen Removal and Microorganism in a Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland System in Sihong County

Experiments in monitoring the removal of organic material and nitrogen and determining the amounts of mi- croorganism at different sites in the subsurface flow constructed wetland in Sihong county were performed. The results show that the removal of CODCr agrees with the kinetic equation of a first order reaction. The removal of pollutants varies with different seasons. The removal rates of CODCr, NH3-N, TN in the spring are 15%–23% higher than those in the autumn. The amount of ammonifier is larger than that of denitrifying bacteria and the amount of denitrifying bacte- ria is larger than that of nitrosomonas. The amount of bacteria around the plant roots is larger than that on the surface of the packing medium. No apparent change is observed for the amount of denitrifying bacteria and nitrosomonas between spring and autumn.

Effect of Pretreatment on Physico-Chemical Parameters of Matrix and Pollutant Removals in Subsurface Wastewater Infiltration System

Two pilot subsurface wastewater infdtrafion systems （SWISs） were filled with the same mixed matrix and operated in the intermittent feeding mode with hydraulic loading of 0. 1 m3/ （m2 d） for 140 d. One of SWISs was fed with wastewater which was previously settled （ ST）, and the other with the same wastewater but in addition treated with a coagulation process （CT）. After 140 d of operation, in the upper layer of ST system the effective porosity decreased by 4.1% and the organic matter （OM） content increased by 246.4 %, whereas only decreased by 0.7 % and increased by 35. 7% of CT system, respectively. During the study, dogging didn＇t occur in CT system and occurred in ST system. Effluent chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total phosphorus （TP） and ammonia nitrogen （NH4＋ --N ） concentrations in CT system were less than those in ST system. In ST system, effluent COD, TP, NH4＋ --N concentrations increased and suspended solid （SS） concentration decreased after dogging. The results indicated that the use of a prior coagulation treatment was a good alternative for improving the effluent quality and avoiding an anticipated dogging.

Application of subsurface wastewater infiltration system to on-site treatment of domestic sewage under high hydraulic loading rate

In order to enhance the hydraulic loading rate （HLR） of a subsurface wastewater infiltration system （SWIS） used in treating domestic sewage, the intermittent operation mode was employed in the SWIS. The results show that the intermittent operation mode contributes to the improvement of the HLR and the pollutant removal rate. When the wetting-drying ratio （RwD） was 1.0, the pollutant removal rate increased by （13.6 ± 0.3）% for NH3-N, （20.7 ± 1.1）% for TN, （18.6± 0.4）% for TP, （12.2 ± 0.5）% for BOD, （10.1 ± 0.3）% for COD, and （36.2 ± 1.2）% for SS, compared with pollutant removal rates under the continuous operation mode. The pollutant removal rate declined with the increase of the HLR. The effluent quality met The Reuse of Urban Recycling Water - Water Quality Standard for Scenic Environment Use （GB/T 18921-2002） even when the HLR was as high as 10 cm/d. Hydraulic conductivity, oxidation reduction potential （ORP）, the quantity of nitrifying bacteria, and the pollutant removal rate of NH3-N increased with the decrease of the RWD. For the pollutant removal rates of TP, BOD, and COD, there were no significant difference （p 〈 0.05） under different RwDS. The suggested RWD was 1.0. Relative contribution of the pretreatment and SWlS to the pollutant removal was examined, and more than 80% removal of NH3-N, TN, TP, COD, and BOD occurred in the SWIS.

Performance Characteristics of Pollutants along the Longitudinal Profile of a Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Domestic Sewage Treatment Plant in the University of Lagos, Nigeria

The paper reports the findings of a research work carried out to examine the performance and efficiency of a subsurface constructed wetland (SSFCW) for the treatment of domestic sewage in the University of Lagos (Unilag), Nigeria. The removal patterns and efficiencies of the physical, chemical and biological sewage pollutants parameters of domestic waste water generated within Unilag community by the SSFCW were studied. The wastewater was sampled and analysed along the SSFCW from influent (point1) to effluent (point 11). Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) reduced from 471 mg/l to 11.85 mg/l (97.48%), Turbidity reduced from 108.75 HTU to 0.05HTU (99.95%), Manganese reduced from 6.05 mg/l to 0.61 mg/ (89.92%), Nitrate reduced from 27.5 mg/l to 2.0 mg/l (92.73%), Sulphate reduced from 48.5 mg/l to 28 mg/l (42.27%), Iron reduced from 1.13 mg/l to 0.03 mg/l (97.35%), BOD reduced from 73.14 mg/l to 12.8 mg/l (82.5%), and E-coli reduced from 874 MPN/100 ml to 0.15 MPN/100 ml (99.98%). On the other hand, Dissolved Oxygen content increased along the SSFCW from 3.14 mg/l to 7.49 mg/l (138.54%) while the pH improved from slightly acid level of 6.49 to slightly above neutral level of 7.05 (9.3%). All the parameters at effluent point are within the Nigerian Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) acceptable standard. The study concludes that the SSFCW is a cheap, efficient and appropriate technology for the treatment of domestic sewage under tropical conditions.

Combined effect of subsurface dam and layered heterogeneity on groundwater flow and salinity distribution in stratified coastal aquifers

In this paper,for the first time,we investigated the combined effect of subsurface dams and a typical stratified aquifer(two high-permeability layers with a low-permeability layer between them)on groundwater flow and salinity distribution in a tidally influenced coastal unconfined aquifer.Subsurface dams can inhibit the invasion of saltwater,and the low-permeability layer(LPL)and tide action can increase the effect of subsurface dams and the removal rate of residual saltwater.Through sensitivity analysis,it was discovered that shifting the dam location towards the inland resulted in a reduction in the effective heights of the dam.The upper saline plume contracted with increasing dam height,and the upper boundary of LPL was moved to shallower regions.And the natural removal time increased significantly with increasing dam height and the bottom boundary of LPL was moved to deeper regions.In addition,if the dam location was close to the sea boundary and the bottom boundary of LPL was moved to deeper regions,we could increase the subsurface dam height to reduce the risks of control of saltwater intrusion.This study provides us a comprehensive understanding of the complex hydrodynamics of saltwater intrusion and provides guides for the design of subsurface dams aimed at saltwater intrusion control in stratified coastal aquifers.

Study on the Heavy Metals Removal Efficiencies of Constructed Wetlands with Different Substrates

In this study constructed wetlands (CWs) were used to remove three heavy metals (Zn, Cu and Pb). The two tested substrates were made of coke and gravel, respectively. First order dynamic model was appropriate to describe removing of Zn and Cu. The experimental results showed that first dynamic removal rate constants of Zn in CWs with coke and gravel were 0.2326 h-1 and 0.1222 h-1, respectively. And those of Cu in CWs with coke and gravel were 0.2017 h-1 and 0.3739 h-1. However, removal efficiencies of Pb in the coke system and the gravel system were within 95-99%, so the first order dynamic model failed to fit the experimental data because the hydraulic resident times of Pb did not affect outlet concentration of Pb. From the removal rate constants, it is found that the coke and gravel system have different absorption efficiencies of heavy metal pollutants. Therefore, it is suggested that the removal efficiencies of heavy metals are influenced by the choice of substrates to some extent.

Molecular dynamics simulation of the material removal in the scratching of 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC substrates

Single crystal silicon carbide(SiC)is widely used for optoelectronics applications.Due to the anisotropic characteristics of single crystal materials,the C face and Si face of single crystal SiC have different physical properties,which may fit for particular application purposes.This paper presents an investigation of the material removal and associated subsurface defects in a set of scratching tests on the C face and Si face of 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC materials using molecular dynamics simulations.The investigation reveals that the sample material deformation consists of plastic,amorphous transformations and dislocation slips that may be prone to brittle split.The results showed that the material removal at the C face is more effective with less amorphous deformation than that at the Si face.Such a phenomenon in scratching relates to the dislocations on the basal plane(0001)of the SiC crystal.Subsurface defects were reduced by applying scratching cut depths equal to integer multiples of a half molecular lattice thickness,which formed a foundation for selecting machining control parameters for the best surface quality.

潜流人工湿地脱氮除磷基质的应用研究及展望

基质的选择直接影响着潜流人工湿地全生命周期及污水处理效果,不同类型的基质对脱氮除磷具有差异性效果。综述了不同类型潜流人工湿地基质的研究现状,分析了其脱氮除磷机理,总结了各类基质的应用效果,展望了天然矿石基质、固体废弃物基质和人工合成基质研究方向和研究重点,以期为潜流人工湿地脱氮除磷基质的研发提供参考。

基于纳米划痕的熔石英玻璃去除机制与亚表面裂纹研究

目的研究熔石英玻璃在不同动态载荷作用下的材料去除机制和亚表面裂纹形成与扩展机理。方法对熔石英玻璃试样进行纳米划痕试验,分别从划痕轮廓、划痕力2个方面分析不同载荷下熔石英玻璃的力学行为,通过扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察划痕形貌,分析材料去除机制;采用逐层截面显微法对划痕截面的亚表面裂纹形貌进行观测,研究动态载荷下工件亚表面裂纹的形成与扩展机理。结果当动态载荷小于118mN时,材料发生塑性变形,亚表面未产生裂纹;当动态载荷大于118mN且小于245mN时,材料处于塑脆转变阶段,亚表面裂纹以动态载荷加载点为起点,向试样内部扩展形成赫兹锥形裂纹并伴有横向裂纹的存在;当动态载荷超过245mN时,材料进入完全脆性断裂阶段,亚表面裂纹不断扩展至表面导致材料破碎。结论随着动态载荷的不断增大,熔石英玻璃的材料去除经历了弹塑性变形、塑脆转变、脆性断裂3个阶段;亚表面裂纹受到动态载荷的影响,裂纹从载荷加载点形成,并沿着应力最大方向不断扩展,导致材料表面发生脆性断裂;熔石英玻璃的临界切深与其动态弹性模量成正比,与其流动应力成反比,动态冲击载荷使熔石英玻璃的临界切削深度下降,亚表面裂纹更易扩展,材料去除更快进入塑脆转变阶段。

超声振动辅助抛光氮化镓分子动力学仿真分析

为了揭示超声振动辅助抛光(ultrasonic vibration-assisted polishing,UVAP)氮化镓(GaN)的微观机理,为优化超声参数实现GaN材料高效去除和改善表面质量提供指导意见。采用分子动力学(molecular dynamics,MD)模拟方法研究了超声振动条件下单个磨粒在氮化镓(GaN)材料表面的划擦行为,并分析了超声振动周期和幅值对GaN材料去除行为的影响。结果表明,随UVAP振动周期的增大,平均切向力不断减小,平均法向力先增大后减小,损伤层厚度先降低后逐渐趋于平缓。振动周期为40 ps时,去除原子数量为常规抛光的5.6倍,同时损伤层深度仅为15.85。而随着UVAP振幅的增加,平均切向力先减小后增大,平均法向力不断减小,划痕宽度和损伤层深度非线性增大。在振幅为8时,损伤层深度与常规抛光基本保持一致,且去除原子数量相比常规抛光提升了4.6倍。UVAP较常规抛光能够降低平均磨削力,增大划痕宽度,提升去除原子数量,具有优异的抛光效果。UVAP振动周期和振幅的增大均会增加划痕底部的位错类型。此外,位错总长度的大小主要受振幅的影响,而与振动周期基本无关。通过调控UVAP振动周期和振幅分别为40 ps和8,能够保证较好的表面质量和较高的材料去除效率。

基于单颗磨粒磨削的SiCp/Al材料去除机理研究

基于单颗磨粒磨削的仿真和实验,研究了SiCp/Al复合材料的去除机理,并对体积分数为20%和55%的SiCp/Al材料加工表面/亚表面质量进行对比研究。通过建立单磨粒磨削SiCp/Al材料的有限元仿真模型,对材料的去除过程进行仿真模拟,研究了不同磨削深度对表面/亚表面质量的影响;通过单磨粒磨削实验验证了仿真结果的准确性,并深入研究体积分数分别为20%和55%的SiCp/Al材料的表面形貌,分析了Al基体与SiC颗粒的去除方式,此外,还研讨了SiC颗粒的塑性去除条件。最后,通过对磨屑形貌的分析,进一步研究了材料的去除机理。

两种不同基质的垂直潜流人工湿地对尾水的处理效果研究

为提高人工湿地对污水处理厂尾水的处理效率,采用以黄铁矿和砾石为基质的两种垂直潜流人工湿地处理武汉某污水处理厂尾水,研究了不同水力负荷下人工湿地去除污染物的效果,并分析了基质的微生物群落结构。结果表明,在低水力负荷(0.4~0.7 m^(3)/(m^(2)·d))下,两种人工湿地对尾水化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、NO_(3)^(-)和总磷(TP)具有较好的去除效果;在高水力负荷(1.0~1.3 m^(3)/(m^(2)·d))下,对氨氮去除效果较好。黄铁矿人工湿地对尾水COD、TN、NO_(3)^(-)和TP的去除效果好于砾石,分析基质微生物发现,黄铁矿人工湿地中反硝化脱氮菌属主要为硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)和硫氧化菌属(Sulfurifustis),相对丰度分别为16.68%和4.62%,且硫杆菌属具有提高磷去除能力的功能;而砾石人工湿地中反硝化脱氮菌属主要为类固醇杆菌属(Steroidobacter),相对丰度为4.56%,采用黄铁矿为基质后,人工湿地中的脱氮除磷菌丰度和多样性升高,有利于人工湿地对尾水的脱氮除磷。黄铁矿人工湿地出水存在SO_(4)^(2-)含量偏高的现象,建议工程应用中在人工湿地底部填充黄铁矿以达到出水SO_(4)^(2-)含量降低的目的。

6H-SiC高速纳米磨削的去除行为及亚表面损伤机制的分子动力学仿真研究

6H-SiC在光电子等领域应用广泛,作为典型的硬脆性材料,其材料去除行为及亚表面损伤机制目前尚不清晰,高效地获得光滑、平坦、低损伤的表面仍十分困难。采用分子动力学模拟的方法研究磨削速度对6H-SiC去除行为及亚表面损伤的影响。结果表明:磨削时原子层有两条去除路径,即向左上方形成切屑,向右下方形成加工表面。在磨削深度为1 nm、磨削速度为100 m/s的条件下,工件通过相变、堆垛层错、晶格畸变和原子空位产生塑性变形,从而导致工件材料的去除。随着磨削速度增加,磨粒所受的平均切向磨削力和摩擦因数都减小。相比100 m/s,磨削速度为200、400 m/s时,平均切向磨削力分别减少了52.3%和55%,摩擦因数分别减少了7.4%和11.9%。增大磨削速度可以减小工件亚表层的损伤深度,提高工件表面材料的去除率,改善工件表面的加工质量。

激光烧蚀反应烧结碳化硅表面形貌特征及亚表面损伤研究

反应烧结碳化硅(RB-SiC/Si)因具有耐高温、耐腐蚀、比刚度高、热膨胀小、耐磨等优点而广泛应用于大口径空间望远镜、卫星遥感、航空发动机零部件等领域。然而高强度高硬度的材料特性,也导致反应烧结碳化硅呈现出难加工的特点。激光束加工具有能量密度高、加工范围广等特点,适用于加工硬脆材料,但同时也存在表面热损伤严重的缺点。本文研究了激光参数对反应烧结碳化硅加工表面形貌特征的影响,分析了纳秒激光与反应烧结碳化硅之间的作用机理。在反应烧结碳化硅烧蚀产物分析基础上确定了高温氧化过程及氧化产物类型。通过角度抛光法研究激光加工单沟槽产生的亚表面损伤,以及激光加工沟槽组之间产生的大尺寸亚表层损伤,建立了激光加工参数与亚表面损伤深度间映射关系。本文的研究成果可为反应烧结碳化硅的高效精密低损伤加工奠定理论基础和提供技术支持。

垂直潜流人工湿地在处理西北农村生活污水中的应用

采用垂直潜流人工湿地处理西北祁连山内陆地区农村生活污水,将两级湿地串联,通过植物搭配、分块运行、出水回流,外加保温暖棚等手段,解决了西北祁连山内陆地区农村生活污水氮素含量高、水量随季节变化大、冬季处理效果不佳的问题。监测周期内,湿地出水水质COD、NH_(3)-N、TN、TP平均浓度分别为35、18.6、24.9、0.76mg/L。目前出水水质满足甘肃省农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准(DB62/4014-2019)一级标准,出水作为生态用水用于绿化养护。湿地建设费用为78万元,运行费用经核算为0.45元/m^(3),有效破解了西部干旱地区农村生活污水处理和生态用水资源短缺的难题,实现了农村生活污水的减量化、资源化,达到了经济社会和生态环境效益的相统一,具有推广使用价值。

沸石芦苇床除氮中试研究

对沸石芦苇床去除农田回归水和农村生活污水组成的混合污水中的氮进行了中试研究 .结果表明 ,在0 6m/d的水力负荷下 ,系统对总氮、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮的平均去除率冬季和春季分别为 3 8 9%和5 8 2 % ,93 1 1 %和 78 84 % ,1 0 0 1 %和 4 8 99% ,3 8 81 %和 98 4 5 % .春季运行效果明显好于冬季 .在相同条件下 ,总氮、氨氮、硝酸盐氮去除率比砾石芦苇床分别高 2 8%、67%、3 5 % .沸石对氨氮的吸附、离子交换 ,微生物的硝化。

地下渗滤处理村镇生活污水的中试

以红壤土作为填充土壤 ,在 2cm/d的水力负荷下 ,进行了地下渗滤系统处理村镇生活污水的现场中试 .结果表明 ,地下渗滤系统对COD、氨氮、总磷和总氮有着良好的去除效果 ,去除率分别达到 84 7%、70 0 %、98 0 %和 77 7% ,出水COD、氨氮、总磷和总氮的平均浓度分别为 1 1 7mg/L、4 0mg/L、0 0 4mg/L、4 7mg/L ,达到建设部颁发的生活杂用水水质标准 .对总氮去除机理的分析表明 ,由硝化 /反硝化实现生物脱氮是地下渗滤系统去除总氮的主要途径 .在本中试系统中 ,反硝化效果良好但硝化效果不够理想 ,改善土壤环境以促进硝化作用是提高总氮去除率的关键 .对土壤中氧化还原电位的测定结果表明 ,土壤内部的还原性质是阻碍硝化反应进行的主要原因 .

沸石床处理农田暴雨径流氮磷中试研究

对沸石床去除农田暴雨径流中氮磷进行了人工模拟中试研究。结果表明 ,沸石床对暴雨径流有较好的净化作用 ,系统水力负荷介于 0 2 4m3 /m2 ·d和 2 4m3 /m2 ·d之间时 ,暴雨径流中主要氮磷污染物的总去除率可达 :TN 4 5 % ,NH4 N 6 0 % ,NO3 N 2 0 % ,TP 38%。平均去除能力为TN 8 14g/m2 ·d ,NH4 N 3 6 4g/m2 ·d ,NO3 N 1 17g/m2 ·d ,TP 0 5 9g/m2 ·d。茭草床的效果明显好于芦苇床 ,植物床的效果明显好于空白对照床。系统在最大进水能力 31L/min下 ,对氨氮仍然能保持4 0