配施有机肥对白三叶草生长及香蕉园土壤生态的改良作用

为探明香蕉园间作白三叶草(Trifolium repens L.)模式下配施纯羊粪和生物有机肥对白三叶草的生物量和营养元素含量及香蕉园土壤理化性质的影响,采用间作白三叶草+常规管理(CK)、间作白三叶草+施用纯羊粪、间作白三叶草+施用生物有机肥3个处理做对比分析。结果表明,间作条件下配施纯羊粪,白三叶草地上部和地下部的生物量分别显著增加17%和10%,地上部和地下部的N、P、K含量分别显著增加21%、33%、17%和13%、15%、53%,土壤有机质、pH、全氮和速效钾含量分别显著增加17%、3%、22%和3%;间作条件下配施生物有机肥,白三叶草地上部和地下部的生物量分别显著增加19%和25%,地上部和地下部的N、P、K含量分别显著增加26%、12%、5%和44%、50%、22%,土壤有机质、pH、全氮和速效钾含量分别显著增加42%、4%、33%和4%。由此可见,在香蕉园间作白三叶草模式下配施纯羊粪或生物有机肥均能显著提高白三叶草的生物量和N、P、K元素含量,同时还能改善香蕉园土壤生态,且配施生物有机肥优于配施纯羊粪。

丛枝菌根真菌群落对白三叶草生长的影响

不同施肥处理影响AMF(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)群体结构,然而不同AMF群体结构对植物的生长以及养分吸收的影响尚未见报道,试验利用盆栽实验研究了7种不同来源的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)群落对白三叶草生长和N、P、K以及微量元素Cu、Zn、Mn的吸收的影响。7种AMF群落分离自长期定位施肥试验地,分别为NPK、OM、CK、1/2OM、NP、NK和PK。每年施肥量是300kg N/hm2,135kg P2O5/hm2,300kg K2O/hm2。有机肥处理的N、P、K养分量与试验地NPK处理含量相同,原料以粉碎的麦秆为主,加上适量的大豆饼和棉仁饼,有机肥经堆制发酵后施用。试验土壤采用封丘试验地土壤,经灭菌处理。试验结果表明,接种不同AMF群落均能促进三叶草的生长,对养分吸收则表现不同。分离自CK试验地的AMF群落对三叶草侵染率显著低于其它6种AMF群落。分离自1/2OM和OM试验地的AMF群落较分离自NPK、CK、NP和NK的AMF群落显著促进了三叶草对P的吸收;各种AMF群落都促进了对N和K的吸收;分离自OM、CK、1/2OM、NP、NK试验地的降低了三叶草植株N含量;分离自NPK试验地的AMF群落提高了三叶草植物K含量;对于Cu、Zn、Mn元素的吸收,不同处理存在较大的差异。AMF群落对三叶草生长以及养分吸收贡献不同,这与不同施肥管理下不同AMF群落的优势种属的侵染率、养分转化以及菌丝发育及分布有关。

高效表达黑曲霉PhyA基因改善白三叶草对有机态磷的利用

利用子叶下胚轴为外植体,通过农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)Ti质粒介导遗传转化途径,建立了高效表达黑曲霉PhyA基因的白三叶草转基因系。PCR和Southern印迹结果表明,PhyA基因已整合到转基因植株的基因组中。Northern印迹结果表明,部分转基因系中的PhyA基因具有高表达水平。此外,PhyA基因表达的植酸酶在Patatin信号肽的引导下具有分泌至细胞间隙和根际的能力。与未转基因对照相比,在以植酸盐为唯一磷素供源的条件下,高表达PhyA的转基因系植株的磷素累积量、鲜重和干重显著增加。证明外源转化黑曲霉PhyA基因能显著增强白三叶草利用有机态磷的能力。

白三叶根系分泌物对5种草坪草的生化效应

为探讨根系分泌物在白三叶(Trifolium repens L.)入侵禾本科草坪过程中的生化效应,采用水培法收集其根系分泌物,检测不同浓度白三叶根系分泌物对多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)、紫羊茅(FestucarubraL.)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)、草地早熟禾(Poapratensis L.)和匍匐翦股颖(Agrostis stolonifera L.)叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及根系活力的影响。结果表明:白三叶根系分泌物对5种草坪草上述生理生化指标均具有浓度效应。在低浓度下(0.002 g·mL^(-1))对SOD和CAT活性具有促进效应,在高浓度下(0.05 g·mL^(-1))则具有抑制效应。5种受体的POD活性和MDA含量均随白三叶根系分泌物浓度增大而升高,根系活力则随着其浓度增大而降低。因此,白三叶根系分泌物可引起受体植物对逆境的响应,5种草坪草化感效应的生化机制可能是分泌物中化感物质通过改变受体幼苗体内保护酶活性及脂膜过氧化来表现的。

白三叶遗传转化体系的探讨

将白三叶Trifolium repens L.无菌种子吸胀15 h后,制备子叶分别放在含不同浓度配比激素的培养基上培养,同时测定白三叶子叶对卡那霉素(Kam)、头孢霉素(Cef)和羧苄青霉素(Carb)的敏感性,探索出适合子叶生长成苗的一套比较完整的体系。结果表明,用于白三叶子叶遗传转化的培养基为MS+30 g/L蔗糖+8 g/L琼脂+0.1 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L6-BA+20 mg/L Kam+250 mg/L Carb。抗性植株最佳生根培养基为MS+15 g/L蔗糖+8 g/L琼脂+0.2 mg/L NAA。通过本实验成功确立了白三叶遗传转化体系,为下一步转基因实验奠定了基础。

洋竹草属——中国大陆新归化属（英文）

报道了中国大陆新归化记录属——洋竹草属Callisia Loefling及新归化记录种——洋竹草Callisia repens(Jacq.)L.。标本采自福建厦门和广东潮州,生长于屋顶与墙头。洋竹草原产于热带美洲,已在中国的台湾、香港归化,可用于垂直绿化、屋顶绿化等。介绍了洋竹草在中国大陆的分布信息,并进行了相关讨论。

过塘蛇药材中没食子酸含量分析

为研究过塘蛇（Jussiaea repens L.）药材的质量控制技术,分别采用薄层色谱和液相色谱法分析了过塘蛇样品中活性成分没食子酸含量。结果表明,薄层色谱法可半定量分析其没食子酸含量,液相色谱法可定量分析没食子酸,其进样量在0.12-0.86μg之间,与峰面积呈良好线性关系（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为97.87%（RSD=0.70%,n=6）,10份样品中的没食子酸含量为0.48-2.21 mg/g。该方法简单可行、重现性好,可用于过塘蛇药材的质量控制。

土元胡的原植物考订

一些药学著作鉴定记载的'土元胡',经形态与化学成分的研究并不是土元胡Corydalis humosa Migo,也有别于全叶延胡索C.repens Mandl.et Muhld.,拟将其定为后者的1个地理变种,即江苏全叶延胡索C.repens var.jiangsuensis Y.H.Zhang。建议将C.humosa的中文名称改为'白花土元胡'。

白车轴草中总黄酮提取工艺研究

基于超声波提取法探究提取白车轴草(Trifolium repens)中黄酮类物质的最佳工艺条件。以芦丁为空白对照,总黄酮得率为考察指标,通过亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝-氢氧化钠法,采用单因素试验及L9(33)正交试验设计,研究超声时间、乙醇浓度和液固比3种因素对白车轴草中黄酮类物质提取率的影响。结果表明,白车轴草总黄酮提取的最佳工艺条件为超声提取时间40 min、乙醇浓度50%、液固比60∶1(mL∶g)。在此条件下,白车轴草中总黄酮的提取率为2.853%。该试验设计方法高效、快速、经济,适用于白车轴草总黄酮提取工艺研究,并为白车轴草有效提取黄酮类物质提供试验依据。

菌根真菌和白三叶对枳碳水化合物积累的影响

以枳实生苗为试材,研究了丛枝菌根真菌Rhizoglomus intraradices和白三叶(Trifolium repens)对其叶片和根系葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量的影响。结果显示,白三叶显著地提高了枳实生苗菌根侵染率。接种菌根真菌可显著提高枳和白三叶叶片葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量,而降低了枳根系葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量,对白三叶根系碳水化合物含量没有显著影响;单独的白三叶处理对枳根系果糖和蔗糖含量以及叶片蔗糖和葡萄糖含量有促进作用;同时,菌根真菌接种和白三叶处理对枳实生苗叶片和根系碳水化合物含量有明显地促进效应。

Population Diversity of Puccinia graminis is Sustained Through Sexual Cycle on Alternate Hosts

A high degree of virulence diversity has been maintained in the population of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici （Pgt） in northwestern United States. Although Berberis vulgaris is present in the region and Pgt has been isolated from aecial infections on B. vulgaris, the population is too diverse to be explained by the limited presence of B. vulgaris alone. Since 2008, we have isolated P. graminis from aecial infections on fruits of Mahonia repens and Mahonia aquifolium from northwestern United States. These two native woody shrub species, widely distributed in western North America, were once classified as resistant to P. graminis based on artificial inoculations. By isolating P. graminis from aecia, we established that M. repens and M. aquifolium along with B. vulgaris （albeit infrequent） serve as the alternate hosts ofP. graminis in the region. The isolates of P. graminis from Mahonia of North America had diverse virulence patterns and most of the isolates could be differentiated on Morocco, Line E, Chinese Spring, Little Club, LMPG-6, Rusty, and other genotypes that are considered to be universally susceptible to most Pgt isolates. This discovery explained the persistence of virulence diversity of Pgt observed in isolates derived from uredinia on cereal crops in the region. In addition to cereal crops, uredinial stage of the P. graminis population is sustained by wild grasses, especially Elymus glaucus, a native grass sharing the same habitat with the rusted Mahonia spp. Although virulence to some important stem rust resistance genes was observed in some isolates derived from Mahonia of North America when tested against single stem rust resistance gene stocks, the overall virulence is very limited in these isolates. This is likely a result of limited selection pressure on the rust population. In contrast to northwestern United Sates, the Pgt population in east of the Rocky Mountains of North America has declined steadily with a single race, QFCSC, being predominant in the last decade. This decline is likely due to a combination of factors, of which a lack of sexual recombination in the region is perhaps the most important one.

Semen analysis in chronic bacterial prostatitis： diagnostic and therapeutic implications

The significance and diagnostic value of semen analysis in chronic bacterial prostatitis has been extensively debated and remains controversial. To investigate the diagnostic relevance of semen culture in the bacteriological workup of prostatitis patients, we retrospectively analyzed a clinical database of 696 symptomatic patients. All patients were routinely subjected to a four-glass test, followed by semen culture and analysis. This allowed to dissect from the database three different diagnostic scenarios, and to compare the ＇two-glass＇ pre-/post- massage test and the standard ＇four-glass＇ test with a ＇five-glass＇ test （four-glass plus post-VB3 semen culture）. The ＇five-glass＇ test showed 3.6- or 6.5-fold increases in relative sensitivity and lesser reductions （-13.2% or -14.7%） in relative specificity for traditional uropathogens （TUs） compared with the four-glass or two-glass test, respectively. The area under the ROC curve and Jouden＇s index were increased, whereas positive and negative likelihood ratios were lower than comparators, indicating that the ＇five-glass＇ assay may be superior in confirming the negative outcome of both standard tests. The five-, four-, and two-glass tests detected TUs （Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococci, etc.） in 120, 33, and 20 patients and unusual pathogens （Streptococci, other Gram-positive species, Mycoplasmata, and others） in 130, 56, and 45 patients, respectively. When patients were subjected to pharmacological treatment, including a combination of a fluoroquinolone and a macrolide, no differences in eradication rates were observed between groups diagnosed with different tests, irrespective of pathogen category. Eradication was associated with long-term sign/symptom remission; no significant intergroup differences in sign/symptom scores were observed throughout a 24-month off-therapy follow-up period. In conclusion, our data support the usefulness of semen analysis in the diagnostic workup ofprostatitis patients when this test is used to complement the four-glass Meares and Stamey test. Improvement of microbiological assays conveys important diagnostic and therapeutic implications.

Development, Reproduction and Body Size Variation of Aphis glycines Matsumura Fed on Different Plants

Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura is one of the most important pests in soybean. Life cycle of A. glycines is characterized as heteroecious and holocyclic. The primary hosts of A. glycines are Rhamnus spp. and the secondary hosts include cultivated soybean, Glycine max(L.) Merr, and wild soybean, Glycine soja Sieb.& Zucc. In this study, A. glycines were fed on Trifolium repens L. and Metaplexis japonica(Thunb.) Makino for three generations and their development, reproduction and body sizes were studied. These data were compared to the control fed on the known hosts, G. max and G. soja. These newly deposited offspring by the 3 rd generation were transferred back onto G. max and these differences in their development, reproduction and body sizes were also studied. It showed that A. glycines all could survive, develop and reproduce well, when they were fed on T. repens and M. japonica for three generations, but there were significant differences in their nymph stage, adult longevity and fecundity, life table parameters and body sizes. When these offspring were transferred back onto G. max which were newly deposited by the 3 rd generation aphids fed on T. repens and M. japonica, they could survive, develop and reproduce well, but there were significant differences in their nymph stage, adult longevity, intrinsic rate of increase and body sizes. It provided important information for studies on host adaptability of A. glycines on T. repens and M. japonica and to make clear the potential that this aphid involved into host biotypes on these plants.

Observation on the modifying activity of the protein from Elytrzgia repens rhizome for ice crystal

In winter, spring and summer, the rhizome of wild Elytrzgia repens of Heilongjiang Province was selected to extract the soluble which whole protein and the apoplastic protein, and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The result indicated that there were two specific polypeptides in two types protein from winter; their relative molecular weight were identified as 52 ku and 26 ku by analyzing software; the apoplastic protein from winter had the ability of modifing the growth of ice crystal which appeared hexagonal in shape observed with the phase-contrast photomicroscope. So the apoplastic protein from winter has the antifreeze characters and the 52 ku protein is more likely the antifreeze protein

Human ocular dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria repens in Sri Lanka

Objective:To identify worms obtained from patients with eye lesions and to describe the demographic factors of patients with ocular dirofilariasis.Methods:A retrospective descriptive study was conducted in 31 worm samples from 30 patients referred by consultant ophthalmologists between 2006 and February 2014.Data on age,sex and site of the lesion were ascertained from the details given in the referral letters.Morphological identification of the worm was based on the maximum width,length and appearance of the cuticle.The sex of the worm was determined by the width,length and presence or absence of vulva opening.PCR was performed using Dirofilaria repens specific primers to confirm the species of worms which could not be identified morphologically.Results:Most of the patients belonged to the age group of 40-49 years(mean age = 42 years).Majority of them were females(70%).Subconjunctival lesions were the most frequent presentation,while the rest(n = 4) were found on eyelids.Female worms were extracted from 18 cases,and 11 had male worms.One individual had both male and female worms in a single nodule.Adults were the most commonly affected.This pattern was different from the previous studies in Sri Lanka where the most common age group affected was younger than 9 years old.Conclusions:The present study showed a considerably high incidence of ocular dirofilariasis,stressing the importance of implementing preventive measures to reduce the transmission of this zoonotic filarial disease.

Construction of Clonal Growth Models in Trifolium repens

The suitability of models for describing the clonal growth of Trifolium repens population was discussed. The results showed that deterministic models were inadequate for describing its clonal growth, but the diffusion models and the randomwalk models suited for the clonal growth characteristics of the population. And it was found that random-walk models were better than diffusion models for describing a population in an environment with rich natural resources, and the latter was better in a poor environment.

Changes in Florets’Vertical Direction within Inflorescence Affects Pollinator Behavior,and Fitness in Trifolium repens

interactions,many flowers are known to display their attractive qualities,such as scent emission,flower rewards and floral vertical direction,in a rhythmic fashion.However,less is known about how plants regulate the relationship between these flower traits to adapt to pollinator visiting behavior and increase reproduction success.Here we investigated the adaptive significance of the flower bending from erect to downward in Trifolium repens.We observed the flowering dynamic characteristics(changes of vertical direction of florets,flowering number,pollen grain numbers,pollen viability and stigma receptivity over time after blossom)and the factors affecting the rate of flower bending in T.repens.Then we altered the vertical direction of florets in inflorescence of different types(upright and downward),and compared the pollinator behaviors and female reproductive success.Our results showed that florets opened sequentially in inflorescence,and then bend downwards slowly after flowering.The bending speed of florets was mainly influenced by pollination,and bending angle increased with the prolongation of flowering time,while the pollen germination rate,stigma receptivity and nectar secretion has a rhythm of“lowhigh-low”during the whole period with the time going.The visiting frequency of all the four species of pollinators on upward flowers was significantly higher than that of downward flowers,and they especially prefer to visit flowers with a bending angle of 30°–60°,when the flowers was exactly of the highest flower rewards(nectar secretion and number of pollen grains),stigma receptivity and pollen germination rate.The seed set ratio and fruit set ratio of upward flowers were significantly higher than downward flowers,but significantly lower than unmanipulated flowers.Our results indicated that the T.repens could increase female and male fitness by accurate pollination.The most suitable flower angle saves pollinators’visiting energy and enables them to obtain the highest nectar rewards.This coordination between plants and pollinators maximizes the interests of them,which is a crucial factor in initiating specialized plant-pollinator relationships.

Pasture Production and Sheep Behavior in Mixed or Adjacent Monocultures Swards in Different Seasons of the Year

Traditionally,forage is grown in mixed(Mi)or monoculture(Mo)pastures.However,there is currently no evaluation of the advantages of these production systems under tropical conditions.The aim of this study was to evaluate forage production and animal behavior in Mi and Mo pastures containing white clover(Trifolium repens L.),African star(Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst)and Taiwan Napier(Pennisetum purpureum Schumach),using a completely randomized design with two treatments(Mo and Mi)and three repetitions during the four seasons of the year.For each repetition and season,three sheep were evaluated for 8 h/d during three consecutive days.The forage produced in Mo and Mi pastures was similar(p>0.05)during the four seasons of the year.Sheep displayed higher(p<0.01)average daily weight gains(ADG)when grazed on Mi than Mo pastures,particularly during summer,autumn and winter,seasons that corresponded to the higher dry matter intake(DMI)(p<0.05),even though sheep spent more time(p<0.01)grazing on Mo pastures,when compared with spring.It was concluded that there is no advantage in forage production when associations of white clover and two tropical grasses are grown in Mo or Mi pastures.However,heavier sheep are obtained from the later as a result of an increase in forage consumption.

Main Components and Antioxidant Activity of Callisia repens Extracts

To study the main active components and antioxidant activity in vitro of extracts from Callisia repens , the contents of main active components such as total flavonoids, total anthocyanin and total sugar in the extracts were studied by spectrophotometry. The components and content of 18 kinds of metals were determined by ICP-MS mass spectrometry. Finally, the oxidative activity of the extract was evaluated by spectrophotometry. Results showed that the content of flavonoids, the total protein, the total sugar and the total anthocyanin in C. repens extract powder were 2.04%, 1.83%, 55.2% and 7.2%, respectively. Beneficial trace elements such as Ca, Mn, Mg in C. repens extracts were higher, while harmful heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, Ag, Co, Ge were very tiny or not detected at all. The IC 50 of C. repens was 0.265 mg/mL for scavenging DPPH·, and 1.16 mg/mL for scavenging ·OH free radical, the total reducing power of 1 mg extract was equivalent to that of 39 μg of Vc, and the extract showed no regular chelating power to ferrous ions. In conclusion, C. repens extracts have high content of natural active components, but extremely low content of the harmful heavy metals, and C. repens extract has good antioxidant capacity. Its antioxidant activity is realized by a variety of active factors through a synergistic mechanism. Thus, C. repens extract has great potential for developing into functional foods.

The Empidemiology of Wheat Rosette Stunt in Hulunbeir District of Inner-Mongolia

The virus disease threatening wheat production in Hulunbcir District of Inner - Mongolia was identified as NCMV (Northern Cereal Mosaic Virus) or WRSV (Wheat Rosette Stunt Virus) by tests of host range, transmission, virus particle and scrology. The main vector for spreading the virus is planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen), which overwinters in the stubbles of wheat underground. The overwintered virulifcrous nymphs emerged in late April is responsible for the early infection of the disease. Agropyron repens, an important perennial weed in cultivated regions, is also an important wild host of the virus and its vector. Severe loss is induced when wheat is infected before 3 - leaf stage. The disease incidence could be predicted by a model with the population and virulifcrous rate of overwintered vectors as independent variables.