Load-bearing characteristics of square footing on geogrid-reinforced sand subjected to repeated loading

A series of dynamic model tests that were performed on a geogrid-reinforced square footing are presented.The dynamic(sinusoidal)loading was applied using a mechanical testing and simulation(MTS)electro-hydraulic servo loading system.In all the tests,the amplitude of loading was±160 kPa;the frequency of loading was 2 Hz.To better ascertain the effect of reinforcement,an unreinforced square footing was first tested.This was followed by a series of tests,each with a single layer of reinforcement.The reinforcement was placed at depths of 0.3B,0.6B and 0.9B,where B is the width of footing.The optimal depth of reinforcement was found to be 0.6B.The effect of adopting this value versus the other two depths was quantified.The single layer of geogrid had an effective reinforcement depth of 1.7B below the footing base.The increase of the depth between the topmost geogrid layer and the bottom of the footing(within the range of 0.9B)did not change the failure mode of the foundation.

Impact of repeated loading on mechanical response of a reinforced sand

Pavements constructed over loosely compacted subgrades may not possess adequate California bearing ratio (CBR) to meet the requirements of pavement design codes,which may lead to a thicker pavement design for addressing the required strength.Geosynthetics have been proven to be effective for mitigating the adverse mechanical behaviors of weak soils as integrated constituents of base and sub-base layers in road construction.This study investigated the behaviors of unreinforced and reinforced sand with nonwoven geotextile using repeated CBR loading test (followed by unloading and reloading).The depth and number of geotextile reinforcement layers,as well as the compaction ratio of the soil above and below the reinforcement layer(s) and the compaction ratio of the sand bed,were set as variables in this context.Geotextile layers were placed at upper thickness ratios of 0.3,0.6 and 0.9 and the lower thickness ratio of 0.3.The compaction ratios of the upper layer and the sand bed varied between 85% and 97% to simulate a dense layer on a medium dense sand bed for all unreinforced and reinforced testing scenarios.Repeated CBR loading tests were conducted to the target loads of 100 kgf,150 kgf,200 kgf and 400 kgf,respectively (1 kgf=9.8 N).The results indicated that placing one layer of reinforcement with an upper thickness ratio of 0.3 and compacting the soil above the reinforcement to compaction ratio of 97% significantly reduced the penetration of the CBR piston for all target repeated load levels.However,using two layers of reinforcement sandwiched between two dense soil layers with a compaction ratio of 97% with upper and lower thickness ratios of 0.3 resulted in the lowest penetration.

Experimental study on permanent deformation characteristics of coarse-grained soil under repeated dynamic loading

Practical assessment of subgrade settlement induced by train operation requires developing suitable models capable of describing permanent deformation characteristics of subgrade filling under repeated dynamic loading.In this paper,repeated load triaxial tests were performed on coarse-grained soil(CGS),and the axial permanent strain of CGS under different confining pressures and dynamic stress amplitudes was analysed.Permanent deformation behaviors of CGS were categorized based on the variation trend of permanent strain rate with accumulated permanent strain and the shakedown theory.A prediction model of permanent deformation considering stress state and number of load cycles was established,and the ranges of parameters for different types of dynamic behaviors were also divided.The results indicated that the variational trend of permanent strain rate with accumulated permanent strain can be used as a basis for classifying dynamic behaviors of CGS.The stress state(confining pressure and dynamic stress amplitude)has significant effects on the permanent strain rate.The accumulative characteristics of permanent deformation of CGS with the number of load cycles can be described by a power function,and the model parameters can reflect the influence of confining pressure and dynamic stress amplitude.The study’s results could help deepen understanding of the permanent deformation characteristics of CGS.

Fatigue Properties of Plain Concrete under Triaxial Constant-Amplitude Tension-Compression Cyclic Loading

Fatigue tests were conducted on tapered plain concrete prism specimens under tri axial constant-amplitude tension-compression cyclic loading. The low stress of the cyclic loading was taken as 0.2f c and the upper stress ranged from 0. 20f t to 0.65f t. Three constant lateral pressures were 0.1f c, 0.2f c and 0.3f c respec tively. Based on the results, the th ree-stage evolution rule of the fatigue stiffness, maximum(minimum) longitudina l strain and damage were analyzed, and a unified S-N curve to calculate fati gue strength factors was worked out. The results show that the fatigue strength and fa tigue life under triaxial constant-amplitude tension-compression cyclic loadin g are smaller than those under uniaxial fatigue condition. Moreover, the secondary strain creep rate is related to the fatigue life, a formula for describing thei r relation was derived. The investigation of this paper can provide information for the fatigue design of concrete structures.

Experimental Study on Performance of Plain Concrete Due to Triaxial Variable-Amplitude Tension-Compression Cyclic Loading

An experimental study on performance of plain concrete under triaxial constant-amplitude and variable amplitude tension- compression cyclic loadings was carded out. The low level of the cyclic stress is 0. 2f and the upper level ranges between 0. 20f and 0. 55f., while the constant lateral pressure is 0. 3 f . The specimen failure mode, the three-stage evolution rule of the longitudinal strains and the damage evolution law under cyclic loading were analyzed. Furthermore, Miner＇s rule is proved not to be applicable to the cyclic loading conditions, hereby, a nonlinear cumulative damage model was established. Based on the model the remaining fatigue life was evaluated. The comparison whh the experiment resuhs shaws that the model is of better precision and applicability.

Viscoelastic model for asphalt mixture under repeated haversine load

The series-wound dashpot of the Burgers model is modified by introducing the strain hardening parameter, and the new model is considered as a combination of the modified dashpot and the Van Der Poel model. The cyclical pulse load consisting of a haversine load time and a rest period is adopted to simulate the actual vehicle load, and the permanent strain model under the repeated load is derived from the rheological and viscoelastic theories. Subsequently, the model is validated by the results of uniaxial repeated load permanent deformation tests of three asphalt mixtures. It is indicated that the proportion of residual viscoelastic strain to permanent strain decreases gradually with the load cycles, and only accounts for 2% to 3% during most of the loading period. If the rest period is long, the residual viscoelastic strain is little. The rest period of the actual vehicle load may be long enough, so the residual viscoelasticity can be ignored and the simplified model can be obtained. The proposed model can well describe the permanent deformation of asphalt mixtures under repeated load.

A Mechanical Model for Three-phase Permanent Deformation of Asphalt Mixture under Repeated Load

On basis of the Burgers model, a new model consisting of modified dashpot and Van Der Poel model was derived from rheological and viscoelastic theory. Subsequently, triaxial repeated load permanent deformation tests of AC16 asphalt mixtures were conducted to validate this new developed model. Parameters of new developed model were obtained by a nonlinear regression analysis of test data, and then permanent strains and flow number of each mixture were calculated. The experimental results prove that the new developed model can well describe three phases permanent deformation of asphalt mixture under repeated load and it can be used for pavement mechanical analysis and rutting prediction.

Experimental study on repeatedly loaded foundation soil strengthened by wraparound geosynthetic reinforcement technique

In the recent past,the potential benefits of wraparound geosynthetic reinforcement technique for constructing the reinforced soil foundations have been reported.This paper presents the experimental study on the behaviour of model strip footing resting on sandy soil bed reinforced with geosynthetic in wraparound and planar forms under monotonic and repeated loadings.The geosynthetic layers were laid according to the reinforcement ratio to minimise the scale effect.It is found that for the same amount of reinforcement material,the wraparound reinforced model resulted in less settlement in comparison to planar reinforced models.The efficiency of wraparound reinforced model increased with the increase in load amplitude and the rate of total cumulative settlement substantially decreased with the increase in number of load cycles.The wraparound reinforced model has shown about 45% lower average total settlement in comparison to unreinforced model,while the double-layer reinforced model has about 41% lower average total settlement at the cost of approximately twice the material and 1.5 times the occupied land width ratio.Moreover,wraparound models have shown much greater stability in comparison to their counterpart models when subjected to incremental repeated loading.

An Experimental Study on the Response of Model Footings Resting on Reinforced Flyash Beds under Repeated Load

In the present, investigation an attempt has been made to study the behavior of reinforced flyash beds under repeated loads by conducting carefully designed experiments. The main objective of the experiments conducted is to evaluate the beneficial effects of using flyash as a backfill material in the reinforced beds to resist the repeated loads. As no unique standard equipment is available for the application of repeated loads and to measure the response, different researchers have designed and fabricated different types of equipments for the testing. The repeated load of known intensity with waveform type and frequency is applied on the surface and embedded footing in unreinforced and reinforced flyash beds. The response of the flyash beds, in the form of settlement is measured using linear variable differential transducers. The experimental results clearly demonstrated that the provision of reinforcement in the flyash beds is effective in improving the performance of both surface and embedded footing under repeated loads.

Weightlifting Motion Generation for a Stance Robot with Repeatedly Direct Kinematics

This research focuses on how to control the robot easily and how to generate the better trajectories of the robot with multiple joints to implement weightlifting motion. The purpose of this research is to develop a multijoint robot can stand up successfully with an object. This research requires the operations with two items. First, when the object is lifted up slowly, the robot could stand up as easily as possible and does not tumble down. Second, the load applied on each joint should be as small as possible. In this article, a motion control method is proposed to evaluate the variations of the load torque and rotated angle of each joint with the geometrical constraints in the procedure and find the best algorithm to generate the trajectory of a weightlifting motion by a stance robot with repeatedly direct kinematics.

Effect of ground granulated blast-furnace slag(GGBFS) and silica fume(SF) on chloride migration through concrete subjected to repeated loading

The effect of ground granulated blast-furnace slag(GGBFS) and silica fume(SF) on the chloride migration through concrete subjected to repeated loading was examined.Portland cement was replaced by 20%,30%,40% GGBFS and 5%,10% SF,respectively.Five times repeated loadings were applied to specimens,the maximum loadings were 40% and 80% of the axial cylinder compressive strength(f′c),respectively.Chloride migration through concretes was evaluated using the rapid chloride migration test and the chloride concentration in the anode chamber was measured.The results indicate that the transport number of chloride through concrete containing 20% and 30% GGBFS replacements and 5% and 10% SF replacements is lower than that of the control concrete,but 40% GGBFS replacement increases the transport number of chloride.Five loadings at 40% f′cor 80% f′c increase the transport number of chloride for all mixes investigated in this study.5% SF replacement has a very close effect on the chloride permeability of concrete with 20% GGBFS when concrete is subjected to 40% f′cor 80% f′c.

Effect of mineral admixtures and repeated loading on chloride migration through concrete

The effect of fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) on chloride migration through concrete subjected to repeated loading was examined. Portland cement was replaced by three percentages (20%, 30%, and 40%) of mineral admixtures. Five repeated loadings were applied to concrete specimens using a WHY series fully automatic testing machine. The maximum loadings were 40% and 80% of the axial cylinder compressive strength (f′c). Chloride migration through concretes was evaluated using the rapid chloride migration test and the chloride concentration in the anode chamber was measured. The results showed that the replacement percentages of mineral admixtures, the curing time and repeated loading had a significant effect on chloride migration through concrete. The transport number of chloride through concrete cured for 28 d increased with increasing FA replacement and markedly decreased with extension of the curing time. 20% and 30% GGBFS replacement decreased the transport number of chloride through concrete, but 40% GGBFS replacement increased the transport number. Five repeated loadings at 40% or 80% f′c increased the transport number of chloride for all mixes.

重复荷载作用后海工高性能混凝土梁刚度退化试验研究

在荷载长期作用下,钢筋混凝土受弯构件的变形是一个重要的评价指标,也是构件正常使用极限状态的验算内容之一。为了研究经历重复荷载后海工高性能混凝土梁的变形发展规律,设计制作了10根试验梁,分别进行了重复荷载试验、氯盐干湿试验以及两者的共同作用试验;通过四点受弯试验对梁的跨中挠度及刚度退化进行评价,提出了梁短期刚度规范计算公式的修正方法。研究结果表明:荷载水平按梁纯弯段弯矩等于0.4M_(u)确定时,施加30次重复荷载后混凝土的损伤度接近15%;对于仅进行氯盐干湿循环的试验梁,其跨中挠度发展要慢于参照梁;施加重复荷载后,试验梁的跨中挠度发展要快于参照梁;对施加重复荷载后的试验梁再进行氯盐干湿循环,梁的刚度退化更为显著。结合试验结果,采用损伤效应折减系数对梁短期刚度计算公式进行修正,并验证了修正公式的合理性和有效性。

圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱水平承载力计算方法研究

通过对11个圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱进行低周反复荷载试验,分析再生粗骨料取代率、型钢截面形式、轴压比、型钢配钢率及圆钢管壁厚参数对组合柱水平承载力的影响规律;观察了组合柱的破坏形态及特征,研究了圆钢管、型钢翼缘及腹板应变的发展规律,分析了组合柱的地震破坏特征。研究表明,在水平地震作用下组合柱发生典型的压弯塑性铰破坏。在此基础上,结合现有规范提出了基于叠加原理的圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱水平承载力计算方法。计算结果表明,其水平承载力计算值与试验值吻合度较好,能较为准确地预测组合柱的水平承载力。

多频率重复荷载作用下布敦岩沥青混凝土宏细观开裂特性分析

针对布敦岩沥青混凝土路面在不同工况下的使用寿命问题,对多种路用环境及不同频率重复荷载作用下布敦岩沥青混凝土小梁试件进行三点弯曲重复加载试验,采用数字图像相关(digital image correlation,DIC)法分别对布敦岩沥青混凝土、基质沥青混凝土和SBS改性沥青混凝土在5种路用环境下的疲劳损伤进行分析。结果表明:在不同路用环境和多频率的作用下,疲劳寿命排序为SBS改性沥青混凝土>布敦岩沥青混凝土>基质沥青混凝土;布敦岩的掺加对沥青混凝土疲劳性能起到了提升作用,但对车速变化的敏感程度较强;布敦岩沥青能有效提升沥青混凝土的抗疲劳开裂性能;同种材料在相同重复荷载作用次数时的损伤程度随着加载频率的增加而减小;布敦岩的掺加可以提高混合料的抗损伤能力,延缓沥青混凝土出现加速开裂的时间点;布敦岩沥青混凝土宏观裂纹出现的时间点为重复荷载次数占比为70%时。研究成果有利于工程提前制定相应的防治措施。

钢接头连接的装配式混凝土叠合梁-柱节点抗震性能试验

在国内外装配式节点研究的基础上,提出了一种钢接头连接的装配式混凝土叠合梁-柱节点,为研究其抗震性能进行了低周往复加载试验.试验结果表明:新型节点中预制梁的型钢接头和纵筋焊接能有效传递二者间的应力;叠合梁-柱节点具有较好的整体性;节点的塑性铰产生在梁的型钢接头和纵筋焊接部位附近,梁柱节点核心区域破坏较小;新型节点耗能能力较好;装配式节点比现浇节点有更高的承载力,但是延性更低.

剪切型阻尼器增强大头榫节点模型试验研究

中国传统木结构建筑破坏主要由榫卯节点松动、变形及拔榫引起.为解决榫卯节点容易松动、变形及拔榫破坏问题,引入节点阻尼器技术,在传统木结构建筑榫卯节点处安装扇形剪切型阻尼器.为研究传统木结构典型节点大头榫安装阻尼器后的抗震性能及增强效果,设计制作了6个大头榫足尺节点模型,其中3个榫卯节点未装阻尼器,3个榫卯节点安装阻尼器.通过低周反复加载试验研究6个试验模型的滞回特性、骨架曲线、刚度退化曲线及等效黏滞阻尼系数变化规律.研究结果表明:安装阻尼器可以有效控制节点的拔榫破坏;同时有效增强节点耗能、强度及刚度;安装阻尼器节点模型的极限承载力是未安装节点模型的1.5~3.5倍.

基于数值模拟的土工格室加筋沥青混合料路用性能分析

土工格室加筋沥青混合料性能与温度、加载条件之间的响应关系研究较少。本研究采用ABAQUS有限元数值模拟,测定不同面层规格、不同温度和不同加载条件作用下,土工格室加筋沥青混合料的弯拉应力值、弯拉应变值和弯沉值,分析了土工格室加筋沥青混合料的工作性能,探究不同工况下加筋沥青混合料的最优土工格室加筋结构方式。研究结果表明:土工格室加筋沥青混合料的弯拉应力值、弯拉应变值和弯沉值较无格室加筋沥青混合料均表现出一定程度的减小,且土工格室边长越小,加筋效果越显著;随温度升高,土工格室加筋沥青混合料的弯拉应力值、弯拉应变值和弯沉值均增加,但其增加速率却不断减小,高温作用下土工格室加筋效果明显;重复荷载作用下,土工格室加筋沥青混合料较无格室加筋沥青混合料的竖向位移明显减小,且双面层土工格室加筋的边长为100 mm时竖向位移最小。对于三面层加筋时土工格室加筋位置在中面层处的竖向位移最小。土工格室加筋能够很好地限制沥青混合料变形,可弥补现行处理沥青混合料路面病害的不足,是一种可靠的加固方法。

重复荷载作用下SFCB混凝土黏结性能试验研究

针对钢-连续纤维复合筋(SFCB)混凝土构件在动荷载作用下应力传递机制复杂、黏结破坏机理及应力分布特征尚未明确等问题,通过等阶、变阶重复加载的中心拉拔试验、并与单向拉拔试验对比。结果表明:等阶、变阶重复加载试件的黏结强度比单向拉拔试件低11.8%~19.8%,黏结界面损伤更为严重,且重复加载1次平均黏结应力峰值出现约0.5%~1.6%的损失;不同加载方式,试件拔出过程中的黏结-滑移曲线特征基本相似,钢芯与纤维层因变形不一致出现相对滑移;SFCB沿埋长方向的黏结应力并非均匀分布,不同加载方式的应力“波峰”形态有所区别。明确重复荷载作用下SFCB混凝土的黏结性能,可为SFCB混凝土结构设计、黏结-滑移曲线模型建立提供重要的参考依据。

木结构榫卯节点抗震性能及加固试验分析

不同类型榫卯节点的加固方式应根据其具体破坏模式来选择,为探究不同加固方式与榫卯节点类型的适宜性,采用多阶屈曲阻尼器、伸臂式金属阻尼器、钢条分别对透榫节点、燕尾榫节点、半榫节点进行加固,通过开展加固与未加固榫卯节点低周反复荷载试验,并对比分析了榫卯节点的破坏特征、水平承载力、刚度和耗能能力.试验结果表明:各加固方式均能有效抑制节点拔榫、增加节点耗能、提升节点最大承载力和刚度等抗震性能指标,但各加固方式效率及对节点性能影响差异明显.其中,多阶屈曲阻尼器、伸臂式金属阻尼器和钢条加固节点的最大承载能力较未加固节点分别提高了46.7%、496%、203%;加固节点的初始刚度分别提高了14.5%、426%、221%;多阶屈曲阻尼器可显著增强透榫节点的耗能能力且对其承载力和初始刚度影响有限;伸臂式金属阻尼器可大幅提升燕尾榫节点的初始刚度和最大承载力,有效避免出现榫颈和榫角断裂;钢条加固方式在有效抑制半榫节点的拔榫的同时能有效提升节点刚度和承载力.可见,不同类型榫卯节点应根据性能需求选用适宜的加固方式并对加固参数进行合理化设计.