A Contribution to the Analysis of Frequency Response and Impedance Measurements to Evaluation and Diagnosis of Power Transformers

This paper has an objective to show a developed quantitative criterion,based in two mathematical variables that explicit the deviation degree of a normal situation,applying simultaneously data from terminal impedances and frequency response.Based in more than 100-measured equipment,of different applications(step-up transformer,transmission transformer,etc.,),for a period of 10 years,the work presents some examples of practical application of this methodology in Brazilian Electrical System.

A Comprehensive Power Flow Approach for Multi-terminal VSC-HVDC System Considering Cross-regional Primary Frequency Responses

For the planning,operation and control of multiterminal voltage source converter(VSC)based high-voltage direct current(HVDC)(VSC-MTDC)systems,an accurate power flow formulation is a key starting point.Conventional power flow formulations assume the constant frequencies for all asynchronous AC systems.Therefore,a new feature about the complex coupling relations between AC frequencies,DC voltages and the exchanged power via VSC stations cannot be characterized if VSC-MTDC systems are required to provide cross-regional frequency responses.To address this issue,this paper proposes a comprehensive frequency-dependent power flow formulation.The proposed approach takes the frequencies of asynchronous AC systems as explicit variables,and investigates the novel bus models of the interlinking buses of VSC stations.The proposed approach accommodates different operation modes and frequency droop strategies of VSC stations,and considers the power losses of VSC stations.The effectiveness and generality of the developed approach are validated by a 6-terminal VSC-HVDC test system.The test system presents the characteristics of the coexistence of numerous VSC operation modes,the absence of slack buses in both AC and DC subsystems,and diversified grid configurations such as point-to-point integration of renewable energy sources and one AC system integrated with multiple VSC stations.

Development approach of a programmable and open software package for power system frequency response calculation

Dynamic behaviour of frequency is crucial for power system operation and control.Several frequency response models have been proposed to reveal frequency dynamics from different aspects.A comprehensive software package incorporating major frequency response models is needed for analysis and control of power system frequency dynamics.In this paper,an approach for developing a programmable and open software package for frequency response studies is proposed.The framework of the package is extendable with reduced frequency response models.Essential models for frequency response study are included,e.g.,generator,load,and under-frequency load shedding(UFLS).The provided application program interfaces(APIs)enable simulation with high-level languages by calling dynamic link library and makes the package programmable.An advanced application module is developed for quantitative assessment of transient frequency deviation.APIs can also be used for model extension and secondary development.To demonstrate the usage of the package,several examples are illustrated to explain how to perform simulations with the package,and to perform advanced applications using scripting with the provided APIs.

State-of-the-art review on frequency response of wind power plants in power systems

With an increasing penetration of wind power in the modern electrical grid, the increasing replacement of large conventional synchronous generators by wind power plants will potentially result in deteriorated frequency regulation performance due to the reduced system inertia and primary frequency response. A series of challenging issues arise from the aspects of power system planning,operation, control and protection. Therefore, it is valuable to develop variable speed wind turbines(VSWTs) equipped with frequency regulation capabilities that allow them to effectively participate in addressing severe frequency contingencies. This paper provides a comprehensive surveyon frequency regulation methods for VSWTs. It fully describes the concepts, principles and control strategies of prevailing frequency controls of VSWTs, including future development trends. It concludes with a performance comparison of frequency regulation by the four main types of wind power plants.

Parametric characteristic of the random vibration response of nonlinear systems

Volterra series is a powerful mathematical tool for nonlinear system analysis,and there is a wide range of nonlinear engineering systems and structures that can be represented by a Volterra series model.In the present study,the random vibration of nonlinear systems is investigated using Volterra series.Analytical expressions were derived for the calculation of the output power spectral density（PSD） and input-output cross-PSD for nonlinear systems subjected to Gaussian excitation.Based on these expressions,it was revealed that both the output PSD and the input-output crossPSD can be expressed as polynomial functions of the nonlinear characteristic parameters or the input intensity.Numerical studies were carried out to verify the theoretical analysis result and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the derived relationship.The results reached in this study are of significance to the analysis and design of the nonlinear engineering systems and structures which can be represented by a Volterra series model.

面向系统响应能力提升的虚拟电厂聚合特性及交易机制综述

在新型电力系统频率动态品质下降、频率稳定问题突出的背景下,文中综述了面向系统频率响应能力提升的虚拟电厂聚合响应特性与市场交易机制,为当前由于市场机制缺乏导致的分布式资源频率支撑技术应用难题提供市场化解决思路。首先,总结了分布式资源频率动态响应基本原理以及虚拟电厂所需关键支撑技术,剖析了虚拟电厂在提供系统频率支撑方面存在的问题。其次,从时间、空间、成本3个维度提炼了虚拟电厂的频率聚合响应特性,并综述了虚拟电厂提升系统频率响应能力的市场交易机制,涵盖产品设计、出清定价、贡献量化、结算考核4个关键环节。然后,探讨了虚拟电厂聚合响应特性与市场交易机制间的交互作用关系。最后,展望了虚拟电厂提升系统频率响应能力的未来研究重点。

红沿河核电厂地震仪表系统震后数据分析

2023-08-23红沿河核电厂地震仪表系统成功记录到大连市普兰店区发生的4.6级地震,这是我国首次完整记录到核电厂附近中强震数据。对该系统记录到的地震数据进行分析,时程信号波形回放表明,本次地震记录数据清晰完整,自由场数据峰值与地震衰减经验公式计算结果相符。系统7个监测点加速度峰值对比分析表明,核电厂厂房对地震加速度信号具有放大效应,放大系数与建筑物标高正相关。加速度峰值数据频谱分析结果显示,核电厂厂房地震响应数据的卓越频率主要集中在10~20 Hz范围内,该范围内的地震加速度信号对厂房仍具有较大破坏性,这一结论与核电厂地震仪表准则NB/T 20076-2012中规定的地震触发频带(1~10 Hz)不符。鉴于我国核电厂地震仪表系统的地震触发滤波通频带设定范围为1~10 Hz,这一缺陷会降低地震仪表系统纵深安全防御的性能。

新能源场站快速有功控制及频率支撑技术综述

以光伏/风电为代表的新能源高比例并网降低了电力系统的惯量水平和频率支撑能力,频率稳定问题成为当前电网安全稳定和新能源高效消纳的核心问题之一。发展新能源发电并网机组单元和场站的快速有功频率响应和主动支撑能力是当前的研究热点。该文以“单机快速有功控制-场站快速有功控制-场站快速频率支撑”为主线,梳理光伏/风电的快速有功控制及频率支撑发展现状,分析频率检测、通信延时和控制响应模式等因素对光伏/风电场站频率响应快速性的影响,指出风电机组的机械载荷约束、风电场百毫秒级有功控制、场站的调频响应模式选择和优化、暂态有功无功协同控制是提升新能源发电单元和场站的快速有功频率响应能力的4个关键问题,最后对未来的重点研究方向进行展望和讨论。

交⁃直⁃交异步系统准同步控制下直流动态功频响应特性分析

经直流输电互联的异步系统通过对直流输电实施附加控制,可实现异步系统的准同步运行,达到实时共享异步系统调频资源的目的。但在准同步控制的工程实践中,不合理的控制结构或参数配置将导致系统出现非预期的功率波动。首先,根据直流准同步附加控制,构建准同步系统的动态功频响应分析模型;然后,基于该模型分析了直流控制参数对功率振荡的影响;进而,分析准同步控制导致的功率波动与传统功角振荡的异同;最后,以准同步实验过程中出现的功率波动为例进行分析验证,提出抑制直流功率波动的建议,并对准同步控制进行了讨论。

电网故障下含直驱风电机组的电力系统频率动态响应分析

电网受扰后基于模型解析的频率响应分析对电力系统安全评估与紧急控制具有重要意义。电网发生故障时,直驱风电机组(DDWT)并网点电压幅值跌落引发控制器暂态响应,同时电压相位突变引发锁相暂态响应,锁相暂态响应又通过变流器控制传导产生功率控制误差,可能导致现有以负荷突变场景为对象的频率特性分析产生较大偏差。为此,提出了电网故障下DDWT锁相偏差的量化方法;解析了锁相偏差经DDWT变流器控制的传导路径,提出了锁相暂态响应导致DDWT功率控制误差的机理及其计算方法;建立了电网故障下含DDWT的电力系统频率响应模型,提出了锁相暂态响应影响下系统频率变化率和最大频率偏差的计算方法,解析了电网故障下考虑DDWT功率控制误差的电力系统频率动态响应特性,并通过算例分析验证了所提方法的有效性。

储能虚拟惯量主动支撑与调频状态转移控制

释放储能装置的频率支撑潜力,将是提升风、光高占比系统并网稳定性的关键。该文首先对比分析常规发电机组的固有惯量、风电机组的虚拟惯量及储能的惯性支撑特性。其次,根据系统中的储能容量配置,约束量化储能的虚拟惯量,为系统惯量需求提供评估依据,以保障频率安全。在此基础上,利用储能独特的功率支撑特性,提出恒频控制与调频状态转移控制结合的储能并网频率主动支撑控制策略,突破虚拟惯量及一次调频的传统控制模式。最后,搭建风电高渗透电网仿真系统,验证储能装置在所提控制策略下能够显著提升系统的频率稳定性,改善其对电网的主动支撑性能。

超级电容参与风电调频的动态响应优化策略

随着风电渗透率的不断提高,电力系统逐步呈现低惯量的特征。低惯量系统在故障时的频率变化率(RoCoF)和最大频率偏差显著增大,传统频率控制方法效果减弱,频率的安全、稳定面临挑战。针对上述问题,先于一次调频动作的快速频率响应(FFR)已成为解决低惯量系统频率稳定问题的重要手段。首先,建立风-火-储电力系统频率响应模型,分析FFR调频资源对低惯量系统频率响应的影响;其次,基于模糊逻辑推理,提出了一种超级电容参与风电调频的储能动态响应优化策略以控制储能,使其能够动态响应系统频率变化,在频率跌落期遏制频率跌落,在频率恢复期调控储能恢复功率以维持荷电状态稳定;最后,对提出的控制策略进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明,所提策略能够利用超级电容快速动态响应系统频率变化,从而为低惯量系统提供功率支撑,弥补风电调频的不足,相较传统的风电机组虚拟惯量控制策略,在减小最大RoCoF及抑制最大频率偏差效果上均有大幅提升。

跟网型电化学储能虚拟惯性常数的常数化计算方法

在包含跟网型储能虚拟惯量控制的新型电力系统频率响应(SFR)建模应用中,跟网型储能的虚拟惯性常数具有时变特性,且无法聚合求解系统等效惯性常数,导致不能构建完整的SFR模型。基于此,提出了跟网型电化学储能虚拟惯性常数的常数化计算方法,通过计算具有等效惯性常数-能量支撑效果的常数化虚拟惯性常数,实现系统等效惯性常数的聚合求解。该方法根据能量变化关键节点和动态过程的约束条件,以及跟网型储能虚拟惯量响应的两阶段相异特征,建立了具有最相近能量变化的目标函数,以分段求解常数化虚拟惯性常数。最后,通过建立SFR模型,结合时域仿真法和相关评价指标验证了计算结果的精确性。

Photonics-assisted THz wireless communication enabled by wide-bandwidth packaged backilluminated modified uni-traveling-carrier photodiode

This paper presents a wide-bandwidth back-illuminated modified uni-traveling-carrier photodiode(MUTC-PD)packaged with standard WR-5 rectangular waveguide for high-speed wireless communications.With optimized epitaxy structure and coplanar waveguide electrodes,the fabricated 4-μm-diameter PD exhibits ultra-flat frequency response and high saturation power.Integrated passive circuits including low-loss bias-tee and E-plane probe are designed to package the PD into a compact module with waveguide output.The packaged PD module has demonstrated a flat frequency response with fluctuations within±2.75 d B over a broadband of 140–220 GHz and a high saturated output power of-7.8 d Bm(166μW)at 140 GHz.For wireless communication applications,the packaged PD is used to implement 1-m free space transmission at carrier frequencies of 150.5 and 210.5 GHz,with transmission rates of 75 and 90 Gbps,respectively.

基于WRLS-ARMAX系统辨识的新能源电力系统惯量评估

随着高比例新能源机组并入电网,电力系统低惯量特性愈加显著,严重影响了系统运行稳定性。为了准确估计新能源电网实际运行状态下的惯量大小,提出了一种基于加权递推最小二乘(WRLS)-受控自回归滑动平均(ARMAX)系统辨识的新能源电力系统等效惯量评估方法。首先,以发电机为对象,建立不同扰动情况下发电机功频响应特性的通用惯量解析模型;其次,以发电机并网母线有功功率和频率扰动作为输入和输出,建立ARMAX模型,考虑到实际电网运行过程中受大、小扰动共同影响,实际测量数据具有异方差性,采用WRLS求解模型中的待辨识参数;然后,提取辨识模型中包含惯量响应的传递函数模型,利用阶跃响应计算惯量源的惯性时间常数,进而计算得到系统等效惯量大小;最后,通过Matlab/Simulink仿真算例验证了所提方法的准确性和实用性。

高频链矩阵变换器直接功率反步控制策略

针对高频链矩阵变换器(HFLMC)电路前后级耦合导致系统动态性能和鲁棒性降低的问题,提出一种基于直接功率的非线性反步控制策略(BS-DPC)。首先,建立HFLMC非线性数学模型和有功、无功功率动态模型,分析双极性电流空间矢量调制策略;然后,在考虑系统不确定性情况下引入2个解耦控制分量,设计直流输出电流和无功功率反步控制器,实现电池不同工况下输出电流参考值的快速跟踪控制;最后,根据李雅普诺夫稳定性理论证明HFLMC闭环系统全局渐进稳定性,并对比传统PI直接功率控制和BS-DPC策略。仿真和实验结果表明,所提BS-DPC策略控制HFLMC提高了输出电流的动态性能和电网波动及直流滤波电感变化下的鲁棒性,响应时间减少了约78%,网侧THD降低了0.98%。

基于充电站调频能力的虚拟同步发电机控制策略

随着大量分布式电源的接入,微电网惯性水平显著降低,易导致频率失稳。而充电站(charging station,CS)内入网的电动汽车(electric vehicle,EV)可为电网提供辅助调频服务,基于此该文提出了一种基于CS调频能力的虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)控制策略。首先,提出了基于CS调频功率的VSG控制架构,并基于用户充电需求,提出了反映EV调频能力的调频参与度因子计算方法;其次,提出了CS调频功率可控边界评估方法和基于EVs分类方法的功率响应模型;进一步,设计了自适应转动惯量、阻尼系数以及基于CS调频功率边界的频率-调频功率控制器;最后,在MATLAB/Simulink上搭建的CS VSG模型上进行仿真,验证了所提出的控制策略能减小频率的偏移量,提高系统的频率稳定性和动态调节能力,并基于CS调频能力和频率偏移量决定响应调频功率,实现其在CS内EVs间的合理分配。

计及动态频率响应约束的高比例风电电力系统日前-日内联合调度策略

高比例风电电力系统具有转动惯量低、调频能力弱等特征,容易引发频率安全问题。现有计及频率安全约束的调度策略研究中,调频手段主要为惯性响应与一次调频,鲜见在单机故障等大功率扰动下考虑系统旋转备用与紧急功率支撑的动态响应作用。对此,在日前-日内联合调度模型中引入预想小功率扰动及大功率扰动下的系统动态频率响应约束。首先,分别构建两种预想功率扰动下的系统动态频率响应模型,采用阶梯备用等方法进行模型降阶,并进一步推导两种模型下的频率指标解析式。其次,提出计及动态频率响应约束的日前-日内联合调度架构,并分别构建日前及日内调度模型。进而,针对调度模型中最大频差约束导致的非线性问题,采用两阶段迭代方法求解。最后,开展算例分析,结果表明,所提联合调度策略能够兼顾系统运行经济性要求与频率安全性要求。

基于幂级数-波动法的功能梯度圆环板结构振动模型建立与特性研究

提出一种可用于计算功能梯度圆环板结构在不同边界条件下振动特性的幂级数-波动法。基于一阶剪切变形理论框架,将位移函数设置为幂级数的形式,结合波动列式构建功能梯度圆环板结构振动特性分析模型。通过与有限元计算结果进行对比,验证所建立振动特性分析模型在固有频率、自由模态以及频率响应计算的正确性和准确性。以此为基础,开展参数化分析工作,研究了不同结构参数对不同边界条件下功能梯度圆环板结构固有频率和频率响应的影响情况。结果表明,基于提出的数值计算方法建立的功能梯度圆环板结构振动特性分析模型可行有效,不同结构参数对结构固有特性及频率响应均存在不同的影响规律和效果。

风储联合系统的虚拟惯量需求与协同支撑

合理利用风储联合系统的能量储备协同实现虚拟惯性支撑是新能源高渗透安全并网的关键。该文首先分析风电、储能的虚拟惯性响应特性及其对系统频率稳定性的影响;然后,建立含虚拟惯量风储联合系统的频率响应模型,计算系统惯性响应时间,并以频率变化率为安全约束,结合系统惯量需求,提出风储虚拟惯性协同支撑控制策略;最后,搭建风电高渗透区域电网仿真系统,验证所提控制策略通过合理调用风储虚拟惯量储备可显著提升系统的频率稳定性。