Influence of surface roughness on the development of moss-dominated biocrusts on mountainous rock-cut slopes in West Sichuan, China

Since natural restoration combined with artificial auxiliary measures may achieve a relatively rapid restoration effect at a lower cost, it has become an essential measure for the ecological restoration of rock slopes. Previous studies have focused heavily on the relationship between substrate nutrients and water conditions and the development of mosses on the rock surface, but quantitative characterization of substantial effect of rock surface texture(e.g., microrelief) on moss growth is absent. The undulating microrelief on the rock surface can increase the heterogeneity of the microhabitat, which may be an important factor affecting the development of mossdominated biocrusts. In this study, the roughness of rock surfaces, moss coverage and biomass, weight and major nutrient contents of soils within the biocrusts were measured in the western mountainous area of Sichuan Province, Southwest China to further examine the role of rock surface microrelief in the biocrusts. The results showed that three main factors affecting the development of the biocrusts were bryophyte emergence, soil accumulation, and lithology. The presence of moss accelerates soil formation on rock surfaces and lead to the accumulation of nutrients so that all parts of the moss-dominated biocrusts system can develop synergistically. It was found that a microrelief structure with a roughness between 1.5 and 2.5 could gather soil and bryophyte propagules effectively, which may have a strong relationship with the angle of repose. When the roughness is 1.5, the corresponding undulation angle is very close to the theoretical minimum value of the undulation angle calculated according to the relationships between the undulation angle of the protrusion, slope and angle of repose.

改良腭咽成形术加舌根Repose手术的围手术期处理

目的探讨改良术式治疗多平面阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAHS)的围手术期的注意事项。方法应用低温等离子消融手术系统行改良腭咽成形术并Ⅱ期在鼻内镜电视系统直视下行舌根Repose手术治疗OSAHS患者10例。结果所有病例术后均随访观察12个月以上,并复查睡眠监测。其中显效7例,有效3例,无效0例,总有效率为100%。结论 OSAHS患者围手术期危险性高,手术适应证选择应严格把握,围手术期处理得当可以降低手术风险,同时可避免严重并发症的发生。

舌根牵引加改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗Ⅳ型阻塞性呼吸睡眠暂停低通气综合征的围手术期观察与护理

目的探讨Repose舌根牵引术治疗Ⅳ型阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的围手术期护理方法。方法选择23例行Repose舌根牵引术的Ⅳ型OSAHS患者,在手术前后给予正确的护理及健康教育。结果全部患者无严重并发症。术后随访1年,大多数病例呼吸暂停次数及时间明显减少,呼吸紊乱指数减少,血氧饱和度提高,患者自觉症状好转,夜间无憋气、打鼾,晨起无头昏、嗜睡等不适。结论 Repose舌根牵引术对Ⅳ型OS-AHS患者有良好疗效,而正确的围手术期护理是提高疗效的重要保证。

舌根悬吊治疗伴有舌后坠阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的疗效观察

目的：评估悬雍垂腭咽成形术（ UPPP）联合Reposes系统舌根悬吊治疗伴有舌后坠阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（ OSAHS）的可行性和临床效果。方法回顾分析本科2010年7月～2012年12月行UPPP联合 Reposes 系统舌根悬吊治疗的14例伴有舌后坠 OSAHS 患者的临床资料。结果治愈3例（21．4％）、显效10例（71．4％）、有效1例（7．1％）。术前平均呼吸暂停低通气指数（ AHI）为50．7±19．4，术后平均AHI 为8．1±4．5（P＜0．05）；术前平均最低血氧饱和度（LSaO2）为66．6％±7．7％，术后平均LSaO2为78．6％±7．4％（P＜0．05）；术前Epworth 嗜睡量表（ESS）平均评分为（16．9±1．8）分，术后ESS平均评分为（8．3±2．4）（P＜0．05），差异均有统计学意义。主观症状均明显改善，术后1个月随访，未出现反流、吞咽及说话困难。结论 UPPP联合Reposes系统舌根悬吊治疗后，患者AHI、LSaO2及ESS指标均改善明显，该联合术式可作为治疗伴有舌后坠OSAHS的一个选择。（中国眼耳鼻喉科杂志，2015，15：13-15）

腭咽成形联合Repose系统舌根牵引术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者的围术期护理

目的探讨腭咽成形术联合Repose系统舌根牵引术的围术期护理方法,以减少并发症的发生,提高手术治疗的成功率。方法对26例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)患者采用腭咽成形联合Repose系统舌根牵引术治疗。结果所有患者均手术顺利,医护人员术中配合默契,患者症状改善显著。患者术后均出现不同程度的吞咽疼痛、吞咽和讲话困难、进流质反流入鼻腔等情况,于1～2周内上述症状消失,无后遗症。结论腭咽成形联合Repose系统舌根牵引术可有效治疗OSAHS,充足的术前准备和熟练的护理配合可使手术顺利开展,并减少手术并发症的发生。

Measurement and Influence Factors of the Flowability of Microcapsules with High-content β-Carotene

The flowability of five kinds of microencapsulation powders,with differentβ-carotene contents and by two alternative particle-forming technologies i.e.spray-drying and starch-catching beadlet technology,was meas- ured.The actual flow properties of the five powders were compared based on bin-flow test,and three flow indexes (Hausner ratio,repose angle and flow index)were measured.It was found that the repose angle is the most suitable index to reflect the flowability of these powders for the particle properties would not be altered due to compaction or tapping during the measuring process.Particle size and particle size distribution play most important roles in the flowability of these granular materials,which was also influenced by other factors like shape,surface texture,sur- face roughness,etc.Microcapsules with wall material of gelatin and a layer of modified starch absorbed on the sur- face showed excellent flowabilities and good mechanical properties,and they are favorable for tabletting to supply β-carotene.

Bed Load Transport Rates during Scouring and Armoring Processes

Dambreak-induced bed scouring may undermine the foundation of bridge piers and other structures,and that destruction can pose a serious threat.Consequently,this paper aims at exploring the mechanisms of scouring and armoring.Firstly,the incipient velocity for nonuniform sediment particles was studied,and a formula was derived based on the angle of repose of nonuniform sediment.The results showed that the mechanism of incipient motion for sand and fine gravel differed from that for coarse gravel and cobbles.Also,comparison between experimental and field data shows that the results from the proposed formula agree well with those observed for all conditions.Secondly,a birth-death,immigration-emigration Markov process was developed to describe the bed load transport rate associated with scouring and armoring.The comparison between experimental data and computed results shows that our model can predict the bed load transport rate,although there may be some limitations,the chief of which is that there are many variables in the model to be determined through experiment.This makes its application in river engineering inconvenient.

用两种术式治疗重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的疗效观察

目的 :探讨使用腭咽成形术联合Repose舌根牵引固定术治疗重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的疗效。方法 :选取我院2014年1月至2015年3月期间收治的18例重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者作为研究对象。为所有患者使用腭咽成形术联合Repose舌根牵引固定术进行治疗。术后对所有患者随访一年,观察其AHI、AH、AI及术后并发症的发生情况。结果 :经过治疗后,患者AHI、AH、AI及最低Sa O2的水平均得到了显著的改善,与术前其AHI、AH、AI及最低Sa O2的水平相比,差异显著,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在这些患者中,有18例患者发生了咽痛,有18例患者的颈部硬厚、有板块感,有2例患者发生了鼻腔反流,有1例患者发生了咽部感染。这些患者均经临床治疗或自我恢复后痊愈。结论 :使用腭咽成形术联合Repose舌根牵引固定术治疗重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的疗效显著,患者术后并发症的程度轻。此治疗方法值得在临床上推广应用。

Repose系统舌骨悬吊术结合腭垂腭咽成形术对重度OSAHS合并2型糖尿病患者血糖影响的中长期比较研究

目的比较Repose系统舌骨悬吊术结合腭咽成形术与单纯腭咽成形术手术治疗对重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)合并2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的血糖及糖代谢的影响差异。方法选择笔者医院耳鼻喉科就诊的26例重度OSAHS合并T2DM患者按随机数字表法分为两组:联合手术组(n=14)和单腭咽成形术组(n=12)。手术前后监测所有患者FBG、PBG、FINS、GHbA1c、leptin和HOMA-IR等水平的变化情况。结果总有效率方面,术后6个月及1年组间比较,联合手术组较单纯腭咽成形术组均有显著性改善(P<0.01)。在PSG监测指标上,治疗前后两组患者在AHI和LSaO2上均有不同程度的改善,而组间比较亦有统计学差异(P<0.05)。在血糖及其代谢指标方面,除FINS外,两组患者术后6个月及1年在其他各指标上较术前均有显著性改善(P<0.05),而组间比较表明,联合手术组在FBG、PBG、GHbA1c、leptin和HOMA-IR等指标上较单手术组均有明显改善(P<0.05)。结论行Repose系统舌骨悬吊术结合腭咽成形术对重度OSAHS合并T2DM患者有极大获益,推荐临床首选。

腭咽成形术联合Repose舌根牵引固定术治疗睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的临床效果

目的探究腭咽成形术联合Repose舌根牵引固定术治疗睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的疗效。方法选取我院2013年6月~2015年5月80例经诊断为睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征入院治疗的患者,按病床单双号将其分为单一组40例与联合组40例。单一组患者仅采用腭咽成形术,联合组在单一组治疗基础上加用Repose舌根牵引固定术,观察两组患者术后不良反应发生情况及患者对疗效的评价。结果联合组临床总有效率高达92.5%,高于单一组的80.0%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;术后联合组鼻咽返流、咽痛、开放性鼻音发生较单一组少,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,但两组在口腔异物感上差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论腭咽成形术联合Repose舌根牵引固定术治疗睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征,患者术后不良反应少,长期治疗效果好。

一种基于Azure DevOps的面向嵌入式软件的持续集成及自动测试环境

工业物联网爆发式地增长要求拥有嵌入式软件的工业产品能够满足快速的迭代发布。但由于受到软硬件结合等因素的限制,现在工业领域对其产品的嵌入式软件迭代时普遍速度慢。介绍了一种基于Azure DevOps的面向嵌入式产品固件的持续集成、自动构建、自动部署及测试的环境搭建。最后展望了未来通过该环境和数字孪生技术的结合,可以让新的嵌入式软件在部署至真实生产环境前在孪生体内得到并行的验证。

悬雍垂腭咽成形术联合Repose舌根牵引固定术治疗OSAHS的临床效果

目的探讨悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP)联合Repose舌根牵引固定术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的临床效果。方法选择我院2019年1月至2020年12月收治的80例OSAHS患者为研究对象,采用随机数字法将其分为UPPP组和联合组,每组40例。UPPP组采用UPPP术治疗,联合组在UPPP组基础上联合Repose舌根牵引固定术治疗。比较两组的临床疗效,手术前、后的X线测量参数[下咽气道间隙(V-LPW)、后气道间隙(PAS)、舌骨与下颚垂直距离(MPH)]和呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI),并发症发生情况。结果联合组的治疗总有效率为92.50%,显著高于UPPP组的75.00%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。手术前,两组患者的X线测量参数和AHI比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);手术后,联合组的V-LPW、PAS显著高于手术前及UPPP组,AHI显著低于手术前及UPPP组(P<0.05);手术后,两组的MPH均显著高于手术前,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),但两组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。联合组的并发症总发生率为12.50%,与UPPP组的7.50%比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论UPPP联合Repose舌根牵引固定术治疗OSAHS患者,可提高治疗效果,有利于气道塌陷的恢复与重塑,安全性较高,具有一定的临床应用价值。

Friction Coefficient Calibration of Sunflower Seeds for Discrete Element Modeling Simulation

Sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)is one of the four major oil crops in the world and has high economic value.However,the lack of discrete element method(DEM)models and parameters for sunflower seeds hinders the application of DEM for computer simulation in the key working processes of sunflower seed sowing and harvesting.The present study was conducted on two varieties of sunflower,and the DEM model of sunflower seeds was established by using 3D scanning technology based on the distribution of triaxial dimensions and volumes of the geometric model of sunflower seeds.Similarly,the physical characteristics parameters of sunflower seeds were determined by physical tests and the simulation parameters were screened for significance based on the Plackett-Burman test.Our results show that the coefficient of static friction between sunflower seeds and the coefficient of rolling friction have significant effects on the repose angle of the simulation test.Furthermore,the optimal range of the significance parameters was further determined by the steepest climb test,and the second-order regression model of the significance parameters and the repose angle was obtained according to the Box-Behnken design test and Response Surface Methodology(RSM),with the repose angle measured by the physical test as the optimized target value to obtain the optimal parameter combination.Finally,a two-sample t-test for the repose angle of the physical test and the repose angle of the simulation test yielded P>0.05.Our results confirms that the repose angle obtained from simulation is not significantly different from the physical test value,and the relative errors between the repose angle of the simulation test and the physical test are 1.43%and 0.40%,respectively,for the optimal combination of parameters.Based on these results it can be concluded that the optimal parameters obtained from the calibration can be used for DEM simulation experiments related to the sunflower seed sowing and harvesting process.

Influential factors on the repose angle of desert sands

The repose angle is one of the most significant macroscopic parameters in describing the behavior of granular materials. Under a static condition, the repose angle is the steepest angle at which sediment particles can rest without motion. In this paper, we use existing data and aeolian physics to analyze the main factors that influence the repose angle of sand dunes, and we investigate different repose angles involving various states and types of materials. We have determined that different factors have differential influence on the magnitude of the repose angle. Our results show that for powdery （〈400-μm diameter） desert sands, the main influential factor on the magnitude of repose angle is the molecular force among particles. Particle size does not influence the repose angle of desert sands directly, but has an indirect impact by affecting the grit sphericity and surface roughness, of which the grit sphericity acts as a major factor. Even at the same average particle size, the repose angle differs with different grain compositions. Furthermore, with increasing unevenness in grain composition, the repose angle increases correspondingly. Sand texture also has a direct influence on the repose angle of desert sands. In two sand samples having the same grain composition but different textures, the repose angles may be different. Water content has a stronger influence on the repose angle than any other factor. However, the relationship between the repose angle and water content is not a simple direct proportion. In fact, with increasing water content, the repose angle first increases and then decreases. These research results will be useful for understanding the mechanisms of dune transport, variations of dune morphology, and the stability and fluidity of dune sands.

Drying Technology and Formation Process of Naomai Xingshen Capsules

[Objectives]To optimize the drying technology and formation process of Naomai Xingshen Capsules.[Methods]The yield of paste powder and moisture content as evaluation indicators were taken as indicators,the relative density of feed liquid,inlet air temperature and dosage of excipients were selected as investigation factors,the orthogonal experiment method was used to optimize the spray drying process.The moisture absorption rate and angle of repose were taken as evaluation indicators,the types of forming excipient were screened,and the critical relative humidity was determined.[Results]The optimum spray drying process was that the relative density of liquid medicine was 1.05(60℃),the air inlet temperature was 200℃,and the dosage of excipients was 2%.The effect of using dextrin as a forming excipient was better,and the relative humidity of the production environment should be controlled below 65%.[Conclusions]The optimized process is stable,feasible,scientific and reasonable,and can be used for large-scale industrial production.

Discrete element modeling and verification of the simulation parameters for chopped hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera stems

In this study,the discrete element software EDEM was applied to establish a simulation model of non-uniform-sized particle units for Broussonetia papyrifera stalks,which aimed to address the low utilization rate of existing Broussonetia papyrifera harvesting machinery,the significant variation between the simulated model of Broussonetia papyrifera stalks and their actual appearance,as well as the absence of contact parameter calibration.Through a combination of the free-fall collision method,inclined plane sliding method,and inclined plane rolling method,numerical simulation was conducted to analyze the pattern of variations in contact parameters between Broussonetia papyrifera stalks and the steel material of the machinery.Accordingly,these parameters were calibrated.The results showed that the coefficient of restitution between Broussonetia papyrifera stalks and steel materials was 0.321,the static friction factor was 0.589,and the rolling friction factor was 0.078.With the parameters of contact between Broussonetia papyrifera stalks as variables and the experimentally measured pile angle as the objective of optimization,the steepest ascent experiment and the three-factor five-level rotation combination experiment were conducted.In this way,a second-order response model was constructed to analyze the relationship between the contact parameters and the pile angle.Through the optimization analysis of experimental data,it was determined that the coefficient of restitution between Broussonetia papyrifera stalks was 0.21,the static friction factor was 0.24,and the rolling friction factor was 0.03.Furthermore,the calibration results were validated through experimentation to show that the relative error between the obtained pile angle under the context of optimal parameter combination and the actual one was 4.11%.In addition,the relative error of mass flow rate in spiral transport was within a reasonable range,this study lays a foundation both theoretically and statistically for the simulation of contact parameters for Broussonetia papyrifera stalk harvesting processing,mechanical harvesting,and so on.

Calibrating and testing the discrete element parameters for peanut seedling film

This study constructed a numerical model using the discrete element software EDEM to address the current lack of calibrated contact parameters for peanut seedling membranes and the absence of precise simulation model parameters for mechanized separation. The Hysteretic Spring Contact Model (HSCM) was employed to calibrate the contact parameters of peanut seedling membranes. The angle of repose of peanut seedling membranes was determined through image processing combined with the least squares method. Through central composite design (CCD), a second-order response model linking the contact parameters to the angle of repose was established. Optimization was achieved by using the angle of repose obtained from physical tests as the objective. Secondary simulation tests were conducted with the calibrated parameters, revealing a relative error of 1.37% between the simulated and physical angles of repose. This confirmed the effectiveness of the parameters in calibrating peanut seedling membrane characteristics. The findings offer theoretical and empirical support for discrete element simulations of peanut seedling membrane separation and peanut straw pulverization processes.

Parameter calibration and experimental verification of discrete element simulation model for Protaetia brevitarsis larvae bioconversion mixture

To improve the survival rate of larvae during material separation after biotransformation of existing residual film mixtures of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae,this paper adopts the method of combining physical test and EDEM simulation test,and selects Hertz Mindlin with JKR contact model to calibrate the discrete element simulation contact parameters of the Protaetia brevitarsis larvae and the frass mixture.First,the cylinder lifting method was used to determine the actual repose angle of the mixture of larvae and frass.The collision recovery coefficients between larvae-frass and steel,static friction coefficient,kinetic friction coefficient and the collision recovery coefficient between larvae were measured through physical tests such as the inclined plane method.The Plackett-Burman test was then used to screen out the factors that have a significant impact on the repose angle:Poisson’s ratio of frass,frass-frass rolling friction coefficient,frass JKR surface energy,frass-larvae JKR surface energy.The optimal value intervals of four significant factors were determined based on the steepest climb test,Based on the Box-Behnken response surface analysis test,the second-order regression model between the repose angle and four significant factors was determined,and variance and interaction effects were analyzed.And with the actual repose angle as the goal,the significant factors were optimized and the optimal parameter combination of the four significant factors was determined.The simulation test of material repose angle and screening was carried out with the optimal parameter combination,and compared with the physical test.It was found that the maximum relative errors of the two tests were 1.48%and 3.79%respectively,indicating that the calibrated parameter values are true and reliable,It can provide a reference for the discrete element simulation of the transportation and separation of the Protaetia brevitarsis larvae-frass mixture.

Determination of key soil characteristic parameters using angle of repose and direct shear stress test

Discrete element modelling(DEM)is a numerical method for examining the dynamic behavior of granular media.In order to build an accurate simulation model and provide more comprehensive soil characteristic parameters for the design and optimization of various soil contact machinery,in this paper,the discrete element simulation method(EDEM)combined with experimental approach is used to investigate the soil contact characteristic parameters in East Asia.In this study,Hertze-Mindlin(no slip)was used as a particle contact model by taking particle contact parameters and soil JKR(Johnson-Kendall-Roberts)surface energy as determinants,and repose angle,internal friction angle,and cohesive force as evaluation indexes.The method of Plackett-Burman,Stepest ascent,and Box-Behnken were used to gradually reduce the range of parameters needed for simulation until the most accurate value was determined.The results show that the restitution coefficient,static friction coefficient,and rolling friction coefficient between soil particles have significant effects on the DEM model,and their value of them are 0.596,0.725,and 0.16,respectively.Based on these parameters used for the repose angle test and direct shear stress test,the value of repose angle is 31.97°,the internal friction angle is 27.61°,and the cohesive force is 33.06 kPa.The relative errors with the actual measured values are 9.54%,1.87%,and 2.31%,respectively.In order to further test whether the simulation parameters of soil obtained by repose angle test and direct shear stress test are consistent with the real soil,comparison test between field test and discrete element simulation was used.The results show that the error in height of ridge between the simulated soil and the actual soil is 4.06%,which is within the acceptable range.It also indicates that the calibrated and optimized soil simulation model can accurately represent the real soil.The research provides theoretical basis and technical support for the study of soil contact parts by using the discrete element method,combined with repose angle test and direct shear stress test.