Energy of the Gravitational Field as an Equivalent of the Dark Energy of the Universe

Determination of the structural foundations and parameters of the Universe is an important urgent task since it enables us to understand and explain the structure and basic parameters of the material world. Herewith, it is necessary to be aware of modern problems of physics and possible ways to solve them. Among such problems, hypotheses concerning dark matter and the energy of the Universe occupy an important place. However, the determination of their on the basis of modern theories still leads to abstract equations that do not give concrete results;therefore, they have a level of hypotheses. A number of initial scientific propositions based on this abstract of mathematical dependencies have controversial meanings. Elimination of this disadvantage is the main goal of the work performed. Its main difference and scientific novelty are the justification of the energy parameters of the gravitational field of the Universe, the magnitude of which can replace its dark energy and dark mass. The solution to this problem is justified by strict physical dependencies, which are obtained on the basis of fundamental physical constants. It is an urgent and important scientific and applied problem, since it develops knowledge about the gravitational field and the material world in general. The performed work is based on the methods of deduction and induction in the research of the material world based on the application of the well-known reliable laws of physics and the general principles of the development of the theory of knowledge. Other research methods are still unknown, since the work performed is associated with new scientific discoveries, the search for which is difficult to formalize by technique methods. The results of the study consist of the analysis of wave, force and energy parameters of the relict gravitational field of the Universe. The calculated value of this energy is 1.58 × 1070 J. This energy is enough to cover the amount of dark energy and mass in the Universe, which casts doubt on their existence. Conclusions: This paper can supplement previously performed research on the dark mass and energy of the Universe, which requires further for their reconciliation.

Fuel type preference of taxi driver and its implications for air emissions

Natural gas became an available fuel for taxis in 2005 and had occupied a market share of 43.6% in taxi industry till 2010 in Nanjing, China. To investigate the energy replacement pattern as well as the pollutants reduction potential of the taxi industry, first, the fuel preference determinants of taxi drivers for their next taxis are analyzed. Results show that as an important alternative for the traditional gasoline, natural gas is widely accepted （75%） by taxi drivers. Different from the previous studies which focused on the early stage of cleaner fuel replacement, taxi drivers with various characteristics （such as age, working experience, and education level） are consistent with their fuel preference when they choose their next taxis. Result suggests that policies that concern consumers with specific characteristics may have little effects on the change of the market share, when the alternative fuel market has been developed well. In addition, the increased share of gas in the fuel market achieves a 7.2% reduction of energy consumption. Considering life cycle emissions, the following air pollutants, namely Greenhouse Gases （GHGs）, carbonic oxide （CO）, nitrogen oxide （NOx）, particulate matters （PM） and hydrocarbons （CxHy）, gain 10.0%, 3.5%, 20.5%, 36.1%, and 26.4% of reduction respectively. Assuming all taxi fleets powered by natural gas with local policy intervention, the energy conservation and the five major air pollutant emissions could achieve the maximum reductions with 12.2%, 16.0%, 8.8%, 22.5%, 44.2%, and 49.4% correspondingly.

Recommendations for green development of motor biofuel industry in China:A review

Motor biofuel is one kind of clean and sustainable fuel extracted from living organisms or obtained by the transformation of organisms,which can be used to replace fossil fuels.Nowadays,motor biofuel is an important direction for the development and utilization of renewable energy.More attention has been given to the development and promotion of motor biofuel and relative technologies all over the world.This research introduced the history of motor biofuel,the classification of motor biofuel as well as the strategies and policies made domestically and internationally in order to promote the development of motor biofuel,and also pointed out some of the urgent problems faced during the development of motor biofuels and put forward some suggestions for the future development of motor biofuel in China.