A novel method for geometric quality assurance of rock joint replicas in direct shear testing-Part 2:Validation and mechanical replicability

Each rock joint is unique by nature which means that utilization of replicas in direct shear tests is required in experimental parameter studies.However,a method to acquire knowledge about the ability of the replicas to imitate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint and their dispersion in direct shear testing is lacking.In this study,a novel method is presented for geometric quality assurance of replicas.The aim is to facilitate generation of high-quality direct shear testing data as a prerequisite for reliable subsequent analyses of the results.In Part 1 of this study,two quality assurance parameters,smf and V_(Hp100),are derived and their usefulness for evaluation of geometric deviations,i.e.geometric reproducibility,is shown.In Part 2,the parameters are validated by showing a correlation between the parameters and the shear mechanical behavior,which qualifies the parameters for usage in the quality assurance method.Unique results from direct shear tests presenting comparisons between replicas and the rock joint show that replicas fulfilling proposed threshold values of σ_(mf)<0.06 mm and
|V_(Hp100)|
<0.2 mm have a narrow dispersion and imitate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint in all aspects apart from having a slightly lower peak shear strength.The wear in these replicas,which have similar morphology as the rock joint,is in the same areas as in the rock joint.The wear is slightly larger in the rock joint and therefore the discrepancy in peak shear strength derives from differences in material properties,possibly from differences in toughness.It is shown by application of the suggested method that the quality assured replicas manufactured following the process employed in this study phenomenologically capture the shear strength characteristics,which makes them useful in parameter studies.

A novel method for geometric quality assurance of rock joint replicas in direct shear testing-Part 1:Derivation of quality assurance parameters and geometric reproducibility

Since each rock joint is unique by nature,the utilization of replicas in direct shear testing is required to carry out experimental parameter studies.However,information about the ability of the replicas to simulate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint and their dispersion in direct shear testing is lacking.With the aim to facilitate generation of high-quality direct shear test data from replicas,a novel component in the testing procedure is introduced by presenting two parameters for geometric quality assurance.The parameters are derived from surface comparisons of three-dimensional(3D)scanning data of the rock joint and its replicas.The first parameter,smf,captures morphological deviations between the replica and the rock joint surfaces.smf is derived as the standard deviation of the deviations between the coordinate points of the replica and the rock joint.Four sources of errors introduced in the replica manufacturing process employed in this study could be identified.These errors could be minimized,yielding replicas with smf
0.06 mm.The second parameter is a vector,VHp100,which describes deviations with respect to the shear direction.It is the projection of the 100 mm long normal vector of the best-fit plane of the replica joint surface to the corresponding plane of the rock joint.

VHp100

was found to be less than or equal to 0.36 mm in this study.Application of these two geometric quality assurance parameters demonstrates that it is possible to manufacture replicas with high geometric similarity to the rock joint.In a subsequent paper(part 2),smf and VHp100 are incorporated in a novel quality assurance method,in which the parameters shall be evaluated prior to direct shear testing.Replicas having parameter values below established thresholds shall have a known and narrow dispersion and imitate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint.

Novel algorithm for distributed replicas management based on dynamic programming

Replicas can improve the data reliability in distributed system. However, the traditional algorithms for replica management are based on the assumption that all replicas have the uniform reliability, which is inaccurate in some actual systems. To address such problem, a novel algorithm is proposed based on dynamic programming to manage the number and distribution of replicas in different nodes. By using Markov model, replicas management is organized as a multi-phase process, and the recursion equations are provided. In this algorithm, the heterogeneity of nodes, the expense for maintaining replicas and the engaged space have been considered. Under these restricted conditions, this algorithm realizes high data reliability in a distributed system. The results of case analysis prove the feasibility of the algorithm.

Tree Automata for Extracting Consensus from Partial Replicas of a Structured Document

In an asynchronous cooperative editing workflow of a structured document, each of the co-authors receives in the different phases of the editing process, a copy of the document to insert its contribution. For confidentiality reasons, this copy may be only a partial replica containing only parts of the (global) document which are of demonstrated interest for the considered co-author. Note that some parts may be a demonstrated interest over a co-author;they will therefore be accessible concurrently. When it’s synchronization time (e.g. at the end of an asynchronous editing phase of the process), we want to merge all contributions of all authors in a single document. Due to the asynchronism of edition and to the potential existence of the document parts offering concurrent access, conflicts may arise and make partial replicas unmergeable in their entirety: they are inconsistent, meaning that they contain conflictual parts. The purpose of this paper is to propose a merging approach said by consensus of such partial replicas using tree automata. Specifically, from the partial replicas updates, we build a tree automaton that accepts exactly the consensus documents. These documents are the maximum prefixes containing no conflict of partial replicas merged.

Carbon Replicas of Porous Concrete Obtained by Chemical Vapor Deposition—Some Aspects of the Synthesis Mechanism

In this contribution, the template assisted synthesis of porous carbons by chemical vapor deposition in porous concrete templates has been described for the first time. Porous concrete made templates can be obtained in almost any geometrical shape and are therefore attractive templates to prepare porous carbon monoliths. The carbon deposition process in porous concrete follows a three-stage-course consisting in an initial period, a period of fast carbon deposition and a period of slow carbon deposition. The carbon growth within the template pores occurs obviously plug-like from the inner to the outer sphere. Any continuous covering of the template pore walls by carbon could not be observed. In difference to porous concrete, the carbon deposition in silica gel is strongly accompanied by mass transfer limitations. For porous concrete, such strong effect has not been observed obviously due to its hierarchical pore system. The template materials have been loaded with carbon by chemical vapor deposition in a flow reactor. The process of the template pore filling has been characterized by the time dependence of the template mass gain. The materials have been characterized by means of X-ray tomography and nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, respectively.

Effects of mutated replicase and movement protein genes on attenuation of tobacco mosaic virus

Our previous reports showed that one opal mutation (UGA) and one ochre mutation (UAA) respectively located in the replicase and movement protein (MP) genes of the attenuated tomato mosaic virus K(ToMV-K) contribute to the viral attenuation. To explore a wider application of this attenuation pattern to other plant viruses, we have constructed three mutants which respectively contain one opal mutation of the replicase gene and/or one ochre mutation of the MP using PCR-mediated site-directed mutagenesis from a virulent tobacco mosaic virus isolated from China (TMV-Cv). Plant infection performed by in vitro transcripts revealed that the MP truncated mutant TMV-Cvmp and the replicase-MP truncated mutant TMV-Cvrase-mp were infectious on both local lesion (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi NC) and systemic (N. tabacum cv. K326) host plants, while the replicase truncated mutant TMV-Cvrase was non-infectious. The K326 plant infected by TMV- Cvrease-mp displayed only a little mild mosaic. By electronic microscopy (EM), plant re-inoculation, RNA Dot-blot, RT-PCR and sequencing we demonstrated that the progeny viruses of TMV-Cvmp and TMV-Cvrease-mp shared similar morphological character with TMV-Cv, owned the abilities to infect, replicate and propagate in the assayed plants, and maintained the mutated sites during infection. These data showed that both the opal and the ochre mutations are able to cooperatively induce the attenuated phenotypes of TMV-Cvrase-mp on plants, indicating that the mutation pattern of ToMV-K could be used to attenuate other virulent plant viruses.

Application of a recombinant replicase to localize the Trionyx sinensis hemorrhagic syndrome virus and evaluate its effects on antiviral genes of T.sinensis

Trionyx sinensis Hemorrhagic Syndrome Virus(TSHSV)is an arterivirus newly discovered in Chinese softshell turtles.Little is known about the effect of antibodies against the virus or the distribution of the virus in different organs of infected turtles.In this study,a partial protein of TSHSV-HP4 was produced using a prokaryotic expression system,and its polyclonal antibody was generated.The polyclonal antibody was confirmed by western blot and dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(dot-ELISA).The distribution of TSHSV in different organs of T.sinensis was examined by immunohistochemistry(IHC)and the expression of immune-related genes was analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR).The results indicated that the recombinant TSHSV-HP4 protein was successfully expressed,and the generated polyclonal antibody showed specific binding to viral particles in the lung tissues of infected turtles.The IHC assay indicated that the virus was highly localized in various cells,including intestinal lymphocytes,enterocytes,kidney epithelial cells,spleen cells,lung macrophages,and cardiomyocytes.The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that TSHSV was detected in all organs tested,including the lungs,liver,kidneys,spleen,and heart.The numbers of viral mRNA copies in lung and heart tissues were significantly higher in the virus-antibody group than in the virus group.The interferonstimulated genes(ISGs),myxovirus resistance protein 2(MX2)and radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2(RSAD2)were highly upregulated in all groups of infected turtles.Antibody-dependent enhancement(ADE)seemed to occur after stimulation by the polyclonal antibody,because significantly greater expression of the two genes was detected in the virus-antibody group than in the virus group.Overall,these results are important in understanding the cell localization of TSHSV and the immune response of infected turtles.

Characterization of the Topography and Wettability of English Weed Leaves and Biomimetic Replicas

The topography and wettability of the underside of English weed （Oxalis pes-caprae） leaves and of their biomimetic replicas are investigated. Polyvinyl siloxane molds were cast from the leaves and then filled with an epoxy pre-polymer to produce replicas. The particular topographical structures of leaves and replicas were evaluated by optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy （SEM） analysis. The static wettability of leaves and replicas was assessed by contact angle measurements, while the dynamic wettability was characterized by estimating contact angle hysteresis and studying the dynamic behavior of impacting water droplets. A smooth glass slip and its replica were used as control surfaces. The replica moulding method used was able to transfer the characteristic pattern of irregular 100 μm - 200 μm × 60 μm convex papillae interspersed with stomata of the original leaf to the epoxy replicas. The static contact angle of 143°± 3° and the contact angle hysteresis of 2~ indicate that the underside of the English weed leaf is close to superhydrophobic. The lower contact angles （130° ± 4°） and higher hysteresis （31°） observed for the replica when compared with the original leaves were associated to an inaccurate replication of the chemistry and structures of the three-dimensional wax projections covering the plant surface. Also, trichomes in the original leaves could not be accurately reproduced due to their flexibility and fragility. Differences in wetting behavior were also evident from droplet impact experiments, with rebound regimes prevailing in the original leaves and regimes characterized by higher adhesion and larger dissipation predominating in the replicas. Nevertheless, the morphological features of the leaf transferred to the replica were sufficient to promote a clear hydrophobic behavior of the replica when compared with the smooth epoxy reference surface.

Recent advances in fabrication of monolayer colloidal crystals and their inverse replicas

Monolayer colloidal crystals(MCCs)are two-dimensional(2D)colloidal crystals consisting of a monolayer of monodisperse colloidal particles arrayed with a 2D periodic order.In recent years,MCCs have attracted intensive interest because they can act as 2D photonic crystals and be used as versatile templates for fabrication of various 2D nanostructure arrays.In this review,we provide an overview of the recent progress in the controllable fabrication of MCCs and their inverse replicas.First,some newly-developed methods for the self-assembly of MCCs based on different strategies including interfacial assembly and convective assembly are introduced.Second,some representative novel methods regarding the fabrication of various functional2D inverse replicas of MCCs,such as 2D arrays of nanobowls,nanocaps,and hollow spheres,as well as 2D monolayer inverse opals(MIOs),are described.In addition,the potential applications of MCCs and their inverse replicas are discussed.

Replication Strategy with Comprehensive Data Center Selection Method in Cloud Environments

As the amount of data continues to grow rapidly,the variety of data produced by applications is becoming more affluent than ever.Cloud computing is the best technology evolving today to provide multi-services for the mass and variety of data.The cloud computing features are capable of processing,managing,and storing all sorts of data.Although data is stored in many high-end nodes,either in the same data centers or across many data centers in cloud,performance issues are still inevitable.The cloud replication strategy is one of best solutions to address risk of performance degradation in the cloud environment.The real challenge here is developing the right data replication strategy with minimal data movement that guarantees efficient network usage,low fault tolerance,and minimal replication frequency.The key problem discussed in this research is inefficient network usage discovered during selecting a suitable data center to store replica copies induced by inadequate data center selection criteria.Hence,to mitigate the issue,we proposed Replication Strategy with a comprehensive Data Center Selection Method(RS-DCSM),which can determine the appropriate data center to place replicas by considering three key factors:Popularity,space availability,and centrality.The proposed RS-DCSM was simulated using CloudSim and the results proved that data movement between data centers is significantly reduced by 14%reduction in overall replication frequency and 20%decrement in network usage,which outperformed the current replication strategy,known as Dynamic Popularity aware Replication Strategy(DPRS)algorithm.

番木瓜环斑病毒复制酶基因的克隆和序列分析

用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术从ＰＲＶ－ＡＬ中分离到复制酶（ＲＰ）基因，将基因克隆进载体ｐＵＣ１８，用双脱氧链终止法测定了基因序列，表明其全长为１６０２ｂｐ，与国内外报道的ＨＡ５－１、ＹＫ和Ｓｍ的ＲＰ基因相比，同源性分别达８２．８０％，９５．０７％和９１．８３％．

改造的马铃薯Y病毒复制酶基因介导高度抗病性

提取马铃薯Y病毒中国分离株(PVY-C)的mRNA作为模板,随机六聚脱氧核苷酸和寡聚dT为引物合成了单链cDNA。通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)获得了PVY-C的核内含体b(NIb)全长cDNA克隆。在对其进行全序列分析的基础上,构建了PVY-C NIb基因全长,5＇端缺失381个碱基和NIb反义RNA三种不同形式高等植物表达载体。在土壤农杆菌LBA4404的介导下,转化烟草生产品种NC89,获得了所有三种表达载体的转基因植株。通过分子生物学检测和抗性分析发现不同形式的NIb基因序列的转基因植株对马铃薯Y病毒表现不同程度的抗性。其中,以5＇端缺失的NIb的基因转化植株表现最好,从总共20个这类转化株系中筛选到4个株系至少在100μg/ml PVY-C接种浓度下,表现完全的抗病效果。从总共39个全长NIb基因转化株系中,仅有一个株系,在100μg/ml PVY-C的攻毒接种下具有完全的抗病性。所有33个NIb基因反义RNA的转化植株中,无一株系表现完全的抗病效果,但是有部分株系能不同程度地延缓或减轻发病程度,并有部分植株在发病后50d左右有恢复健康的趋势。虽然能够在上述3种形式的NIb基因序列的转基因植物中检测到相应的RNA的转录产物,但是均未能检测到其相应的蛋白表达产物。

转PRSV复制酶基因T_2代番木瓜植株的抗病性测定

转PRSV复制酶基因的番木瓜植株,其自交及杂交二代植株经PCR检测和Southern blot杂交的结果表明:目的基因整合在番木瓜的染色体上.人工接种PRSV的Ys、Vb、Sm株系于分子检测阳性的7～8叶期植株,转基因植株均表现高抗.在定植田间的9个月中,转基因植株无一发病,而对照则全部发病.

一种基于P码的频域直接捕获算法的研究

GPS(Global Positioning System)系统采用典型的CDMA(Code Division Mutiple Access)体制,目前扩频PRN码主要是用于标准定位服务的C/A码和用于精确定位服务的P码.P码信号具有很强的抗干扰和保密能力,而P码的捕获通常是利用C/A码来完成的,因此,实现P码的直接捕获对我国未来发展自己的卫星定位系统具有重要意义.本文从研究信号直接捕获算法角度出发,提出了一种新的P码快速直接捕获算法,并通过仿真实验验证了算法的有效性.仿真结果表明,该算法有效地提高了捕获效率.

病毒复制酶基因Nib8和ERF转录因子W17基因枪法共转化小麦

将对小麦黄花叶病毒表现高抗的复制酶基因Nib8和具有广谱抗病性的ERF基因W17分别构建到单子叶高效组成型表达载体上,采用基因枪共转化法转化到小麦品种扬麦12和扬麦16中,PCR检测共获得Nib8基因的阳性转基因植株42株,W17基因的阳性转基因植株48株,及两个功能基因均为阳性的转基因植株6株。以扬麦12为受体的转化率分别为1.53%(Nib8)、4.87%(W17)和0.42%(Nib8+W17);以扬麦16为受体的转化率分别为2.05%(Nib8)、0.86%(W17)和0.20%(Nib8+W17)。对2个功能基因都呈阳性的6个植株进行Southern blotting分析,进一步证实功能基因已经整合到小麦基因组中。本研究为获得具有综合抗病性的小麦新材料奠定了基础。

转复制酶基因抗病毒烟草的研究

将携带烟草花叶病毒（TMV）54KD蛋白基因和黄瓜花叶病毒（CMV）3’端缺失0．9kb的复制酶基因片段的植物表达载体pBICT，通过很痛农杆菌311SE系，利用叶圆盘法转化烟草，在含有卡那霉素的选择培养基上诱导生芽、生根，得再生植株53株。移入大田后，选取5株，提取植物总DNA，Southern杂交检测，结果5株中均有复制酶基因的整合，且转基因植株在大田中表现了良好的抗TMV和CMV能力。

马铃薯Y病毒复制酶基因植物表达载体构建及转基因烟草的培育

用ＢａｍＨＩ／ＫｐｎＩ从重组克隆ｐＺＤ－１中切下马铃薯Ｙ病毒脉坏死株系复制酶基因，将其插入质粒ｐＲＯＫ２相应切点中构成植物表达载体．用重组ｐＲＯＫ２转化农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ）ＬＢＡ４４０４菌株，通过重组农杆菌侵染叶盘将复制酶基因转入烟草品种ＮＣ８９中获得转基因植株．分子生物学检测结果表明，复制酶基因在转基因烟草中获得表达，并转基因烟草表现一定程度的延迟发病作用．

马铃薯Y病毒NIb复制酶基因在转录水平介导的相对广谱抗病性

在大肠杆菌中表达了马铃薯Y病毒中国分离物 (PVY -C)复制酶NIb基因 ,并制备了其抗血清。利用PCR定点突变方法使 NIb 基因移码 - 1位 ,构建了移码 - 1位 NIb 基因 (UN)的植物表达载体。通过土壤农杆菌(AgrobacteriumtumefaciensLBA44 0 4)介导转化烟草NC89,获得 5 1株再生植株。对再生植株的分子检测结果表明 ,转基因烟草中检测到UN基因相应的RNA转录产物 ,推测该基因已经整合到烟草染色体中。攻毒试验发现转UN 基因烟草 (T0 代 )对两个PVY株系和烟草蚀纹病毒的抗病性与转全长、缺失 5′端 381bpNIb 基因烟草 (T2 代 )的相同。Western印迹试验结果表明 ,在本试验检测水平上 ,在转基因T2 代烟草中未检测到NIb基因的表达产物。实验结果支持PVY -C复制酶NIb基因在转录水平上介导相对广谱抗病性的假说。

烟草抗烟草花叶病毒基因N的研究

烟草的N基因是一个较为理想的抗烟草花叶病毒 )tobaccomosaicvirus,TMV)基因 ,它和TMV之间的互作是植物和病毒互作领域里一个经典的系统。烟草N基因已经分离 ,TMV基因组结构和功能已经研究得很清楚 ,这为进一步研究两者的互作奠定了基础。本文介绍了这一领域取得的最新进展和存在的问题。

特异切割马铃薯卷叶病毒复制酶基因负链的核酶研究

根据锤头状核酶的作用模式，设计、合成并克隆了特异性切割马铃薯卷叶病毒中国分离株（ＰＬＲＶ－Ｃｈ）复制酶基因负链ＲＮＡ的核酶序列。以体外转录的ＰＬＲＶ－Ｃｈ复制酶基因负链ＲＮＡ作为底物，与转录的核酶ＲＮＡ共同保温，以检测核酶对底物的体外切割作用。实验结果表明。