Scientific research provides essential information for conservation of threatened species.Data deficiency due to insufficient research impedes the design of conservation plans,and research bias may mistakenly direct l...Scientific research provides essential information for conservation of threatened species.Data deficiency due to insufficient research impedes the design of conservation plans,and research bias may mistakenly direct limited resources to low biodiversity regions or less threatened species.Here,we conducted a systematic review of published papers,grants,and graduate student training on carnivorans in China to identify species bias and research gaps.Furthermore,we collected intrinsic and extrinsic features of carnivorans,and identified features that impact research intensity using generalized linear models.We found that the amount of research on carnivorans increased markedly after 2000,but species bias existed.Bears and big cats received the greatest research attention,while most small-and medium-sized carnivorans received little attention,thus showing the 80-20 phenomenon.Species with a higher level of endemism and protection under Chinese law received more consideration.As an animal conservation icon in China,the giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)attracted more than 50%of overall carnivoran research resources.However,the giant panda also showed spillover effects,i.e.,post-doctoral graduates who studied the giant panda shifted their research focus to other species after graduation,which may help improve research on other species.Thus,to improve and strengthen Carnivora research and conservation,we suggest investing greater effort in species of less concern,training of more graduate students,and reinforcing academic exchange.If such actions are not taken,many carnivoran species will continue being data deficient and threatened.展开更多
BACKGROUND Case studies(CS)are relevant for the development of theoretical and practical competencies in psychotherapy.Despite rapid progress in the development of methods and principles for establishing CS in the las...BACKGROUND Case studies(CS)are relevant for the development of theoretical and practical competencies in psychotherapy.Despite rapid progress in the development of methods and principles for establishing CS in the last three decades,research into the aims of CS,especially in training,or how CS are to be conducted is rare.AIM To elucidate the form and methodology of CS,the objectives of CS used in training institutions(TI),and if/how TIs handle therapist allegiance.Also,this preliminary investigation will suggest avenues for further research and attempt to establish certain guidelines.METHODS In order to counteract researcher bias and enlarge the question-pool,a focus group was established.The recorded and transcribed text was analyzed with Mayring’s method of qualitative content analysis,and the generated categories were formulated as questions.The resulting questionnaire with both qualitative and quantitative queries was sent out(after pre-testing)to all 39 Austrian TIs that provide professional psychotherapy training.The answers and text passages received were then also categorized with qualitative content analysis.Data analysis was discussed by a peer group consisting of three psychotherapists trained in differing schools of psychotherapeutic methods.RESULTS 94%of Austrian institutes use CS as part of their psychotherapeutic training.Understanding of the term“case study”is inconsistent and has a wide variety of interpretations.CS serve mainly:(1)For observation of training/progress in therapeutic practice and knowledge/acquisition of the theory specific to each psychotherapeutic school;(2)To improve(self-)reflection capabilities;and(3)To expand theoretical knowledge.Most of the CS written are not accessible for students nor for the research community.More than two thirds of the CS take only the position of the author into account(the client’s position is not described).15.5%of the TIs do not consider researcher or therapist allegiance at all.CONCLUSION A more precise formulation of the term case study is needed in psychotherapeutic training.The training therapists play a key function,as they exemplify and teach how to deal with distorting factors.General guidelines as to how to conduct CS in training institutions would provide more direction to students,increase scientific rigor,and enhance synergistic effects.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31900372,31822049)。
文摘Scientific research provides essential information for conservation of threatened species.Data deficiency due to insufficient research impedes the design of conservation plans,and research bias may mistakenly direct limited resources to low biodiversity regions or less threatened species.Here,we conducted a systematic review of published papers,grants,and graduate student training on carnivorans in China to identify species bias and research gaps.Furthermore,we collected intrinsic and extrinsic features of carnivorans,and identified features that impact research intensity using generalized linear models.We found that the amount of research on carnivorans increased markedly after 2000,but species bias existed.Bears and big cats received the greatest research attention,while most small-and medium-sized carnivorans received little attention,thus showing the 80-20 phenomenon.Species with a higher level of endemism and protection under Chinese law received more consideration.As an animal conservation icon in China,the giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)attracted more than 50%of overall carnivoran research resources.However,the giant panda also showed spillover effects,i.e.,post-doctoral graduates who studied the giant panda shifted their research focus to other species after graduation,which may help improve research on other species.Thus,to improve and strengthen Carnivora research and conservation,we suggest investing greater effort in species of less concern,training of more graduate students,and reinforcing academic exchange.If such actions are not taken,many carnivoran species will continue being data deficient and threatened.
文摘BACKGROUND Case studies(CS)are relevant for the development of theoretical and practical competencies in psychotherapy.Despite rapid progress in the development of methods and principles for establishing CS in the last three decades,research into the aims of CS,especially in training,or how CS are to be conducted is rare.AIM To elucidate the form and methodology of CS,the objectives of CS used in training institutions(TI),and if/how TIs handle therapist allegiance.Also,this preliminary investigation will suggest avenues for further research and attempt to establish certain guidelines.METHODS In order to counteract researcher bias and enlarge the question-pool,a focus group was established.The recorded and transcribed text was analyzed with Mayring’s method of qualitative content analysis,and the generated categories were formulated as questions.The resulting questionnaire with both qualitative and quantitative queries was sent out(after pre-testing)to all 39 Austrian TIs that provide professional psychotherapy training.The answers and text passages received were then also categorized with qualitative content analysis.Data analysis was discussed by a peer group consisting of three psychotherapists trained in differing schools of psychotherapeutic methods.RESULTS 94%of Austrian institutes use CS as part of their psychotherapeutic training.Understanding of the term“case study”is inconsistent and has a wide variety of interpretations.CS serve mainly:(1)For observation of training/progress in therapeutic practice and knowledge/acquisition of the theory specific to each psychotherapeutic school;(2)To improve(self-)reflection capabilities;and(3)To expand theoretical knowledge.Most of the CS written are not accessible for students nor for the research community.More than two thirds of the CS take only the position of the author into account(the client’s position is not described).15.5%of the TIs do not consider researcher or therapist allegiance at all.CONCLUSION A more precise formulation of the term case study is needed in psychotherapeutic training.The training therapists play a key function,as they exemplify and teach how to deal with distorting factors.General guidelines as to how to conduct CS in training institutions would provide more direction to students,increase scientific rigor,and enhance synergistic effects.
