Discussion on Professor Ba Jigemude's Research Methods of the History of Mongolian Medicine

The research methods of the history of Mongolian medicine refer to the general and special methods used in the understanding and research of the history of Mongolian medicine,as well as the methods of expression and compilation of the research achievements of the history of Mongolian medicine.There are not only analysis and generalization,abstractness and concreteness,deduction and induction,historical and logical methods,but also traditional philology methods such as textual research,exegesis and collation,as well as new methods such as field investigation method,empirical method,measurement method,comparison method,and oral account method.In the actual research process,a variety of methods are often used comprehensively.This paper mainly discusses the methods used by Professor Ba Jigemude in the study of the history of Mongolian medicine,and uses specific cases to analyze and summarize the formation and development of the history of ancient traditional medicine.

The Application of Geographic Information System(GIS) to the Study of Chinese History

Historical geographic information system construction echoes the call of academic development in the information era and demonstrates the in-depth advancement of history studies. In recent years, an increasing number of data platforms have been built to facilitate historical information storage, display, management and analysis. In such a context, the geographic information system(GIS) begins to contribute to the study of Chinese history. Its contribution is highlighted in nine areas: historical climate, fluvial landforms, town economies, rural settlements, hydraulic societies, environmental changes, ancient cities, ancient maps and HGIS-enabled research methods. The application of GIS to the study of Chinese history initiates a reform in research methods and at the same time upgrades the philosophy of history studies, facilitating the utilization of a diversity of historical data(documents, ancient maps, remote-sensing images, archaeological information, etc.) for dynamic tracing and multi-factor comprehensive research. At present, restricted by traditional disciplinary boundaries, the construction of HGIS platforms remains slow and insufficient, making it difficult to extensively apply GIS to the study of Chinese history.

A Review on Researches of Active Tectonics—History,Progress and Suggestions

This paper reviews the history and progress of research on active tectonics in China and overseas.By giving a brief introduction on the history of active tectonic research in China and other countries,the paper sums up the process and development of quantitative investigation of active tectonics since the 1980s.The focus is on the main efforts and progress made in China on certain aspects of research,such as basic surveys and applied investigation of active tectonics,the study of theories related to regional active tectonics and their kinematics and geodynamics,surveys on coupling relations between deep and shallow structures,active fault surveys and prospecting and seismic hazard assessment in urban areas,as well as the efforts made using Quaternary geochronology.Furthermore,the paper looks back on Chinese quantitative investigation of active tectonics in China and sums up cognitions derived from studies on the determination of several basic and measurable parameters of active tectonics.These parameters include the length of fault and fault segmentation,coseismic slip and cumulative slip,fault slip rate,the sequence of paleoearthquake events and the time elapsed since the most recent event.At the same time,efforts and progress made in China on assessing the long-term seismic potential for active faults and evaluating the risk from potential active fault movement have been reviewed by summarizing research on developing theories,models,methods and the application of time-dependent seismic potential to probabilistic assessment,magnitude estimation for potential earthquakes on active faults,and the forecast of potential risk caused by active fault movement.Finally,in consideration of the realities and problems in the research of active tectonics in China,the authors put forward several suggestions for issues worthy of more attention for further investigation in the future.

The Taxonomic History and Original Literatures Arrangements of Living <i>Cephalotaxus</i>(Cephalotaxaceae)

Living Cephalotaxus (plum yews) occurs mainly in East Asia and North of Indo-China peninsula. The study of original taxonomic literatures found that, in early days, the plum yews had ever been described as palnts of Taxus (Taxaceae). Since after the genus name Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. was firstly cited (from inedited and unpublished Flora Japonica) by Endlicher in 1842, most taxonomist thought which is the earliest time of the genus Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. was set. However, the genus Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. was formally effective and valid published by Sieb. & Zucc. in Flora Japonica in 1870 so that there exists some confusions in chronological order. Originally as a genus, Cephalotaxus was included in family Taxaceae and Neger (1907) separated Cephalotaxus from Taxaceae and set family Cephalotaxaceae. Later, Fu (1984) divided Cephalotaxus up into two sections of Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. sect. Pectinatae L. K. Fu and Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. sect. Cephalotaxus L. K. Fu on the bases of C. oliveri Masters differ significantly from other taxa of Cephalotaxus in morphological characteristics. Although the plum yews was a little genus of conifers, up to now, about 77 taxa have still been published by taxonomist in different countries or regions. Among them, C. tardiva Sieb. ex Endl. (1847), C. umbraculifera Sieb. ex Endl. (1847), C. sumatrana Miq. (1856) and C. celebica Warb. (1900) have been combined to Taxus, and C. argotaenia (Hance) Pilger (1903) has been combined to Amentotaxus. And at the same time, those taxa existing in Cephalotaxus courently which were accepted by most taxonomist in different countries was also cited in acticle. Lastly, the paper thought presently there still exists many debates about binary classification of Cephalotaxus and the nomenclature of this genus still particularly confusing. Based on some controversial problems, we also point out some taxonomically researching directions at creating some order out of the chaos.

Writing the Life of Karl Marx:A Comparative Study of Marx Biographies by Mehring and Riazanov

This study compares the biographies of Karl Marx by Franz Mehring and David Riazanov,highlighting three key differences in their portrayal of Marx’s life and ideology.Riazanov emphasized Marx’s Jewish background,criticized Mehring’s oversimplification of Marx’s father’s conversion to Christianity,and offered a nuanced view of Marx’s engagement with Jewish issues.Contrary to Mehring’s defense of Bakunin,Riazanov acknowledged Bakunin’s revolutionary zeal but critiqued his effectiveness and responsibility in the Nechayev affair.Lastly,Riazanov provided an in-depth analysis of Marx’s later years,challenging Mehring’s limited coverage and recognizing the significance of Marx’s late works and contributions to the labor movement.

History, philosophy and modern research of traditional Mongolian medicine

The Mongolian nationality is a legendary ethnic group with a long history.In the long history process,Mongolians have developed broad,profound and gorgeous cultural patterns in many aspects,such as living,diet,clothing,language,writing,dance,art,medicine and health,which has accumulated tremendous achievements and formed its unique tradition.Traditional Mongolian medicine(TMM)is one of the most important ethnic medicines with systematic theories that has been developed over thousands of years among Mongolian people.The study of TMM has the potential to aid in the prevention and treatment of a wide range of diseases,as well as the provision of more effective medical services across the world.This paper reviews the key literature concerned with the origin and history,main theoretical philosophies and the modern research status of TMM.It provides a reference for the study of traditional medicine.

Limnological instrumentation in the middle of the 19^(th) century:the first temperature and density profiles measured in the Dead Sea

The first modem survey of the Dead Sea was performed by the Geological Survey of Israel in 1959-1960, and the report published remains the baseline study for our understanding of the physical and chemical properties of the lake. At the time the Dead Sea was a meromictic lake with a strong salinity gradient separating the deep waters （〉40 m depth） from the less saline surface waters. A few results of analyses of deeper water samples collected in the 1930s were reported, but overall we have very little information about the structure of the lake＇s water column before the 1959-1960 survey. However, it is little known that data on the physical and the chemical structure of the Dead Sea water column were obtained already in the middle of the 19~ century, and the information collected then is highly relevant for the reconstruction of the limnological properties of the lake in earlier times. The expedition of Lieutenant William Lynch （U.S. Navy） in 1848 reported the presence of a temperature minimum at a depth of-18 m, and also retrieved a water sample collected close to the bottom for chemical analysis. In 1864, the French Dead Sea exploration by the Duc de Luynes and his crew yielded detailed density and salinity profiles for a number of sampling stations. The results of these pioneering studies are discussed here, as well as the sampling equipment and measuring instruments used by the 1848 and the 1864 expeditions.

Increasing Visitor Knowledge of Park History and Natural Resources via Non-Traditional Recreation: An Exploratory Study of Quicksand Enthusiasts

Sinkers are quicksand enthusiasts that crave the sensation of being trapped in deep mud while being sucked downward. Although humans have been interested in quicksand over the years (particularly through film), there remains a void of research into the meaning and value in the lives of those who engage in a recreational pursuit of quicksand, most notably the community of individuals who self-describe as sinkers. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine if sinking can contribute to a participant’s understanding of history and natural resources at state parks. In order to obtain a better understanding of the effects, a qualitative study was conducted in the summer of 2016 at Stephen C. Foster State Park, a state park adjacent to Okefenokee Swamp. The researchers exercised grounded theory techniques and inductive content analysis to analyze interview data and compile coded text into four main categories: learning, enjoyment, traveling, and economic impact. Findings suggest that participants believed their knowledge of park history and natural resources increased through a recreational pursuit of quicksand.

History of the Establishment and Development of X-Ray Analysis Methods in Russia--The USSR. First 20 Years

2012 is a year of celebrate centenary of X-ray discovery information about Laue＇s （Fridrich and Knipping） experiment was This discovery spread quickly in different countries. The history of written in the paper. Also history mention of Laue＇s experiment in Russia was presented. The system group of X-ray diffraction was created in 1919/1920 in Petrograd （A. Ioffe, State Physical Technical Institute） and Moscow. Themes of research results, scientific newness and scientific rate were presented. The organization, political and other reasons which retarded the active progress of the method in 1930 were described. Initial stage of progress of the method in Russia-USSR was studied by historian of science partly. The reasons of it are： closed of scientific community, political system of country, Cyrillic barrier, etc.. This paper acquaints western scientific community with non-famous Russian materials on theme.

Studies on the Evolution and Value of the Item Setting of the Summer Olympic Games

The Olympic Games, as the global sports event, attract many countries in the world to participate in and they always take obtaining the right of holding it as the pride of the country. With the constant development of the Olympic Games, people have proposed higher requirements for it and the reformation is eagerly needed and the reformation is mainly concentrated on the item setting. According to a large amount of theoretical research to the item setting of Olympic Games in academia, there is big issue about the item setting for the current Summer Olympic Games which has sustained for a long time. Its practical representations are the contradiction between narrowing the scope of the Olympic Games and borrowing in the new items and the contradiction of gender equality in item setting and also the contradiction of balancing the business value and social value. Therefore, this thesis will mainly study on the evolution and value of the item setting of the Summer Olympic Games and propose reasonable improvement measures for the issue of the item setting, combining with the practical conditions, and thus to better promote the sustain development of the Summer Olympic Games.

The Centenary of the CPC: Leading the Times by Grasping the Laws and Trends of Historical Development

Discussions on grasping the laws and trends of historical development take a fundamental theoretical position in the scientific system of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.Xi Jinping’s important statements have systematically answered such questions as what type of laws and trends of historical development should be followed,how did the Party follow the laws and trends of historical development in its centennial history,and how should the laws and trends of historical development be followed in a new era.The birth of the Communist Party of China(CPC),the victory of China’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression,the founding of the People’s Republic of China,and the unveiling of a new era for reform and opening up and socialism with Chinese characteristics are all the results of grasping the laws and trends of historical development.Over the past century,the Party has followed the laws and trends of historical development and continuously advanced the sinicization of Marxism on the basis of adhering to the unification between truth and values.In pursuit of“putting people first,”the Party has courageously been reforming itself and made relentless progress in the great endeavor of Party building.History shows that a keen appreciation of the laws and trends of historical development is an important sign of political maturity for a proletarian party.Only by applying Marxism according to current times and conditions will we keep abreast with the laws and trends of historical development.We should establish a broader concept of history and identify the laws and trends of historical development from the interactions and linkages between China and the rest of the world.We must recognize and promote the outstanding role of great leaders in steering the country in line with the laws and trends of historical development.

On the Combination of “The Textual Research on Historical Documents” and “The Comparative Study of Historical Data” —— and a Discussion on “The Law of Quan-ma and Gui-mei” in Chinese Language Studies

In Chinese language studies, both “The Textual Research on Historical Documents” and “The Comparative Study of Historical Data” are traditional in methodology and they both deserve being treasured, passed on, and further developed. It will certainly do harm to the development of academic research if any of the two methods is given unreasonable priority. The author claims that the best or one of the best methodologies of the historical study of Chinese language is the combination of the two, hence a new interpretation of “The Double-proof Method”. Meanwhile, this essay is also an attempt to put forward “The Law of Quan-ma and Gui-mei” in Chinese language studies, in which the author believes that it is not advisable to either treat Gui-mei as Quan-ma or vice versa in linguistic research. It is crucial for us to respect always the language facts first, which is considered the very soul of linguistics.

Century-Long History and Basic Experience of the CPC in Leading China’s Rural Development

Over the past century,the Communist Party of China(CPC)has led hundreds of millions of farmers through five stages(rural revolution,rural construction,rural reform,rural transformation and rural revitalization)to forge a road of rural development with Chinese characteristics.In the course of constant exploration and innovation,the CPC has always adhered to its original aspiration and founding mission of seeking happiness for the farmers,taken liberating and developing the productive forces as the central principle,regarded coordinating urban and rural development as the action guideline,and set“achieving common prosperity”as the target direction,and accumulated valuable historical experiences in three aspects:Firstly,the CPC has emphasized the vital role and pioneering spirit of farmers,effectively mobilizing and organizing the broad participation of rural masses.Secondly,it has committed to the collective ownership of rural land and managed the relationship between farmers and land.Lastly,the CPC has remained focused on the interests of farmers,continuously advancing reform and innovation in accordance with the changing times.

The historical and current research progress on jujube–a superfruit for the future

Jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.),or Chinese date,is the most important species of Rhamnaceae,a large cosmopolitan family,and is one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees in the world.It originates from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River,the‘mother river’of the Chinese people.It is distributed in at least 48 countries on all continents except Antarctica and is becoming increasingly important,especially in arid and semiarid marginal lands.Based on a systematic analysis of the unique characteristics of jujube,we suggest that it deserves to be recognized as a superfruit.We summarized historical research achievements from the past 3000 years and reviewed recent research advances since 1949 in seven fields,including genome sequencing and application,germplasm resources and systematic taxonomy,breeding and genetics,cultivation theory and techniques,pest control,postharvest physiology and techniques,and nutrition and processing.Based on the challenges facing the jujube industry,we discuss eight research aspects to be focused on in the future.

Life History Research in Education

Life history research,as one of the most powerful research methods in sociology,brings some re-freshened air into interpretive research.In this paper,the development of life history research,from modernism to postmodernism,from life story to life history,is firstly illustrated.Then the process of conducting life history research is analyzed specifically,which is followed by its unique strengths.Finally,its issues,its general issues and its special issues in Chinese context,are critically examined.

Transmission of family health information within families

Background and Aims: A comprehensive family health history still offers the best data for calculating risk of most complex diseases, but lack of informant accuracy hinders its use. Young adults transitioning from the parental home to more independent university life may be poor historians. The purpose of this study was to describe the quality of family health information acquired by young university students and to characterize the process by which they learn family health facts. Methods: Thematic content analysis was applied to interviews with undergraduate students enrolled in diverse classes across disciplines at a public US university. Results: Two processes, hanging around and trickling down, described the ways young adults learned family health information. The majority of respondents described both empowerment and a sense of vulnerability that resulted from having their family health information. Conclusions: Family health history provided by young adult students is characterized by inaccuracies related to lack of information and misunderstanding of information that is available. Young students are typically transitioning from the care of local primary care physicians into relationships with new healthcare providers, and are interested in family health history. Thus, this transition is an opportunity for nurses to construct an organized family health history with them.

JOURNAL OF ZHONGNAN UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND LAW

Steven Cheung＇s economics which bases on individual benefits maximization of New Classical Economics as internal core and adding some constraint conditions such as transaction costs,property rights and contract as protective belts, derives a series of testable hypothesis in order toget the general paradigm of economic explanation. It follows the fundamental assumptions of stablepreference and rational choice in Mill Paradigm and Marshall Paradigm, but it adds the Coase Revolution of transaction costs constraint. As a result, its explanation capability is beyond SamuelsonParadigm and New Keynes Paradigm. So, Economic Explanation Paradigm is the same with MillParadigm, Marshall Paradigm, Samuelson Paradigm and New Keynes Paradigm, which should beconsidered to be an important synthesis in the history of economic thought.

新时代加强大学生中共党史教育“时度效”的要求、问题与路径

“时度效”是检验中共党史教育成效的重要指标。新时代加强大学生中共党史教育“时度效”需要遵循坚持党性与时代性相统一、思想性与科学性相融合、精准性与有效性相结合等基本要求。从“时度效”视角透视新时代部分大学生中共党史教育问题,主要体现在“时”的掌握不准、“度”的把握不足、“效”的实现不佳三个方面,亟需以“育以因时”为基本点、以“育以适度”为关节点、以“育以有效”为落脚点,着力从更新教育理念内容、创新教育方式方法、提升党史育人质量三个层面协同推进、共同发力,以助力于新时代大学生中共党史教育提质增效。

清代地震灾害史研究综述

为了深化地震灾害史的研究,为今后地震灾害的防范和应对提供借鉴和启示,通过历史文献分析法缕述新中国成立以来清代地震灾害相关研究成果,以展现清代地震灾害史研究现状。研究表明,清代地震史料收集、地震总体研究、地震专题研究、地震灾害应对等研究成果丰富且具有阶段性特征,但也存在史料挖掘运用不足、研究视角与维度狭窄、研究范式单一等问题。在今后的研究中应进一步挖掘民间文献,以交叉研究作为创新的突破口,充分发挥地震灾害史研究的社会价值。

时间的教育意义与我国外国教育史研究的新进路

时间是人类展示文明、承接记忆的文化工具。历史学是时间中的人类的科学,脱离特定的时间,任何历史现象都难以得到理解。人类的全部历史存在于由时间和空间构成的体系之中,时间和空间为人类认识自然界和自身历史提供了方法论支持,而时间与人的发展的内在联系确立了教育时间的存在价值和意义,所以说时间的教育意义成就了教育时间,任何教育活动都离不开教育时间,因此,也赋予了其人类教育历史研究的基本内涵。于我国外国教育史研究而言,彰显教育时间在外国教育史研究中的本体论意义,运用教育时间构建涵盖全部人类教育活动的教育史体系,嵌入教育时间更新外国教育史的阐释与分析框架,基于教育时间探究外国教育史的结构性主题,都将有助于我国外国教育史研究新进路的开辟与拓展。