Moderate Interpretation with Attribute Analysis and 3d Visualization for Deeper Prospects of Balkassar Field, Central Potwar, Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan

Balkassar is an old field with considerable remaining potential. The 2d, 3d seismic and earlier vintages show that Balkassar is composed of two folds that impart heart shaped geometry. It appears likely the early Eocene age Bhadrar formation may provide commercial production with lower water cuts from the eastern lobe (yet untapped) of the structure that may have at least 30 million barrels of unrecovered oil. Horizontal drilling may have promise as an optimum technique for recovery of oil from Paleogene reservoirs. Encouraging oil indications have also been recorded from the early Permian age tobra formation from Balkassar oxy-1 that was not tested by Oxy. Tobra sandstone reservoir can have a matrix porosity approaching 8%. When fractured recoveries from it can be relatively better than the Paleogene reservoirs. The 2D and 3D seismic acquisition has confirmed that the eastern lobe (yet untapped) of the Balkassar field is structurally higher and steeper than the Western lobe which has thus far produced over 30 million barrels. The Eastern lobe thus offers good potential for recovery of oil from the Bhadrar reservoir. The entire field is likely to have potential for recovery of oil from the early Eocene aged Tobra formation. 2-d and 3-D Seismic data interpretation, attribute analysis and visualization for deeper prospect carried in Balksasar field. Tobra and Khewra formation studied for deeper potential drilling. Time contour and depth contour map shows potential for deeper prospects. Also attribute analysis and 3d visualization show good results for deeper potential of Tobra and Khewar formations. Seismic amplitude, Reflection strength, Apparent polarity attribute are visualized and interpreted to find the potential for Tobra and Khewra formation. 3-D visualization also showed positive results for Tobra and Khewra formations.

Immersive 3D Visualization of the Collective Behavior of Particles and Crystal Dislocations Using Virtual Reality Technology

In this article, we present a three-dimensional visualization technique that has been developed in order to establish an interactive immersive environment to visualize the particles in granular materials and dislocations in crystals. Simple elementary objects often exhibit complex collective behavior. Understanding of such behaviors and developments of coarse-scale theories, often requires insight into collective behavior that can only be obtained through immersive visualization. By displaying the computational results in a virtual environment with three-dimensional perception, one can immerse inside the model and analyze the intricate and very complex behavior of individual particles and dislocations. We built the stereographic images of the models using OpenGL rendering technique and then combine with the Virtual Reality technology in order to immerse in the three-dimensional model. A head mounted display has been used to allow the user to immerse inside the models and a flock of birds tracking device that allows the movements around and within the immersive environment.

The establishment of 3D visualization modeling for the jointed slope

The 3D visualization model of slop with structural plane can displayed the characters of structural plane in slop directly, and illustrated the spatial combination. It is a modem and critical question in the field of geotechnical engineering. Based on the peculiarity of the reconnaissance and the research of the visualization by formers, systemized the method fit for building 3D visualization model of slop with structural plane. Write the special program with Visual C^-＋ computer language and illustrated it by OpenGL, the program can displayed and captured the random section plane. The program has a satisfied result by proving with the real projects.

3D Physical Simulation of Water Flooding Characteristics of Buried Hill Reservoir with Different Fracture Systems

In order to understand the water-flooding characteristics of different fracture systems in metamorphic rock buried hill reservoirs and the mechanism of improving water-flooding development effect, a three-dimensional physical model of fractured reservoirs is established according to the similarity criterion based on the prototype of metamorphic buried hill reservoirs in JZ Oilfield in Bohai Bay Basin. Combined with the fractured reservoir characteristics of JZ Oilfield, the water displacement characteristics of the top-bottom staggered injection-production well pattern in different fracture network mode and different fracture development degree of buried hill reservoir are studied. The experimental results show that: 1) the more serious the fracture system irregularity is, the shorter the water-free oil production period is and the lower the water-free oil recovery is. After water breakthrough of production wells, the water cut rises faster, and the effect of water flooding development is worse;2) under the condition of non-uniform fracture development, the development effect of the bottom fracture undeveloped is better than that of the middle fracture undeveloped. Water injection wells are deployed in areas with relatively few fractures, while oil wells are deployed in fractured areas with higher oil recovery and better development effect.

Application of 3D stereoscopic visualization technology in casting aspect

3D stereoscopic visualization technology is coming into more and more common use in the field of entertainment,and this technology is also beginning to cut a striking figure in casting industry and scientific research.The history,fundamental principle,and devices of 3D stereoscopic visualization technology are reviewed in this paper.The authors’research achievements on the 3D stereoscopic visualization technology in the modeling and simulation of the casting process are presented.This technology can be used for the observation of complex 3D solid models of castings and the simulated results of solidification processes such as temperature,fluid flow,displacement,stress strain and microstructure,as well as the predicted defects such as shrinkage/porosity,cracks,and deformation.It can also be used for other areas relating to 3D models,such as assembling of dies,cores,etc.Several cases are given to compare the illustration of simulated results by traditional images and red-blue 3D stereoscopic images.The spatial shape is observed better by the new method.The prospect of3D stereoscopic visualization in the casting aspect is discussed as well.The need for aided-viewing devices is still the most prominent problem of 3D stereoscopic visualization technology.However,3D stereoscopic visualization represents the tendency of visualization technology in the future;and as the problem is solved in the years ahead,great breakthroughs will certainly be made for its application in casting design and modeling and simulation of the casting processes.

软件工程化方法在武器3D实体建模中的应用研究

针对复杂武器3D实体建模的需求,分析并比较了软件工程化中的瀑布模型、变换模型和增量模型等3种模型开发方法,首次将增量模型方法引入到武器3D实体建模中。基本思路是,首先根据需求分析得到的信息将武器3D实体模型划分为不同的增量构件,然后对增量构件进行详细设计并完成基于MultiGen Creator的构件开发与测试,最后进行增量构件组装和模型测试。结果表明,应用该方法有利于提高模型的可重用性和开发效率,同时使开发的模型满足视景仿真系统的逼真性和实时性的要求。

Fast and Stable Surface Feature Simulation for Particle-Based Fluids

In order to efficiently and realistically capture microscopic features of fluid surface,a fast and stable surface feature simulation approach for particle-based fluids is presented in this paper.This method employs a steady tension and adhesion model to construct surface features with the consideration of the adsorption effect of fluid to solid.Molecular cohesion and surface area minimization are appended for surface tension,and adhesion is added to better show the microscopic characteristics of fluid surface.Besides,the model is integrated to an implicit incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)method to improve the efficiency and stability of simulation.The experimental results demonstrate that the method can better simulates surface features in a variety of scenarios stably and efficiently.

Discussion on the sweep efficiency of hybrid steam-chemical process in heavy oil reservoirs: An experimental study

Non-condensable gas(NCG),foam and surfactant are the three commonly-used additives in hybrid steam-chemical processes for heavy oil reservoirs.Their application can effectively control the steam injection profile and increase the sweep efficiency.In this paper,the methods of microscale visualized experiment and macroscale 3D experiment are applied to systematically evaluate the areal and vertical sweep efficiencies of different hybrid steam-chemical processes.First,a series of static tests are performed to evaluate the effect of different additives on heavy oil properties.Then,by a series of tests on the microscale visualized model,the areal sweep efficiencies of a baseline steam flooding process and different follow-up hybrid EOR processes are obtained from the collected 2D images.Specifically,they include the hybrid steam-N_(2)process,hybrid steam-N2/foam process,hybrid steam-surfactant process and hybrid steam-N2/foam/surfactant process(N2/foam slug first and steam-surfactant co-injection then).From the results of static tests and visualized micromodels,the pore scale EOR mechanisms and the difference between them can be discussed.For the vertical sweep efficiencies,a macroscale 3D experiment of steam flooding process and a follow-up hybrid EOR process is conducted.Thereafter,combing the macroscale 3D experiment and laboratory-scaled numerical simulation,the vertical and overall sweep efficiencies of different hybrid steam-chemical processes are evaluated.Results indicate that compared with a steam flooding process,the areal sweep efficiency of a hybrid steam-N2process is lower.It is caused by the high mobility ratio in a steam-N2-heavy oil system.By contrast,the enhancement of sweep efficiency by a hybrid steam-N2/foam/surfactant process is the highest.It is because of the high resistance capacity of NCG foam system and the performance of surfactant.Specifically,a surfactant can interact with the oil film in chief zone and reduce the interfacial energy,and thus the oil droplets/films formed during steam injection stage are unlocked.For NCG foam,it can plug the chief steam flow zone and thus the subsequent injected steam is re-directed.Simultaneously,from the collected 2D images,it is also observed that the reservoir microscopic heterogeneity can have an important effect on their sweep efficiencies.From the 3D experiment and laboratory-scaled numerical simulation,it is found that a N2/foam slug can increase the thermal front angle by about 150 and increase the vertical sweep efficiency by about 26%.Among the four processes,a multiple hybrid EOR process(steam-N2/foam/surfactant process) is recommended than the other ones.This paper provides a novel method to systematically evaluate the sweep efficiency of hybrid steam-chemical process and some new insights on the mechanisms of sweep efficiency enhancement are also addressed.It can benefit the expansion of hybrid steam-chemical processes in the post steamed heavy oil reservoirs.

Application examples of 3D visual interpretation technology in Dagang Oilfield

3D visualization technology is a new seismic interpretation technology that is completely different from traditional seismic data interpretation technologies. This method takes geologic bodies or any 3D region of interest as a unit and integrates the points, lines, and planes of the bodies to make a 3D visual interpretation. This technology can be integrated with the coherence technique to interpret complex faults. Spatial domain automatic horizon tracing can accurately determine structural features. Target sculpting can determine the spatial dimensions and depth extent of perspective 3D lithology bodies using inversion data. I applied this technology to the interpretation of the complex block structures in the Guanxi area of Dagang Oilfield and the prediction of subtle reservoirs in the western slope of the Qinan sag with good results. This study indicated that the visual interpretation technology can be widely and effectively applied in oil field development and to improve the exploration success ratio.

Three-Dimensional Visual Analysis for Construction Layout of Reservoir Project

It is difficult to analyze the inter-relationship for the construction layout of a reservoir project scientifically and intuitively.According to the characteristics of broad field and huge information,the modeling methods of digital terrain and solid model as well as the techniques of texture mapping and scene navigation are adopted.The simulation system is developed by C program language,which includes the functions of the interactive navigation of 3D scene,the visual inquiry of project digital model information,the storage and management of project information.A certain reservoir is taken as a case.The 3D visual analysis for the construction layout and engineering information are obtained.The proposed system is of great advantages in dealing with large amount of information and the method provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the construction layout of a reservoir project.

Comparison of the Feasible Schemes for HT-7U Assembly Simulation

The whole superconducting HT-7U Tokamak is a high-cost and large-scale complicated device. The assembly requirement of HT-7U device is arduous and strict. At present, there have been no guiding principle for the assembly of the device, but assembly simulation can help the engineer plan and make decision by an intuitional and visual way before its actual assembly. The problem is that which scheme is most suitable should be solved primarily. From current research situation and technology progress of assembly simulation, this paper explained and analyzed four kinds of technological schemes of assembly simulation in common use. Finally, we got the most feasible scheme that was suitable for HT-7U assembly simulation by comparing their technological issues and difficult points of simulation among the four kinds of feasible schemes.

The Application of 3-D Visible Technology to Reservoir Management

The paper deals with the application of 3 -D visible technology to reservoir management. Making use of this method for expanding - spread data point in reservoir management, can discard the false and retain the true during data recording. As a result, The quality of data recording is ensured. In reservoir description, the reservoir characteristics, such as space distribution,physical change and fluid distribution may be identified by restoring palaeostructures, building - up 3-D facics tract model and 3-D fracture system model. Seismic interpretation, geologic modeling and numerical simulation are well integrated so that they can be promote reservoir performance management to develop into the intensive management pattern.

首套中国男、女数字化可视人体结构数据的可视化研究

目的 实现首套中国男、女数字化可视人体结构数据的计算机可视化。方法 在获得首套 (包括 1例男性和1例女性 )数字化可视人体结构数据集 (男性为 2 5 18个横断面 ,总数据量为 90 64 8GB ;女性为 3 64 0个横断面 ,总数据量为13 0 0 4GB)后 ,分别在SGI图像工作站和P4微机上 ,先对二维图像进行处理 ,然后经过在每幅图像上预留的定标点进行对位配准。重建时采用了两种方法 ,一是体绘制 (Volumerendering)重建 ;二是面绘制 (Surfacerendering)重建。结果 在SGI工作站和微机上分别实现了男、女数字化可视人体的整体和局部可视化。并且 ,通过革新三维重建和数据处理技术 ,实现了中国首套数字化人体数据的交互式三维可视化。结论 ①经过可视化研究检验 ,本研究组采集的首套中国男、女数字化可视人体数据集符合三维可视化的要求。②本研究建立起来的中国男、女数字化可视人体数据的交互式三维可视化平台 ,形成了数字人体解剖学和虚拟外科手术的雏形。③经过数据分割、分类。

三维可视化技术及其在层序地层分析中的应用

油田开发工作中面临的许多复杂地层对比问题对层序地层学理论和应用技术提出了更高的要求 ,而三维可视化技术是一种基于三维体的真三维计算机解释技术 ,利用该技术可对三维地震数据直接解释地层的构造、岩性及沉积特征 ,尤其在分析地层的沉积体系方面可显示出其巨大的优势。本文在研究某油田复杂的层序地层关系时 ,将传统的层序地层分析方法与三维可视化技术相结合 。

三维可视化技术在隐蔽油气藏勘探中的应用

隐蔽油气藏勘探对三维可视化技术的需求主要体现在复杂地质界面的三维显示、多学科研究成果的相互印证和三维可视化成果的人机交互等方面。通过对油气勘查三维可视化技术研究现状的分析,提出了以地理信息系统(GIS)为基础平台,通过对成果、三维建模、三维显示和评价过程的反复修正,实现三维可视化技术在隐蔽油气藏勘探中的应用。其中,三维建模技术采用地质统计学方法快速构造三维曲面;三维显示技术包括多个三维图层的联合显示和三维贴图显示技术;三维操作包括三维旋转、平移、飞行模拟等一系列三维图像显示方法。将上述技术综合应用于金湖凹陷隐蔽油气藏勘探中,取得了较好的效果。

三维含拓扑地质剖面三角剖分可视化研究

三维剖面是地质对象表达和地质问题分析中最基本和最常用的数据。该文分析三维复杂地质折剖面可视化存在的问题,并提出展开剖分算法。该方法保证了各点之间的水平距离与剖面拓扑关系不变,能够对由"多边形-弧段-结点"矢量结构构成的三维折剖面进行有效剖分。在此基础上实现了三维剖面的可视化,尤其合理解决了纹理映射中的纹理变形与重复接缝等问题。

开滦赵各庄矿断裂滞后突水数值仿真模拟

针对开滦赵各庄矿 13水平 (- 110 0m)F8断层破碎带穿越的首采区的安全回采评价问题 ,通过现场地应力实测、室内不同含水量情况下的断裂带物质的单轴、三轴常规和流变力学试验以及反演所确定的力学参数 ,对其进行弹塑性三维可视化数值仿真模拟 ,深刻地阐述了其弱化机理和主要控制因素 ,提出了煤层底板断裂构造突水时间弱化效应的新概念 ,并对不同水压、不同时效阶段条件下赵各庄矿 13水平首采区的安全回采方案作出了预测评价 .

大型行蓄洪区洪水演进数值模拟与三维可视化技术

本文以淮河临淮岗洪水控制工程为例,对行蓄洪区GIS数据库建设、洪水演进数值模拟、洪水演进动态显示、洪水预报及洪水调度、行蓄洪经济损失评估等进行了研究,并在三维GIS软件VrMap2.0 SDK平台下开发了一套大型行蓄洪区防洪减灾决策支持系统软件,实现了防洪工程枢纽建筑物及其场景编辑、浏览、地物属性查询及电子沙盘模拟、防洪调度数值模拟、洪水淹没过程显示、水流场信息查询、闸门运行状态监控、分类财产损失评估、财产受损残余状况、建筑物破坏程度直观表现的功能。

准噶尔盆地隐蔽油气藏的识别方法

本文将频谱分解技术、全三维可视化技术和全三维体解释技术应用于准噶尔盆地中的多个三维工区,有效地预测出了河道及储层岩性体的空间展布,并识别出了岩性圈闭的边界和幅度。通过这三项技术的成功应用,发现了S31井大型岩性油气藏,为准噶尔盆地的隐蔽油气藏勘探提供了新思路。值得注意的是,在研究隐蔽油气藏时,一定要选用合适的解释方法,方能收到成效。

港浅8-6井区河道砂体储层预测的综合研究

在对多种方法储层预测结果对比的基础上,采用三维可视化地震解释软件对大港油田港浅8-6井区明化镇组河道砂体进行了预测,提出了河道砂体三维可视化地震解释储层预测方法。其思路是:利用三维可视化解释软件的可视化解释功能,快速扫描数据体,寻找河道砂体,砂体与构造背景或与井点含油气信息结合寻找含油气潜力砂体,然后对潜力砂体进行预测和描述。该方法对于港东开发区平面上快速变化、纵向上频繁叠置的明化镇组曲流河薄砂体的预测取得了较好的效果,预测的NmⅢ4-2油层砂体已被完钻的7口新井所证实。三维可视化地震解释储层预测法可实现油层厚度仅为3．5-6．6 m的河道薄砂体的精细描述。