Connotation and principles of ecological compensation in water source reserve areas based on the theory of externality

Understanding the connotation and principles of ecological compensation in water source reserve areas is the basis and guarantee for establishing and improving the ecological compensation mechanism of water source reserve areas.First,this paper reviews the three stages of ecological compensation research progress.Based on the review,using the theory of externality,the ecological environment system of water source reserve areas is then analyzed.This paper argues that the connotation of ecological compensation in water source reserve areas is a kind of institutional arrangement,which is designed to internalize externalities.Finally,based on the understanding of the connotation of ecological compensation in water source reserve areas,five principles for establishing and improving the ecological compensation mechanism are proposed,including the principle of fairness and justice,the principle of equivalence of equality and responsibility,the principle of flexibility and effectiveness,the principle of "earmark funds,and implementation by law," and the principle of government compensation supplemented with market compensation.

Fine scale optical remote sensing experiment of mixed stand over complex terrain(FOREST)in the Genhe Reserve Area:objective,observation and a case study

Optical remote sensing allows to efficiently monitor forest ecosystems at regional and global scales.However,most of the widely used optical forward models and backward estimation methods are only suitable for forest canopies in flat areas.To evaluate the recent progress in forest remote sensing over complex terrain,a satellite-airborne-ground synchronous Fine scale Optical Remote sensing Experiment of mixed Stand over complex Terrain(FOREST)was conducted over a 1 km×1 km key experiment area(KEA)located in the Genhe Reserve Areain 2016.Twenty 30 m×30 m elementary sampling units(ESUs)were established to represent the spatiotemporal variations of the KEA.Structural and spectral parameters were simultaneously measured for each ESU.As a case study,we first built two 3D scenes of the KEA with individual-tree and voxel-based approaches,and then simulated the canopy reflectance using the LargE-Scale remote sensing data and image Simulation framework over heterogeneous 3D scenes(LESS).The correlation coefficient between the LESS-simulated reflectance and the airborne-measured reflectance reaches 0.68-0.73 in the red band and 0.56-0.59 in the near-infrared band,indicating a good quality of the experiment dataset.More validation studies of the related forward models and retrieval methods will be done.

Modeling habitat suitability and utilization of the last surviving populations of fallow deer(Dama dama Linnaeus,1758)

DüzlerçamıWildlife Reserve Area(WRA)is the last natural habitat of fallow deer(Dama dama)in the world.Fallow deer is native to Turkey,however,its geographical range is currently confined to DüzlerçamıWRA,Antalya.To date,a detailed habitat investigation of fallow deer dis-tribution has not been conducted.This study is vital for the last surviving populations of fallow deer in Turkey.There-fore,we studied the habitat suitability and utilization of fal-low deer in the DüzlerçamıWRA.Vegetation and wildlife inventory was surveyed across a total of 304 sample areas between 2015 and 2017.Plant species were recorded accord-ing to the Braun-Blanquet method and wildlife surveys were based on footprints,feces,and other signs of fallow deer.Classification and regression tree techniques,as well as MAXENT,were used to model vegetation and fallow deer habitat.Topographic position index,terrain ruggedness index,roughness index,elevation,and bedrock formation were also calculated and included in the models.Based on our results,we drafted a habitat protection map for fallow deer.To ensure sustainability of habitats where populations of fallow deer are found in Turkey,we developed recommen-dations such as closuring human access of the 1st-degree Protection Area and reintroduction of the species to other potential habitats.

OBSERVATION OF NONLINEAR VERTICUM-TYPE SYSTEMS APPLIED TO ECOLOGICAL MONITORING

In this paper the concept of a nonlinear verticumtype observation system is introduced. These systems are composed from several ＂subsystems＂ connected sequentially in a particular way： a part of the state variables of each ＂subsystem＂ also appears in the next ＂subsystem＂ as an ＂exogenous variable＂ which can also be interpreted as a con trol generated by an ＂exosystem＂. Therefore these ＂subsystems＂ are not observation systems, but formally can be considered as controlobservation systems. The problem of observability of such systems can be reduced to rank conditions on the ＂subsystems＂. Indeed, under the condition of Lyapunov stability of an equilibrium of the ＂large＂, verticumtype system, it is shown that the Kalman rank condition on the linearization of the ＂subsystems＂ implies the observability of the original, nonlinear verticumtype system. For an illustration of the above linearization result, a stagestructured fishery model with reserve area is considered. Observability for this system is obtained by applying the above linearization and decomposition approach. Furthermore, it is also shown that, applying an appropriate observer design method to each subsystem, from the observa tion of the biomass densities of the adult （harvested） stage, in both areas, the biomass densities of the prerecruit stage can be efficiently estimated.

Foldable Units and Wing Expansion of the Oakleaf Butterfly During Eclosion

Eclosion is a rapid process of morphological changes in insects,especially for the wings of butterflies.The orange oakleaf butterfly(Kallima inachus)transits from pupae to adults with a 9.3 fold instant increase in the surface area of their wings.To explore the mechanism for the rapid morphological changes in butterfly wings,we analyzed changes in microstructures in the wings of K.inachus.We found that there were lots of micron-sized foldable units in the wings at the pupal stage.The foldable units could provide as much as 31.35 times of increase in wing surface area.During eclosion,foldable units were flattened sequentially and resulted in a rapid increase in wing surface areas.The unfolding process was regulated by the structures and layouts of wing veins.Based on our observation,foldable units play important roles in both deformation and stretching of wings.The foldable units of microstructures may provide mimics for simulating entities of large-deformational bionic structures with practical application.