Synoptic review on existing and potential sources for bias in dental research methodology with methods on their prevention and remedies

The results of years of dental study serve as the foundation for the practise of medicine and,for that matter,dentistry.Doctors may have their own preferences for techniques and materials,but whether directly or indirectly,their decisions are influenced by systematic reviews and meta-analyses.However,due to poorly conducted or presented research,this very basic foundation may not be reliable.Bias in research is one of several factors that might make study results or research itself unreliable.Bias can be introduced into research at many stages,deliberately or unknowingly.Bias can appear at any point during the research process,even before the study itself begins.There are many biases in research,but some of them are more relevant to dentistry research than others.Because it is said that“eyes see what the mind knows”,it is essential to have a complete understanding of the different types of bias,how and when they get entrenched,and what steps may be taken to prevent or lessen them if they do occur.This comprehensive summary of bias in dentistry research is provided by this synoptic review.The goal is to identify gaps and measures that have been taken-or that should have been taken-by providing both descriptive and evaluative summaries,as well as examples from the literature,when needed.

Biobanks and biomarkers:Their current and future role in biomedical research

The importance and utility of biobanks has increased exponentially since their inception and creation.Initially used as part of translational research,they now contribute over 40%of data for all cancer research papers in the United States of America and play a crucial role in all aspects of healthcare.Multiple classification systems exist but a simplified approach is to either classify as population-based or disease-oriented entities.Whilst historically publicly funded institutions,there has been a significant increase in industry funded entities across the world which has changed the dynamic of biobanks offering new possibilities but also new challenges.Biobanks face legal questions over data sharing and intellectual property as well as ethical and sustainability questions particularly as the world attempts to move to a low-carbon economy.International collaboration is required to address some of these challenges but this in itself is fraught with complexity and difficulty.This review will examine the current utility of biobanks in the modern healthcare setting as well as the current and future challenges these vital institutions face.

Nutrition interventions and clinical outcomes of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: More than meets the eye

In the retrospective study by Luo et al regarding clinical outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM),the results are statistically significant in favour of the benefits of individualized nutrition interventions enumerated therein.The study has provided important evidence to improve maternal and child health in the Asian population.The methods,however,appear to have considerable limi-tations,wherein the time point of diagnosis of GDM,severity of GDM,selection bias,compliance to therapy,important maternal covariates,observable microvascular abnormalities and the confounding effect of added insulin have not been considered.We have provided suggestions to improve the external validity of the study,including the use of Equator Network reporting guidelines and inclusion of overweight and obese patients in future studies.

Bidirectional link between periodontitis and systemic inflammation in diabetic retinopathy

Periodontitis is independently associated with numerous lifestyle diseases.Diabetic patients have approximately threefold increased odds of periodontitis,which in turn increases the risk of systemic inflammation.The study by Thazhe Poyil et al is an effort to establish the inflammatory link between diabetic retinopathy(DR)and periodontitis based on the periodontal inflamed surface area in diabetic patients with and without DR.To further advance the study,we suggest refining the eligibility criteria to explicitly state the clinical correlates of periodontitis and DR,larger sample size and improved sampling methodology,matching of baseline characteristics of the two groups,as well as improved statistical approach and interpretation of the study findings.Measurement of hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)in studies comparing type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with DR of matched severity with and without periodontitis could provide a clearer picture of whether HbA1c level is indeed influenced by periodontitis.

Chiglitazar and Thiazolidinedione in patients with type 2 diabetes:Which is better?

This published Meta-Analysis by Lin et al is an indirect comparison between two drugs Chiglitazar and Thiazolidinedione which are commonly used for glycemic control in type-Ⅱ diabetes mellitus.In terms of safety and efficacy,this Meta-Analysis is inconclusive.

Information-motivation-behavioral guided nursing for stroke patients with pulmonary dysfunction:A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND Patients with stroke frequently experience pulmonary dysfunction.AIM To explore the effects of information-motivation-behavioral(IMB)skills modelbased nursing care on pulmonary function,blood gas indices,complication rates,and quality of life(QoL)in stroke patients with pulmonary dysfunction.METHODS We conducted a controlled study involving 120 stroke patients with pulmonary dysfunction.The control group received routine care,whereas the intervention group received IMB-model-based nursing care.Various parameters including pulmonary function,blood gas indices,complication rates,and QoL were assessed before and after the intervention.RESULTS Baseline data of the control and intervention groups were comparable.Post-intervention,the IMB model-based care group showed significant improvements in pulmonary function indicators,forced expiratory volume in 1 sec,forced vital capacity,and peak expiratory flow compared with the control group.Blood gas indices,such as arterial oxygen pressure and arterial oxygen saturation,increased significantly,and arterial carbon dioxide partial.pressure decreased significantly in the IMB model-based care group compared with the control group.The intervention group also had a lower complication rate(6.67%vs 23.33%)and higher QoL scores across all domains than the control group.CONCLUSION IMB model-based nursing care significantly enhanced pulmonary function,improved blood gas indices,reduced complication rates,and improved the QoL of stroke patients with pulmonary dysfunction.Further research is needed to validate these results and to assess the long-term efficacy and broader applicability of the model.

What are Different Research Approaches?Comprehensive Review of Qualitative,Quantitative,and Mixed Method Research,Their Applications,Types,and Limitations

There are different ways to examine and explain a study and its findings based on using numbers as a measure,a descriptive style,or a mixture of both.These three research approaches are quantitative,qualitative,and mixed methods that are commonly used by researchers in various research studies.However,with many options regarding the research design,it seems challenging for researchers to select the most appropriate approach based on the study and realize differences.This study provides a comprehensive review of qualitative,quantitative,and mixed-method research methods.Each method is clearly defined and specifically discussed based on applications,types,advantages,and limitations to help researchers identify select the most relevant type based on each study and navigate accordingly.

Sociolinguistic Research in Single Parent Families in China: a Methodological Perspective

It is extremely difficult to collect naturally occurring interactions in private settings.In this article,I discuss the back⁃ground of the research,and show the evidence that where the research can fit into the literature,and discuss the possible strategies that we can use to collect naturally occurring interactions in informal settings.

On the Positioning, Contents, and Methodology of Human Rights Law Study

The ideal model of human rights law studies shall be one that is open and comprehensive. On the basis of normative legal studies, it shall pay more attention to and respond to political, economic, and social development in a wide range of human rights issues. These studies should attempt to find practical solutions to concrete problems. Human rights law should be a relatively independent legal discipline, and it should be a problem-oriented object of study. Regarding the research methodologies, human rights law could encompass all aspects of legal studies, and go beyond legal them to some extent to encompass the influence of other disciplines.

Evolution of research methods in Psychology

psychology has more than 100 years developmwnt history, and make great success during this time. But in the after development, psychology met the unprecedented contradiction and conflict, facing division and broken, and in the embrassmed situation of divorced from society, positive psychology is emerge as the times requirement in this crisis. In order to better guide the development to positive psychology, providing philosophical theory and instructions on methodology,it is neeessary to discuss about the positive psycholog from a philosophical perspective. Since 1879 the western modern psychology come into being, the psychology of natural science orientation has been the mainstream of psychology. In addition, admit the uniqueness of man, attention to people＇s inner experience of humanistic psychology, also occupies a space in the confrontation with the reflection of the mainstream of scientific psychology, positive psychology from the research content to lead psychology to another port, but the research methods are not completely abandon the previous research methods of positivism psychology, but more introduced humanism based on the oositivism research method of scientific oriented.

Factors and expectations influencing concussion disclosure within NCAA DivisionⅠathletes:A mixed methodological approach

Background:Participation in sports is associated with many benefits to all aspects of health;however,it also comes with the risk of injury,particularly concussions.Self-disclosure and care seeking following a concussion are especially important because of the lack of outwardly visible signs and/or symptoms.Although recent research has explored factors affecting concussion disclosure,use of isolated methodologies limits the ability to contextualize how disclosure or nondisclosure occurs.Therefore,the purpose of this study was to describe the factors and expectations of National Collegiate Athletic Association(NCAA)athletes that may influence concussion disclosure.Methods:This mixed-methods convergent parallel research study included 25 NCAA Division I athletes representing 13 sports,all of whom completed a concussion-education session with pre-/post-test surveys and a semistructured interview.Eligible athletes were at least 18 years old and on an NCAA roster.The surveys focused on previous concussion-related disclosure behaviors,knowledge,attitudes,beliefs,norms,and intentions about disclosing concussion.Interviews focused on the athletes’experiences related to concussion disclosure.Survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U tests.Interviews were analyzed using a Consensual Qualitative Research tradition.Results:Participants had good concussion knowledge(median=46.0),positive attitudes(median=38.0),strong beliefs(median=13.0),and strong intentions to disclose concussion symptoms(median=7.0).None of the constructs differed by participants’gender.Although quantitative findings were mostly positive,interview data highlighted factors that may explain why some participants are successful in disclosing concussions and why others may find disclosure difficult.Educational efforts,sport culture,and medical professional presence were the primary facilitators discussed by participants.Stigma,pressure,and a lack of team support were perceived as disclosure barriers.Conclusion:The context in which concussion disclosure occurs or does not occur is vital to the success of educational interventions.Interventions must prioritize stakeholder-and team-based perspectives on concussion to establish a network supportive to disclosure.

A brief review of Teacher Talk in EFL class

Teacher Talk （TT） is an important language input in EFL （English as a Foreign Language） class and the quality of TT is closely related with the proficiency of second language acquisition. In recent years, many scholars have carried out some theoretical and empirical studies on the various features of TT. Based on the papers published in some world key journals, this paper has made a comparison between Chinese scholars and western scholars on the research features of TT in terms of the three levels： research subject, research methodology and research content. The paper has also proposed some suggestions on how to improve Chinese English teacher＇s talk and the classroom teaching quality.

Characterization of the Oum El Khacheb phosphorites(South Tunisia)and enrichment of big rejections by grinding

In the last decade, the phosphate reserves have started to decrease. In this study, both phosphate of Oum El Khacheb's(O.E.K) region(South of Tunisia) and its big rejections were characterized mineralogically and chemically by several analysis methods such as the binocular magnifying glass, X-rays diffraction technique, Technicon auto-analyzer, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and carbon sulfur analyzer. Then,this work focuses on the coarse rejections of O.E.K's phosphorites which can be valorized by the wet grinding method. Therefore, we have used the methodology of experimental research to determine the optimal grinding conditions. Results found by Doelhert matrix are: a duration at about 4 min, a pulp on solid concentration of 45.00%, a number of cycles equals to 60 rpm and 3.87 as the jar's loading.The enhancement of the weight yields of phosphate recuperation increased significantly by 46.39% from big rejections with 24.60% of P_2O_5 concentration.

Innovative Methods to Speed up the Modernization of Chinese Medicine——The Meeting Report of the Session on Methodology Research and Modernization of Chinese Medicine,International Conference and Exposition on Traditional Medicine 2009

As a kind of complex medical science,Chinese medicine（CM） has a long history of development and application and has demonstrated on evidence basis its efficacy in many diseases affecting multiple organ systems.In recent years,great progress in CM research has been achieved with the initiation of application of sustained and multifaceted use of modern organ systems. In recent years, great progress in CM research has been achieved with the initiation of application of sustained and multifaceted use of modern scientific methods. More and more innovative methods are widely used in CM modernization researches, and the application of new methods becomes the key to further develop CM modernization.

Research methods in complementary and alternative medicine： an integrative review

The scientific literature presents a modest amount ot evidence m the use or complementary ana al[erna- tire medicine （CAM）. On the other hand, in practice, relevant results are common. The debates among CAM practitioners about the quality and execution of scientific research are important, Therefore, the aim of this review is to gather, synthesize and describe the differentiated methodological models that encompass the complexity of therapeutic interventions. The process of bringing evidence-based medicine into clinical practice in CAM is essential for the growth and strengthening of complementary medicines worldwide.

Clinical acupuncture research in the West

In recent years,acupuncture has rapidly become part of mainstream medicine in the West,where new developments in acupuncture clinical research show extensive progress in evaluating the efficacy and safety of the modality in many categories of disease,especially in pain conditions.Although challenges and difficulties remain,the acupuncture research community has matured and its past experience may lead to even better methods and more innovative research.

Research on Later Greek Philosophy in Chinese Academic Circles

In recent years, Chinese scholars have made important progress in research on later Greek philosophy. Using current European and American work as a reference point, this article explores the differences and gaps between foreign and Chinese scholars in this field of research. The author believes that on the question of the boundaries of later Greek philosophy, Chinese scholars have, through long years of exploration, come up with independent opinions and solutions that differ from those of their European and Ameriean counterparts, and that they have a better grasp of the distinctive features of later Greek philosophy. Their work, however, clearly falls short with regard to historical source material. As far as methodology is concerned, there is a clear tendency towards convergence between Chinese scholars and their foreign colleagues.

Review of research methodologies for tigers:Telemetry

Over the past half century,wildlife research has relied on technological advances to gain additional insight into the secretive lives of animals.This revolution started in the 1960s with the development of radio telemetry and continues today with the use of Global Positioning System(GPS)-based research techniques.In the present paper we review the history of radio telemetry from its origins with grizzly bears in Yellowstone to its early applications in tiger research and conservation in Asia.We address the different types of data that are available using radio telemetry as opposed to using other research techniques,such as behavioral observations,camera trapping,DNA analysis and scat analysis.In the late 1990s,the rapid development of GPS collar technology revolutionized wildlife research.This new technology has enabled researchers to dramatically improve their ability to gather data on animal movements and ecology.Despite the ecological and conservation benefits of radio telemetry,there have been few telemetry studies of tigers in the wild,and most have been on the Bengal or Amur subspecies.We close with an assessment of the current tiger conservation efforts using GPS technology and discuss how this new information can help to preserve tigers for future generations.

A Systematic Review of the Research on Chinese Character Teaching and Learning

Using a thematic analysis methodology,this paper attempts a critical review of published articles on Chinese character teaching and learning in and outside China between 2005 and 2019,highlighting contributions scholars made to the current literature as well as identifying gaps in the research.The analysis reveals that there is a rather large gap in the use of research methodologies between the two sets of articles,with publications in China predominantly adopting non-empirical approaches while most articles published outside China are empirical.Besides,the use of computer-assisted language learning(CALL)in character teaching and learning seems to be a key research topic outside China,while exploring new pedagogical ideas and strategies attracts more interest among scholars in China.The paper concludes with suggestions for future research directions and a call for more diverse research paradigms and mixed-method perspectives.

Effects of Acute Exercise on Verbal, Mathematical, and Spatial Insight Creativity

This experiment was designed to accommodate the diversified verbal,mathematical,and spatial skills of young adults,which have not yet to be collectively evaluated in research projects focused on acute exercise and creativity among college students.While emerging research suggests that acute moderate-intensity exercise may influence human creativity,creativity during and after exercise has not been experimentally investigated.Such differences are plausible,as previous work demonstrates that memory can be differentially influenced based on whether the memory task occurs during or after exercise.Therefore,the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute moderate‐intensity treadmill walking,for 15 min,on verbal,mathematical,and spatial insight creativity performance while considering the timing of the exercise and creativity tasks.Among a sample of 20 undergraduate students,all completed three randomized laboratory visits in this within-subjects design:control condition,insight problem-solving following exercise,and insight problem-solving during exercise.They also completed six insight creativity tasks(two verbal,two mathematical,and two spatial tasks)per visit,with the order of task-presentation randomized and counterbalanced across the three visits.Average insight creativity scores were similar across the three exercise manipulations:That is,verbal insight[F(2,18)=0.689,P=0.51],mathematical insight[F(2,18)=0.033,P=0.97],and spatial insight[F(2,18)=1.0,P=0.38]performance were not statistically significant across the three visits.Thus,moderate-intensity acute exercise may not appreciably influence verbal,mathematical or spatial insight creativity.