Modeling of multiphase flow in low permeability porous media:Effect of wettability and pore structure properties

Multiphase flow in low permeability porous media is involved in numerous energy and environmental applications.However,a complete description of this process is challenging due to the limited modeling scale and the effects of complex pore structures and wettability.To address this issue,based on the digital rock of low permeability sandstone,a direct numerical simulation is performed considering the interphase drag and boundary slip to clarify the microscopic water-oil displacement process.In addition,a dual-porosity pore network model(PNM)is constructed to obtain the water-oil relative permeability of the sample.The displacement efficiency as a recovery process is assessed under different wetting and pore structure properties.Results show that microscopic displacement mechanisms explain the corresponding macroscopic relative permeability.The injected water breaks through the outlet earlier with a large mass flow,while thick oil films exist in rough hydrophobic surfaces and poorly connected pores.The variation of water-oil relative permeability is significant,and residual oil saturation is high in the oil-wet system.The flooding is extensive,and the residual oil is trapped in complex pore networks for hydrophilic pore surfaces;thus,water relative permeability is lower in the water-wet system.While the displacement efficiency is the worst in mixed-wetting systems for poor water connectivity.Microporosity negatively correlates with invading oil volume fraction due to strong capillary resistance,and a large microporosity corresponds to low residual oil saturation.This work provides insights into the water-oil flow from different modeling perspectives and helps to optimize the development plan for enhanced recovery.

Stress dependent permeability and porosity of low-permeability rock

The seepage property of low-permeability rock is of significant importance for the design and safety analysis of underground cavities. By using a self-developed test system, both permeability and porosity of granite from an underground oil storage depot were measured. In order to study the influence of rock types on permeability, a tight sandstone was selected as a contrast. The experimental results suggested that the porosity of this granite is less than 5% and permeability is low to 10–20 m^2 within the range of effective stress. During the loading process, both exponential relationship and power law can be utilized to describe the relationship between effective stress and permeability. However, power law matches the experimental data better during the unloading condition. The stress dependent porosity of granite during loading process can be described via an exponential relationship while the match between the model and experimental data can be improved by a power law in unloading paths. The correlation of permeability and porosity can be described in a power law form. Besides, granite shows great different evolution rules in permeability and porosity from sandstone. It is inferred that this difference can be attributed to the preparing of samples and different movements of microstructures subjected to effective stress.

Resistivity response to the porosity and permeability of low rank coal

Laojunmiao coal samples from the eastern Junggar basin were studied to understand the relationship between coal resistivity and the physical parameters of coal reservoirs under high temperatures and pressures.Specifically,we analysed the relationship of coal resistivity to porosity and permeability via heating and pressurization experiments.The results indicated that coal resistivity decreases exponentially with increasing pressure.Increasing the temperature decreases the resistivity.The sensitivity of coal resistivity to the confining pressure is worse when the temperature is higher.The resistivity of dry coal samples was linearly related to φ~m.Increasing the temperature decreased the cementation exponent(m).Increasing the confining pressure exponentially decreases the porosity.Decreasing the pressure increases the resistivity and porosity for a constant temperature.Increasing the temperature yields a quadratic relationship between the resistivity and permeability for a constant confining pressure.Based on the Archie formula,we obtained the coupling relationship between coal resistivity and permeability for Laojunmiao coal samples at different temperatures and confining pressures.

The coupling of dynamics and permeability in the hydrocarbon accumulation period controls the oil-bearing potential of low permeability reservoirs:a case study of the low permeability turbidite reservoirs in the middle part of the third member of Shahejie

The relationships between permeability and dynamics in hydrocarbon accumulation determine oil- bearing potential （the potential oil charge） of low perme- ability reservoirs. The evolution of porosity and permeability of low permeability turbidite reservoirs of the middle part of the third member of the Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Sag has been investigated by detailed core descriptions, thin section analyses, fluid inclusion analyses, carbon and oxygen isotope analyses, mercury injection, porosity and permeability testing, and basin modeling. The cutoff values for the permeability of the reservoirs in the accumulation period were calculated after detailing the accumulation dynamics and reservoir pore structures, then the distribution pattern of the oil-bearing potential of reservoirs controlled by the matching relationship between dynamics and permeability during the accumulation period were summarized. On the basis of the observed diagenetic features and with regard to the paragenetic sequences, the reservoirs can be subdivided into four types of diagenetic facies. The reservoirs experienced two periods of hydro- carbon accumulation. In the early accumulation period, the reservoirs except for diagenetic facies A had middle to high permeability ranging from 10 × 10-3 gm2 to 4207 × 10-3 lain2. In the later accumulation period, the reservoirs except for diagenetic facies C had low permeability ranging from 0.015 × 10-3 gm2 to 62× 10-3 -3m2. In the early accumulation period, the fluid pressure increased by the hydrocarbon generation was 1.4-11.3 MPa with an average value of 5.1 MPa, and a surplus pressure of 1.8-12.6 MPa with an average value of 6.3 MPa. In the later accumulation period, the fluid pressure increased by the hydrocarbon generation process was 0.7-12.7 MPa with an average value of 5.36 MPa and a surplus pressure of 1.3-16.2 MPa with an average value of 6.5 MPa. Even though different types of reservoirs exist, all can form hydrocarbon accumulations in the early accumulation per- iod. Such types of reservoirs can form hydrocarbon accumulation with high accumulation dynamics; however, reservoirs with diagenetic facies A and diagenetic facies B do not develop accumulation conditions with low accumu- lation dynamics in the late accumulation period for very low permeability. At more than 3000 m burial depth, a larger proportion of turbidite reservoirs are oil charged due to the proximity to the source rock, Also at these depths, lenticular sand bodies can accumulate hydrocarbons. At shallower depths, only the reservoirs with oil-source fault development can accumulate hydrocarbons. For flat surfaces, hydrocarbons have always been accumulated in the reservoirs around the oil-source faults and areas near the center of subsags with high accumulation dynamics.

Porosity Calculation of Tight Sand Gas Reservoirs with GA-CM Hybrid Optimization Log Interpretation Method

Tight sand gas reservoirs are our country’s fairly rich unconventional natural gas resources, and their exploration and development is of prime importance. Sulige Gas Field which located in the northern Ordos Basin is tight sand gas reservoirs. It is typically featured by low porosity and low permeability, and the error of porosity calculation by traditional methods is larger. Multicomponent explanation model is built by analyzing the thin slice data, and the objective function is got according to the concept of optimization log interpretation method. This paper puts the Genetic Algorithm and the Complex Algorithm together to form the GA-CM Hybrid Algorithm for searching the optimal solution of the objective function, getting the porosity of tight sandstone gas reservoirs. The deviation got by this method is lesser compared with the core porosity, with a high reliability.

SENSITIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF SINGLE-PHASE FLOW IN LOW-PERMEABILITY HETEROGENEOUS RESERVOIRS

Theoretical equations for computing sensitivity coefficients of wellbore pressures to estimate the reservoir parameters in low-permeability reservoirs conditioning to non-Darcy flow data at low velocity were obtained. It is shown by a lot of numerical calculations that the wellbore pressures are much more sensitive to permeability very near the well than to permeability a few gridblocks away from the well. When an initial pressure gradient existent sensitivity coefficients in the region are closer to the active well than to the observation well. Sensitivity coefficients of observation well at the line between the active well and the observation well are influenced greatly by the initial pressure gradient.

准噶尔盆地环东道海子凹陷侏罗系煤层气成藏条件及勘探方向

为了明确准噶尔盆地环东道海子凹陷侏罗系煤层气勘探方向,开展了煤层连井对比、井-震标定和地震资料解释以及煤层测、录井资料分析。研究结果表明:①准噶尔盆地侏罗系西山窑组和八道湾组煤层发育,厚度较大,分布稳定,其中西山窑组发育2~3层煤层,累计最大厚度为20 m,八道湾组发育2~4层煤层,累计最大厚度为29 m。煤岩含气性好,录井气测异常明显。②环东道海子凹陷内中下侏罗统煤系烃源岩为中等—好烃源岩,Ro为0.6%~0.8%,处于低成熟—成熟阶段,具有较好的生气能力;天然气碳同位素分析结果显示,煤层气亦可来源于深部高成熟腐殖型有机质。③研究区西山窑组煤岩为中—低孔、低渗储层,孔隙度为7.0%~20.8%,渗透率为0.32~8.67 mD;八道湾组煤岩为低孔、中—低渗储层,孔隙度为5.6%~7.8%,渗透率为2.30~13.83 mD;煤层夹于泥岩之间且煤层之上区域性泥岩盖层分布广泛,封盖保存条件好。④研究区存在凹陷区源内煤层气富集成藏和凸起区深部外源气富集成藏等2种模式。环东道海子凹陷煤层气勘探潜力较大,特别是凹陷北东方向斜坡区和凹陷北部斜坡—滴南凸起区。

Geologic characteristics, controlling factors and hydrocarbon accumulation mechanisms of China’s Large Gas Provinces of low porosity and permeability

Based on the analysis of the geological characteristics and controlling factors, we analyzed the formation mechanism of different types of gas reservoirs. The main characteristics of gas provinces with low porosity and permeability are mainly as follows: large area, low abundance, small gas pools and large gas provinces; widely distributed excellent hydrocarbon source rocks with closely contacted source-reservoir-cap association; development mainly in large continental depressions or in paralic shallow-river delta systems; many kinds of traps coexisting in large areas, dominantly para-layered lithologic, digenetic and capillary pressure traps; double fluid flow mechanisms of Darcy flow and non-Darcy flow; complicated gas and water relations; and having the resource distribution of highly productive "sweet spots", banding concentration, and macroscopically large areas integrated. The main controlling factors of large sandstone gas provinces with low porosity and permeability are stable dynamic backgrounds and gentle structural frameworks which control the extensive distribution of alternate (interbedded) sandstones and mudstones; weak hydropower of large gentle lake basins controlling the formation of discontinuous, low porosity and permeability reservoirs in shallow-water deltas; regionally differential diagenesis and no homogeneous digenetic facies controlling the development of favorable reservoirs and digenetic traps; and weak and dispersive reservoir-forming dynamic forces leading to the widely distributed small traps with low abundance. Low porosity and permeability gas provinces with different trap types have different formation mechanisms which include fluid diversion pressure difference interactive mechanism of lithologic-trap gas accumulations, separated differential collection mechanism of digenetic-trap gas accumulations, and the Non-Darcy flow mechanism of capillary-pressure gas accumulations.

长岭断陷龙凤山气田营城组储层非均质性研究

龙凤山气田是目前中石化在东北地区勘探开发的首个深盆致密砂岩近饱和高含油凝析气储集系统,主力含气层位营城组储层在空间上表现出了较强的非均质性特征,气层在纵向上、平面上分布规律复杂将制约后续的地质研究工作(于翠玲,2007)。通过对岩心描述和测井资料进行分析,对比地质储量和实际测试生产情况,从层内、层间和平面3个方面分析储层的宏观非均质性。

大庆油田X7地区低孔渗储层核磁共振测井可变T_(2)截止值确定方法

T_(2)截止值是计算核磁共振测井束缚水孔隙度、可动流体孔隙度和渗透率的关键参数。在岩心压汞资料与核磁共振测井资料的基础上,提出连续计算低孔隙度低渗透率(低孔渗)储层核磁共振测井T_(2)截止值的方法。用岩心对应深度的核磁共振测井T_(2)谱代替核磁共振实验T_(2)谱,用岩心压汞资料中的渗透率贡献确定束缚水所对应的进汞饱和度,此时剩余汞饱和度即为束缚水饱和度,结合T_(2)谱,通过插值算法得出岩心的T_(2)截止值;分析多块岩心T_(2)截止值在T_(2)谱上的分布规律,从而建立根据T_(2)谱形态连续计算可变T_(2)截止值的方法。在X7地区应用此方法实现核磁共振测井连续T_(2)截止值的计算,用计算出的T_(2)截止值进行孔隙度和渗透率等储层参数计算,明显提升了储层参数计算的精度。

低孔低渗砂岩储层废弃钻井液环境污染土壤深度研究

在油气田勘探开采过程中,废弃钻井液的泄露会污染油气田生态环境,造成土壤的理化性质改变、植物枯萎等现象,为便于控制污染,提出低孔低渗砂岩储层废弃钻井液环境污染土壤深度研究。分析储层废弃钻井液环境污染特性,根据废弃钻井液滤失量与时间的关系构建废弃钻井液滤失量计算模型,构造废弃钻井液污染土壤深度估算公式,实现了储层废弃钻井液环境污染土壤深度的分析。实验数据显示:在不同实验工况背景下,应用提出方法获得的废弃钻井液污染土壤深度估算误差最小值为2%,充分证实了提出方法应用性能佳。

吐哈油田深层致密砂岩气藏体积压裂技术应用

吐哈油田台北凹陷丘东洼陷深层致密砂岩油(气)藏储层埋藏深、中-强水敏、低孔-特低渗、非均质性强等特点,储层地层温度高(140~150℃),前期试油常规压裂工艺措施效果差,无法经济动用。随着油田上产,开展了吐哈油田台北凹陷丘东洼陷深层致密砂岩油(气)藏水平井体积压裂技术攻关,通过岩性评价、地应力分析、压裂液体系及支撑剂组合等方面进行精细研究并开展现场应用,形成了区块压裂主体工艺路线,有效解决了区块深层致密砂岩油气藏无法动用技术难题,为油田上产提供了有力技术支撑。

珠江口盆地古近系典型低渗透油藏产能测试分析

珠江口盆地古近系低渗透储层具有孔隙度低、孔隙结构复杂、喉道细小等特点,探井钻杆测试(DST)测试产能低。对比分析模块式地层动态测试器(MDT)取样分析结果及关井压力恢复资料,发现储层在测试前浸泡时间长,产生较为严重的水锁效应。剖析低渗透储层产生水锁效应的机理,推导出泥浆滤液侵入储层深度的公式,结果表明泥浆滤液侵入储层深度与浸泡时间呈正相关关系,针对区域深层低渗透油藏因水锁效应而导致的风险,提出措施建议。

二连盆地阿南凹陷白垩系凝灰岩类储层特征及有利区分布

阿南凹陷白垩系腾一下亚段凝灰岩类储层是近年来二连盆地致密油勘探的重点领域。通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、储层物性分析及X-衍射分析等,采用高压压汞、氮气吸附、场发射电镜、CT扫描等实验方法,分析了二连盆地阿南凹陷白垩系凝灰岩类储层的岩性、物性、储集空间类型和孔隙结构特征,结合有利储层形成机制预测了有利储层发育区。研究结果表明:①二连盆地阿南凹陷白垩系腾一下亚段发育凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩、凝灰质泥岩、凝灰质(粉)砂岩4种凝灰岩类。②研究区凝灰岩类储层物性变化范围较大,平均孔隙度为4.88%,其中超低孔、特低孔的样品数占比为83.6%,平均渗透率为0.067 mD,整体属于超低孔、超低渗储层。凝灰岩主要发育溶蚀孔和脱玻化孔,呈“立体”网络孔隙结构,以介孔、宏孔为主,储层物性最好;凝灰质(粉)砂岩主要发育溶蚀孔和粒间孔,具有微细孔—微喉孔隙结构,介孔发育,储层物性较好;沉凝灰岩和凝灰质泥岩主要发育溶蚀孔、晶间孔和微裂缝,多发育孤立型孔隙结构,以介孔为主,储层物性较差。③研究区凝灰岩类优质储层受沉积作用、成岩作用和构造作用共同控制,沉积作用为优质储层形成提供了物质基础,控制了储层的形成和分布;压实作用和胶结作用降低了储层物性,白云岩化和脱玻化作用改善了储集性能;溶蚀作用是有效储层形成的关键,对物性改善具有积极作用。④研究区发育Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ类凝灰岩类储层,Ⅰ类储层集中分布在洼槽区,Ⅱ类储层沿西部缓坡呈条带状分布,Ⅲ类储层分布范围最广。其中A43东、A27北、H16西和A11西南等区块发育的Ⅰ类储层是下一步凝灰岩类致密油勘探的有利区带。

低孔隙度低渗透率储层复杂流体综合评价方法

渤海LD油田目的层东三段发育低孔隙度低渗透率储层,其孔隙结构复杂,且储层流体地露压差小、溶解气油比高,导致油、气、水层的测井响应特征差异小。对比和分析经测试、测压、取样证实的油、气、水层的测井资料及录井资料,认为体积压缩系数与泊松比的交会幅度、视地层水电阻率、气测异常倍数及热解气相色谱对流体性质的响应较为敏感。基于上述4类参数,以经过测试、测压、取样等证实的70个油、气、水层为数据样本,其中51个作为训练样本,19个作为检验样本,采用支持向量机算法,建立了油、气、水层的流体判别模型。该方法在LD油田流体识别中取得较好的应用效果,流体性质识别符合率达89.4%,为该油田的储量评价奠定了基础,该方法对同类型储层的流体性质判别具有借鉴意义。

四川盆地简阳地区二叠系火山碎屑岩储层特征与成岩演化

火山碎屑岩油气藏作为重要的非常规油气藏,对油气增储上产具有重要的意义。通过岩心观察,综合薄片鉴定、QEMSCAN扫描、X射线衍射、物性分析、包裹体测温及碳氧同位素分析等资料,系统分析了四川盆地简阳地区二叠系火山碎屑岩储层特征及其成岩演化过程。研究结果表明:(1)简阳地区二叠系火山碎屑岩储层岩石类型主要包括火山角砾熔岩、凝灰熔岩和熔结火山角砾岩,整体物性都较好,孔隙度为0.78%~32.00%,平均为16.67%,渗透率为0.001~2.680 mD,平均为0.125 mD,属于高孔低渗储层,储集空间以次生孔隙和裂缝为主,包括脱玻化孔、基质溶蚀孔及溶蚀缝等类型。(2)研究区发育多种成岩作用,主要有熔结、压实、脱玻化、胶结及溶蚀作用等。(3)研究区经历了同生成岩、表生成岩与埋藏成岩3个阶段,成岩演化受深部热液、大气淡水及有机酸流体的共同影响,一方面流体活动造成热液矿物或碳酸盐胶结物的沉淀对储层物性起破坏性作用;另一方面热液流体促进油气运移,酸性流体的溶蚀改造作用对储层孔隙发育起建设性作用。

柴达木盆地英西地区渐新统下干柴沟组上段储层微观孔隙结构特征

柴达木盆地英西地区渐新统下干柴沟组上段为“自生自储”型油气藏。利用X射线衍射全岩矿物含量分析、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜观察、二氧化碳吸附、氮气吸附/脱附、高压压汞、核磁共振、自发渗吸等实验手段,系统分析柴达木盆地英西地区渐新统下干柴沟组上段储层特征,精细表征了其微观孔隙结构特征。研究结果表明:(1)英西地区渐新统下干柴沟组上段储层为细粒沉积岩,其矿物成分主要为白云石和铁白云石等碳酸盐,含有长石、石英等陆源碎屑,伊蒙混层和伊利石等黏土矿物。(2)研究区储集岩整体较为致密,孔隙度为1.0%~14.5%,平均为4.0%,渗透率为0.011~6.146 mD,平均为0.125 mD,具有低孔特低渗特征。(3)研究区储集岩的孔隙类型以晶间孔、溶蚀孔、溶洞和裂缝为主,储层孔隙形态为平行狭缝型。(4)研究区微孔的质量体积平均为0.005 6 mL/g,占总孔的质量体积的34.70%;中孔的质量体积平均为0.006 6 mL/g,占总孔体积的40.84%,宏孔的质量体积相对较小,为0.003 9 mL/g,占总孔体积的24.46%,因此,对岩石储集性贡献最大的为中孔,其次是微孔。

松辽盆地大安油田葡萄花油层特低渗储层成岩相特征与孔隙演化

松辽盆地大安油田葡萄花油层特低渗透储层成因及孔隙演化特征缺乏定量的研究。利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、电子探针、X射线衍射和全岩、物性、压汞等定性、定量资料对葡萄花油层成岩作用类型、成岩相进行定量研究并恢复各成岩相孔隙演化过程。结果表明:大安油田葡萄花油层经历了早成岩A期压实成岩、早成岩B期胶结成岩、中成岩A期溶蚀成岩和胶结交代成岩4个阶段;机械压实、伊利石和混层黏土胶结、碳酸盐胶结破坏原生孔隙,绿泥石和高岭石环边胶结有利于原生孔保存,长石和火山岩屑溶蚀改善物性;大安油田葡萄花油层可划分为长石溶蚀粒内溶孔相、黏土环边胶结残余粒间孔相、硅质胶结粒间溶孔相、方解石胶结晶间微孔相和黏土杂基充填晶间微孔相5种成岩相,各成岩相主要成岩作用类型、成岩强度影响孔隙组合,造成储层的强烈非均质性;长石溶蚀粒内溶孔相和黏土环边胶结残余粒间孔相储层物性最好,是研究区最有利储层。研究成果为大安油田葡萄花油层效益开发和整体建产提供地质依据。

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷深层低渗透砂岩优质储层发育特征与主控因素

通过岩石常规薄片、铸体薄片与扫描电镜分析,结合X衍射、常规孔渗与压汞测试资料对渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷深层砂岩储层岩石学特征、成岩作用、微观孔隙结构以及储集物性等方面开展了综合研究,对比分析了不同含油构造、不同层系的储层共性与差异性,总结了深层砂岩优质储层的控制因素与分布规律。结果表明:南堡凹陷深层砂岩储层主要为长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩,有效孔隙以剩余粒间孔和粒间溶孔为主,Ⅰ类储层主要分布在3号构造沙一段以及4号构造东三段,Ⅱ类储层主要发育在1号构造东三上亚段与高尚堡构造沙一段。压实作用和晚期碳酸盐岩胶结作用是导致储层低孔低渗的主要原因;相对较高的变质岩岩屑和石英碎屑含量有利于原生孔隙保存;早期碳酸盐胶结、长石碎屑和中基性火山岩岩屑溶蚀以及长石受挤压应力破裂成缝,构成深层砂岩储层次生孔隙发育的3方面有利因素。

高孔低渗碳酸盐岩孔隙结构及控制因素

中东X油田上白垩统Khasib组碳酸盐岩储层属于浅海陆棚沉积,具有生物类型和岩石类型多、高孔低渗及孔隙结构复杂等特征,根据福克石灰岩分类方案,突出生物特征,在岩石分类基础上,综合对比不同类型储层孔隙结构特征及控制因素。研究表明,储层岩石类型有泥晶生屑砂屑灰岩、泥晶藻屑灰岩、泥晶生屑灰岩和泥晶浮游有孔虫灰岩等4类;孔隙结构类型可划分为高孔中渗中喉型、高孔低渗中细喉型及高孔低渗细喉型等3类;影响孔隙结构的主要因素为物性和结构组分两种,不同岩性之间,生物种类和含量的差异影响原生孔隙的发育和后期成岩作用的强弱,造成了孔隙结构的差异。同种岩性之间,灰泥含量控制了孔隙结构的质量。