Synergetic optimization operation method for distribution network based on SOP and PV

The integration of distributed generation brings in new challenges for the operation of distribution networks,including out-of-limit voltage and power flow control.Soft open points(SOP)are new power electronic devices that can flexibly control active and reactive power flows.With the exception of active power output,photovoltaic(PV)devices can provide reactive power compensation through an inverter.Thus,a synergetic optimization operation method for SOP and PV in a distribution network is proposed.A synergetic optimization model was developed.The voltage deviation,network loss,and ratio of photovoltaic abandonment were selected as the objective functions.The PV model was improved by considering the three reactive power output modes of the PV inverter.Both the load fluctuation and loss of the SOP were considered.Three multi-objective optimization algorithms were used,and a compromise optimal solution was calculated.Case studies were conducted using an IEEE 33-node system.The simulation results indicated that the SOP and PVs complemented each other in terms of active power transmission and reactive power compensation.Synergetic optimization improves power control capability and flexibility,providing better power quality and PV consumption rate.

Homo Faber Scapegoated, or Apocalyptic Artificial Intelligence: Rethinking the Technological Singularity Concept From the Synergetic Historicism Position

The article is focused on discussing a new methodological approach to the study on specifics of transferring human beings to the posthuman cyber society.The approach in question assists in rethinking interconnected problems both of human origins in the universe and mankind’s digital future.And,besides,such an approach allows to deal with self-organising interconversions between the poles of the cardinal dual opposition of the Global Noosphere Brain and the Artificial General Intelligence.Herewith such phenomena of digital social life as Global Digitalisation,Digital Immortality,Mindcloning,and Technological Zombification being the constituents of Technological Singularity Concept,are rethought as paving the way for oncoming Posthuman Digital Era.This concept is evidently exemplified by a bifurcation resulting in two alternatives to be chosen by human beings,to wit,either to be undergone Mindcloning and become digitally immortal or being destroyed by powerful intelligent machines.The investigation in question is based on such a progressive methodology as the Law of Self-Organizing Ideals,as well as on the Method of Dual Oppositions.Rethinking interrelationships between the problem of a sense of social history and the meaning-of-life of local societies members which any intelligent machine is devoid of permits to substantiate specific regularities of Self-Transforming Homo Faber into Homo Digitalis and Technological Zombies ready to be transferred to posthuman cyberspace.

Electrochemical hydrogen storage characteristics of Ti_(0.10)Zr_(0.15)V_(0.35)Cr_(0.10)Ni_(0.30)-10% LaNi_3 composite and its synergetic effect

Hydrogen storage composite alloy Ti0.10Zr0.15V0.35Cr0.10Ni0.30–10% LaNi3 was prepared by two-step arc-melting to improve the electro-catalytic activity and the kinetic performance of Ti-V-based solid solution alloy. The electrochemical properties and synergetic effect of the composite alloy electrode were systematically investigated by using X-ray diffractometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge/discharge test. It is found that the main phase of the composite alloy is composed of V-based solid solution phase with a BCC structure and C14 Laves phase with hexagonal structure, while the secondary phase is formed in the composite alloy. The comprehensive electrochemical properties of the composite alloy electrode are significantly improved. The activation cycle number, the maximum discharge capacity and the low temperature dischargeability of the composite alloy are 5 cycles, 362.5 mA-h/g and 65.84% at 233 K, respectively. It is suggested that distinct synergetic effect occurs in the activation process, composite process, cyclic process and discharge process at a low or high temperature under different current densities, in the charge–transfer resistance and exchange current density.

Synergetic effect between sulfurized Mo/γ-Al_2O_3 and Ni/γ-Al_2O_3 catalysts in hydrodenitrogenation of quinoline

An evidence for the synergetic effect between the stacked bed of Mo/γ-Al2O3 and Ni/γ-Al2O3 in the hydrodenitrogenation （HDN） reaction of quinoline has been provided in this paper. The synergism factor decreases when the reaction temperature increases （280？340 ？C）. The synergetic effect leads to improve the hydrogenation activity for the stacked bed compared with the single Mo/γ-Al2O3 bed, which may be attributed to the generation of hydrogen spillover on the Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst.

MULTIPLE ATTRIBUTE NETWORK SELECTION ALGORITHM BASED ON AHP AND SYNERGETIC THEORY FOR HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS

It is a hot issue in communication research field to select the best network for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks(HWNs),and it is also a difficult problem to reduce the handoff number of vertical handoff.In order to solve this problem,the paper proposes a multiple attribute network selection algorithm based on Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)and synergetic theory.The algorithm applies synergetics to network selection,considering the candidate network as a compound system composed of multiple attribute subsystems,and combines the subsystem order degree with AHP weight to obtain entropy of the compound system,which is opposite the synergy degree of a network system.The greater the synergy degree,the better the network performance.The algorithm takes not only the coordination of objective attributes but also Quality of Service(QoS)requirements into consideration,ensuring that users select the network with overall good performance.The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the handoff number and provide uses with satisfactory QoS according to different services.

Synergetic Effects of UV/Fe^(3+) Combined with Electrocatalysis for p-Nitrophenol Degradation

Synergetic effects for p-nitrophenol degradation were observed in the combination of two-advanced oxidation processes, UV/Fe3+ and electrocatalysis. The enhancement of removal rate for p-nitrophenol and COD was around 123% and 278%, respectively. The possible contributions for the synergetic effects were the electrochemically regeneration of ferric ion and the role of the oxygen that formed on the anode.

A Synergetic Study on Large-Scale Coal Mining and Eco-Environment Protection in Shendong Coal Mining Area

Based on the sharp contradiction between the economic benefits and adverse ecological impact of coal development in China's west,this paper establishes an evaluation model for the synergetic eco-environmental development in Shendong Coal Mining Area through using synergism of five laws and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The analysis on synergy between large-scale coal mining and the eco-environment protection in Shendong is also conducted,arriving at the conclusion that synergetics of Shendong 's eco-environment protection is"good". And thus,the result sheds light on the fact that while working to quench China's energy demand on its path towards a modernized large coal mine complex,Shendong,as part of Shenhua Group's mining operation,has applied innovative management concepts and models to improve eco-environment for harmony and win-win results between resource exploration and environmental protection.

Experimental investigation on synergetic prediction of granite rockburst using rock failure time and acoustic emission energy

The frequent occurrence of rockburst and the difficulty in predicting were considered in deep engineering and underground engineering.In this work,laboratory experiments on rockburst under true triaxial conditions were carried out with granite samples.Combined with the deformation characteristics of granite,acoustic emission(AE)technology was well applied in revealing the evolution law of micro-cracks in the process of rockburst.Based on the comprehensive analysis of acoustic emission parameters such as impact,ringing and energy,the phased characteristics of crack propagation and damage evolution in granite were obtained,which were consistent with the stages of rock deformation and failure.Subsequently,based on the critical point theory,the accelerated release characteristics of acoustic emission energy during rockburst were analyzed.Based on the damage theory,the damage evolution model of rock under different loading conditions was proposed,and the prediction interval of rock failure time was ascertained concurrently.Finally,regarding damage as an intermediate variable,the synergetic prediction model of rock failure time was constructed.The feasibility and validity of model were verified.

Synergetic strengthening mechanism of ultrasound combined with calcium fluoride towards vanadium extraction from low-grade vanadium-bearing shale

The effect and mechanism of ultrasound and CaF_(2) on vanadium leaching from vanadium-bearing shale were investigated systematically.In consideration of the enhancement for vanadium recovery,the combination of ultrasound and CaF_(2)(66.28%) exerts more evident effects than ultrasound(26.97%) and CaF_(2)(60.35%) alone,demonstrating the synergetic effect of ultrasound and CaF_(2).Kinetic analysis manifests that the product layer diffusion controls vanadium leaching in ultrasound system without CaF_(2),however product layer diffusion and interfacial reaction is the rate-controlling step for vanadium leaching in other three leaching systems.The combination of ultrasound and CaF_(2) notably decreases the activation energy(E_(a)) from 62.03 to 27.61 kJ/mol,nevertheless individual CaF_(2) only reduces the E_(a) to 50.70 kj/mol.X-ray diffraction and fourier transform infrared spectrometer analyses show that the decomposition degree of the vanadium-bearing mica structure is the most significant in ultrasound and CaF_(2) system,proving the highest release degree of vanadium.Specific surface area and pore distribution combined with scanning electron microscope analyses reveal that the action of ultrasound and CaF_(2) would provide higher specific surface area,more abundant pores structure and cracks for the particles,which further prompts the rapid diffusion of H^(+),F^(-)and HF,and achieves the conspicuous improvement of vanadium leaching recovery.

Synergetic effect between non-thermal plasma and photocatalytic oxidation on the degradation of gas-phase toluene: Role of ozone

In this study, a hybrid process using non‐thermal plasma (NTP) and photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) was adopted for the degradation of gas‐phase toluene using TiO2 as the photocatalyst. To discover the synergetic effect between NTP and PCO, the performances of both sole (O3, UV, NTP, and PCO) and combined (O3 + TiO2, O3 + UV, NTP + UV, O3 + PCO, and NTP + PCO) processes were investigated from different perspectives, such as the toluene removal efficiency, selectivity of COx, mineralization rate, ozone utilization, and the generation of by‐products. The toluene removal efficiency of the combined NTP + PCO process was 80.2%, which was much higher than that of a sole degradation process such as NTP (18.8%) and PCO (13.4%). The selectivity of CO2 and the ozone utilization efficiency also significantly improved. The amount of by‐products in the gas phase and the carbon‐ based intermediates adsorbed on the catalyst surface dramatically reduced. The improvement in the overall performances of the combined NTP + PCO process was mainly ascribed to the efficient utilization of ozone in the photocatalytic oxidation, and the ozone further acting as an electron acceptor and scavenger, generating more hydroxyl radicals and reducing the recombination of electron‐ hole pairs.

Synergetic Inactivation of Microorganisms in Drinking Water by Short-term Free Chlorination and Subsequent Monochloramination

Objective To introduce synergetic inactivation of microorganisms in drinking water by short-term free chlorination for less than 15 minutes followed by monochloramination. Methods Indicator microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and spores of Bacillus subtilis were used to assess the efficiency of sequential chlorination and free chlorination. Results The sequential chlorination was more efficient in inactivating these microorganisms than free chlorination, indicating that synergy was provided by free chlorine and monochloramine. Ammonia addition time, temperature and pH had influences on this synergy. Conclusion The possible mechanism of this synergy might involve three aspects： free chlorine causing sublethal injury to microorganisms and monochloramine further inactivating them; different ability of free chlorine and monochloramine to penetrate and inactivate microorganism congeries; and higher concentration of residual chlorine in sequential chlorination than in free chlorination.

Synergetic NO reduction by biomass pyrolysis products simulating their reburning in circulating fluidized bed decoupling combustion

The present work investigated the synergetic effect of pyrolysis-derived char,tar and gas(py-gas)on NO reduction,which may occur in circulating fluidized-bed decoupling combustion(CFBDC)system treating N-rich fuel.Experiments were carried out in a lab-scale drop-tube reactor for NO reduction by some binary mixtures of reagents including char/py-gas,tar/py-gas and tar/char.At a specified total mass rate of0.15 g·min^-1 for NO-reduction reagent,the char/py-gas(binary reagent)enabled the best synergetic NO reduction in comparison with the others.There existed effective interactions between char and some species in py-gas(i.e.,H2,CxHy)during NO reduction by pyrolysis products,meanwhile the tar/py-gas or tar/char mixture only caused a positive effect when tar proportion was necessarily lowered to about 26%.On the other hand,the synergetic effects were not improved for all tested binary reagents by increasing the reaction temperature and residence time.

Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol Solution by Synergetic Effect of Dual-frequency Ultrasound with Fenton Reagent

4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) solution was treated by dual-frequency ultrasound inconjunction with Fenton reagent, and obvious improvement in the 4-CP degradation rate was observedin this advanced oxidation process. Experimental results showed that ultrasonic intensity,saturating gas and pH value affected greatly the 4-CP removal rate. Among four different saturatinggases (Ar, O_2, air and N_2), 4-CP degradation with Ar-saturated solution was the best. However, inthe view of practical wastewater treatment, using oxygen as the saturating gas would be moreeconomical. The addition of Fenton reagent followed the first-order kinetics and increased the 4-CPdegradation rate. The 4-CP removal rate increased by around 126% within 15 min treatment. Thesynergetic effect of dual-frequency ultrasound with Fenton reagent on 4-CP degradation was obviouslyobserved.

Understanding the synergetic interaction within α-MoC/β-Mo2C heterostructured electrocatalyst

Constructing heterostructure is an important strategy to design efficient electrocatalysts. The synergetic interaction between dissimilar materials has been considered as the origin of the activity enhancement,however, the interfacial interaction is challenging to probe, thus, the underlying mechanism remains obscure. Here, we reported a heterostructured α-MoC/β-Mo2 C electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution in alkaline media, which shows a significant electrocatalytic activity improvement as compared to the single component. Based on extensive characterizations including high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure(XAFS) spectroscopy, together with density functional theory, we unraveled the synergetic interaction between α-MoC and β-Mo2 C, implying that α-Mo C sites are beneficial for water dissociation and hydrogen prefers to release on β-Mo2 C sites.

SYNERGETIC EFFECTS OF SILANE-GRAFTING AND EVA ON WATER TREE RESISTANCE OF LDPE

The synergetic influence of silane-grafting and polar additives （EVA） on the water tree resistance of the low density polyethylene has been investigated. A series of samples obtained before and after hydration have been characterized by measuring gel content, infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and dielectric measurements. The results obtained clearly show that the silane condensation occurred and that the silane-grafting and polar additives have synergetic effects on the water tree resistance of LDPE with little influence on its dielectric properties, e.g. the dielectric breakdown strength, dielectric permittivity and loss tangent.

Synergetic Analysis and Possible Control of Vortex-Induced Vibrations in a Fluid-Conveying Steel Catenary Riser

This work aimed to demonstrate possibilities for both active and passive control of the vortex-induced vibration and fatigue life of steel catenary risers via an analysis of the self-organization and evolution of the structural vibration based on synergetic theory. An analysis of the complex interrelated and synergistic relationship between the order parameter and the fast variable was performed, and the master equation of the nodal displacements was established as the order parameter for the evolution of the riser's structural vibration. Passive control methods include modifying the structure's elastic modulus, the internal fluid velocity, the top tension and the structural damping ratio, while an active control involves adjusting the external flow rate. Optimized parameters were obtained by analyzing the non-steady state solution of the master equation. The results show that the fatigue life greatly increases as the riser's elastic modulus decreases. In contrast, the fatigue life decreases with an increase of the internal fluid velocity. With an increase of the top tension, the vibration amplitudes and the number of modes may decrease, resulting in fewer bending stress cycles and a longer fatigue life. Furthermore, the structural damping ratio should be as large as possible. Finally, an active and passive control of the riser structure's response to vortex-induced vibration and its fatigue life can be achieved by carefully modifying the parameters mentioned above. The results may provide a theoretical framework for engineering practice concerning the design and control of steel catenary riser structures which are affected by vortex-induced vibration.

Synergetic photo-epoxidation of propylene with molecular oxygen over bimetallic Au–Ag/TS-1 photocatalysts

Au-Ag bimetallic nanoparticle‐supported microporous titanium silicalite‐1catalysts were prepared via a hydrothermal‐immersion method,and their structures were examined.These materials serve as efficient catalysts for the photosynthesis of propylene oxide via the epoxidation of propene.The Au/Ag mass ratio and reaction temperature were demonstrated to have significant effects on the catalytic activity and selectivity of propylene oxide.The optimal formation rate(68.3μmol/g·h)and selectivity(52.3%)toward propylene oxide were achieved with an Au:Ag mass ratio of4:1.Notably,the strong synergistic effect between Au and Ag resulted in superior photocatalysis of the bimetallic systems compared with those of the individual systems.A probable reaction mechanism was proposed based on the theoretical and experimental results.

Recent Advances on Porous Materials for Synergetic Adsorption and Photocatalysis

Porous photocatalysts are promising materials capable of simultaneously adsorbing and oxidizing/reducing target species,showing great potentials in environmental remediation and energy generation.This review offered a comprehensive overview of the recent progress in design,fabrication,and applications of porous photocatalysts,including carbon-based semiconductors,metal oxides/sulfides,metal–organic frameworks,and adsorbent–photocatalyst hybrids.The fundamental understanding of the structure–performance relationships of porous materials together with the in-depth insights into the synergetic effects between adsorption and photocatalysis was presented.The strategies to further improve the photocatalytic activity of porous photocatalysts were proposed.This review would provide references and outlooks of constructing efficient porous materials for adsorptive and photocatalytic removal of pollutants and energy production.

Synergetic effects for p-nitrophenol abatement using a combinedactivated carbon adsorption-electrooxidation process

A novel fluidized electrochemical reactor that integrated advanced electrochemical oxidation with activated carbon (AC) fluidization in a single cell was developed to model pollutant p-nitrophenol (PNP) abatement. AC fluidization could enhance COD removal by 22%-30%. In such a combined process, synergetic effects on PNP and COD removal was found, with their removal rate being enhanced by 137.8% and 97.8%, respectively. AC could be electrochemically regenerated and reused, indicating the combined process would be promising for treatment of biorefractory organic pollutants.

A Learning-Based Channel Model for Synergetic Transmission Technology

It is extensively approved that Channel State Information(CSI) plays an important role for synergetic transmission and interference management. However, pilot overhead to obtain CSI with enough precision is a significant issue for wireless communication networks with massive antennas and ultra-dense cell. This paper proposes a learning- based channel model, which can estimate, refine, and manage CSI for a synergetic transmission system. It decomposes the channel impulse response into multiple paths, and uses a learning-based algorithm to estimate paths' parameters without notable degradation caused by sparse pilots. Both indoor measurement and outdoor measurement are conducted to verify the feasibility of the proposed channel model preliminarily.