Study on Dominant Expression of Regional Culture of the Qinling Mountains in Local Residential Buildings

Regional culture of the Qinling Mountains shows distinct features since it was born in the local outstanding ecological environment, study on local architecture is significant for the dominant expression of regional culture, protection of local environment, and echoing with the theme of ecological civilization construction. This paper, on the basis of the mutual infl uence and evolution of regional culture and style of local residential buildings, explored the reasons for the weakening of local architectural style, and specified the signifi cance of promoting local style of the living environment. By studying the infl uence of local natural environment and humanistic environment on architectural style along the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains, the paper explored the expression of regional culture in residential buildings, with Xian Garden(Xi'an Yuanzi) as an example, and aimed at giving useful help to the dominant expression of regional culture in modern residential buildings.

Thermal adaptation in overheated residential buildings in severe cold area in China

The winter in the severe cold area of China is long and cold. The mean outdoor temperature is about-10. 0 ℃ during the winter in Harbin,while the indoor air temperature is often above24 ℃. How does the indoor environment influence human thermal comfort and adaptation in such an overheated environment?A combined approach of spot-reading measurements and occupant interview s w as adopted in nine residential buildings of five communities during the heating period in 2013-2014. Tw enty residents w ere chosen as respondents. Totally 308 valid questionnaires w ere collected. The heating periods w ere separated into three phases based on the outdoor temperature.The results show that the mean indoor air temperatures in theearly-,mid-and late-heating periods w ere 23. 6 ℃,24. 3 ℃and 25. 0 ℃,respectively,w hich w ere larger than or close to the upper limit recommended by thermal comfort standards, and slightly higher than the related thermal neutral temperatures. With the heating process,the mean clothing insulation of residents decreased. Opening w indow s and reducing clothing w ere mainly taken by the residents to adapt to the overheated environment.The thermal neutral temperature has an upw ard tendency w ith the increasing indoor air temperature. On the other hand,overheating in residential buildings w ould make residents open w indow s,w hich may cause thermal discomfort and energy w aste. Therefore,the low er limit of the comfort indoor air temperature range should be suggested as the heating temperature,w hich could fully arouse residents' adaptation and achieve sustainable building designs.

Application of natural ventilation of residential buildings in hot-humid regions

The current ventilation condition of the hot and humid regions was analyzed through on-site investigation. It is found that residents in this region expect to improve indoor thermal environment through natural ventilation as much as possible. Then,it comes to a conclusion by the field test that natural ventilation has certain practical effect on improving indoor thermal environment. CFD simulation software is employed to verify the test result. Based on PMV modified model,and according to norms,geography and climate combined with the measured and simulated results,the application of the time and effectiveness of natural ventilation in hot and humid region were analyzed,to some extent,providing a basis for reducing the air-conditioner's runtime with natural ventilation.

Development of Temperature-Humidity Independent Control Air-Conditioning Unit for Residential Buildings

Cooling panels are increasingly used in domestic residential buildings.To provide medium temperature cold water for the cooling panel,and dehumidify the indoor air simultaneously,a new kind of temperature-humidity independent control air-conditioning unit was developed for single residential house by utilizing multi-variable technology.First,the supply air temperature was studied to determine the proper supply air flow rate for the humidity control.Then,the energy consumption of different temperature-humidity independent control systems was studied.The analysis indicates that unity evaporating temperature can be used to handle the moisture load and sensible heat load in two evaporators.So the unit scheme was put forward.Two evaporators were used to produce medium temperature water and dry air separately,and electric expansion valves were used to control the refrigerant distribution between the two evaporators.Then,experimental work was carried out to investigate the influence of compressor frequency,refrigerant distribution on the dehumidification capacity,energy efficiency and refrigeration capacity.In the end,the paper concludes that both compressor frequency and refrigerant distribution can control the dehumidification capacity,but the former influences the EER more than the latter,while the latter influences the refrigeration capacity more than the former.We can find a proper running point at certain sensible and latent cooling load by adjusting both compressor frequency and electric expansion valve.The energy consumption of this kind of unit was estimated and compared with present room air conditioners,which shows that it can save about 41% cooling energy consumption.

Occupancy of rooms in urban residential buildings by users in cold areas of China

Occupancy is used to represent the movements and locations of users among various zones of buildings,and it is the basis of all other daily energy consumption behaviors.This study investigated eight families in cold areas of China based on occupancy measurements obtained in four main rooms,i.e.,living room,bedroom,kitchen,and bathroom.In particular,we analyzed the duration of user occupancy and hourly mean occupancy,and characterized their regular and random features.According to the results,we developed an event-based occupancy model using an inhomogeneous Markov chain,where the rooms were modeled and daily events were divided into three categories according to their randomness.We established a new method for conversion between event characteristic parameters and a transition probability matrix,as well as an overlap avoidance method for active events.The model was then validated using real data.The results showed that the model performed well in terms of two evaluation criteria.The model should improve the accuracy of simulations of occupancy.

Comprehensive evaluation and analysis of a nearly zero-energy building heating system using a multi-source heat pump in severe cold region

The integrated application of multi-energy coupled technology in nearly zero-energy building(NZEB)is promising from the perspective of low-carbon development to achieve the goal of net zero energy.PVT(photovoltaic/thermal),air,and ground sources were combined organically to establish an experimental platform of a multi-source heat pump(MSHP)system,which can realize flexible switching of multi-energy sources.The paper presents the analytical hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to comprehensively evaluate the five modes of the MSHP system with regard to energy,economic and environmental benefits.The results indicate that the waste heat of the PVT cavity can improve the coefficient of performance of the heat pump unit(COP)by approximately 8.0%.The initial investment in air source heat pump(ASHP)modes is lower than that of a coal-powered system.The ground source heat pump(GSHP)modes have high stability and their payback period is 8.81–10.66 years.The photovoltaic/thermal-dual source heat pump(PVT-DSHP)mode presents the most appropriate system applied in the NZEB in severe cold region,followed by the DSHP,GSHP,ASHP,and PVT-ASHP mode.When compared with other modes,COP,annual saving cost,carbon dioxide emission reduction,and comprehensive value of the PVT-DSHP mode have improved by 7.07%–29.57%,2.21%–23.88%,3.38%–14.83%,and 27.91%–52.62%,respectively.The study provides important insights into the practical application and sustainable development of multi-energy coupled systems in the NZEB in severe cold region.

Groundwater Utilisation for Energy Production in the Nordic Environment: An Energy Simulation and Hydrogeological Modelling Approach

Groundwater provides one option to utilise renewable energy sources. The long-term groundwater energy potential for three building complexes, situated at latitude of 64°, was investigated by combining an energy demand simulation for the buildings with hydrogeological modelling. First, a reference year for the building energy demand was created. Secondly, groundwater flow requirements were calculated. The results of the previous stages were utilised in groundwater heat transport modelling in an environment where the natural temperature of groundwater was 4.9°C. Finally, the long-term (50 years) groundwater energy potential was calculated. The groundwater maintained its heating potential during 50 years of operation. When both heating and cooling power were demanded, the long-term pumping rate of groundwater decreased by 60,000 m3/a. Energy utilisation created a cold groundwater plume downstream, in which the temperature decreased by 1 to 2.5°C within a distance of 300 m from the site. Groundwater can provide a long-term energy source for large building complexes in the Nordic climate. Results indicate that groundwater could effectively be utilised until the temperature reaches approximately 4°C. Accurate information on the building energy demand and hydrogeology is essential for successful operation.

寒冷地区农村居住建筑供暖能耗计算方法研究

分析了主要文献对多智能体的定义及其特征,对建筑环境与能源控制领域的多智能体控制系统应用的标准、常用框架和语言进行了综述和介绍,并对多智能体控制系统的不同系统架构、协调机制、优化算法进行了对比分析。针对建筑设备系统优化控制、单体建筑能源与环境优化控制、建筑与外部能源网络交互优化控制、建筑群与外部能源网络优化控制等不同层次的多智能体控制应用研究进行了综述,并对多智能体控制系统在建筑能源和环境领域应用中存在的时间序列优化、在线学习、计算不确定性、稳定性与收敛性等重要问题进行了讨论。

夏热冬冷地区居住建筑辐射型反射隔热涂料节能设计方法研究

辐射型反射隔热涂料在夏热冬冷地区居住建筑中的应用案例越来越多,其节能设计方法备受关注。等效热阻法是目前反射隔热涂料热工设计的标准方法,但相关文献研究指出,涂覆于非透明材料上的隔热涂料应采用太阳光直接反射比作为隔热评价指标,不宜用等效热阻来评价。通过上海某6层住宅建筑探讨了夏热冬冷地区居住建筑外墙采用辐射型反射隔热涂料的节能效果及其传热系数、太阳辐射吸收系数和表面发射率之间的关系,对比分析了采用参数直接计算与等效热阻法计算能耗结果,结果表明:1)辐射型反射隔热涂料隔热机理与反射隔热涂料差异明显;2)辐射型反射隔热涂料节能效果不适宜采用等效热阻法进行节能效果评价;3)辐射型反射隔热涂料墙体冬季保温热阻设计应充分考虑其对墙体温度的负面影响。

基于节能导向的寒冷地区医院建筑形态多目标寻优技术研究

建筑设计行业面临着能源需求不断增长的挑战,建筑模拟被广泛用于后期设计阶段.虽然早期阶段的设计已被证实会对建筑的整体性能产生重要影响,其在早期阶段设计决策对最终的建筑性能和成本有重大影响,但其应用仍然是有限的.本文提出了一种新的设计模拟方法,以节能导向为目标,遗传算法Octopus为工具,参数化模拟Grasshopper为平台,寒冷地区为背景,将参数化建模与多目标优化结合起来,以便实现快速迭代和权衡分析.综合考虑医院建筑功能的特殊性和多项限制条件,从总图布局、建筑单体和建筑局部三个方面分别进行变量控制,将节能纳入早期建筑设计的考虑要素中,并将医院建筑形态多目标寻优技术应用于实际工程项目中,有助于建立一套目标导向-自动寻优-设计决策的仿真模拟框架,该框架有利于主动、智能和基于经验的建筑仿真模拟,有助于在建筑设计早期做出决策.

多目标优化的寒冷地区养老建筑窗口优化设计——以济南地区机构类养老建筑为例

养老建筑的窗口设计是改善室内热环境、居室通风及采光条件的关键措施,参数化建模和多目标优化评价体系是建筑窗口设计优化的有效途径。文章基于养老建筑居室内自然采光性能与窗口太阳辐射量的分析,以窗口宽度、高度和遮阳板宽度为设计变量,运用参数化环境建模平台和多目标性能优化插件,设计了不同类别老年人居室标准单元的南向窗口最优解。结果表明:单人居室窗口设计最优解是窗户宽度为3.70 m、高度为1.65 m、遮阳板宽度为1.05 m,而多人居室窗口设计最优解则是窗户宽度为5.75 m、高度为2.25 m、遮阳板宽度为1.15 m;通过多目标优化方法可获得老年人居室窗口设计的方案集,从而为济南地区养老建筑窗口设计和室内环境优化提供参考。

寒地群体商业建筑气候适应性策略探讨

在严寒地区,气候条件对人们的出行产生了不利影响,尤其是在冬季。因此,群体商业建筑的外环境是人们主要活动的场所。本文以寒地某小镇群体商业建筑空间为研究对象,探讨了建筑空间与气候之间的关联,并分析了寒地气候对商业建筑外部空间的影响。综合提出适合寒地环境优化策略:在建筑布局上应充分考虑围合封式布局,采用保暖性能较好的建筑材料,并合理地布置景观和设施,以此提升群体商业空间活力。

三江源地区超低能耗农房节能降碳技术研究

本文以青海省玛多县某一超低能耗示范农房为对象,采用TRNSYS软件对围护结构和用能设备系统开展仿真模拟研究。结果表明,采用高性能围护结构的农房可在高寒地区实现超低能耗目标;减碳技术措施方面,太阳能光伏供暖和太阳能光热供生活热水具有良好的减碳效果,空气源热泵由于高寒气候导致效率较低,在减碳方面并不具备明显优势;供暖、生活热水和照明等三项用能需求中,前两者具有较大的减碳改造潜力,特别是充分利用太阳能进行供暖和供生活热水。

碳中和导向下寒地近零能耗建筑形态多目标优化研究

双碳目标的大背景下,严寒地区因特殊的气候条件,碳排放问题较为突出,且寒地近零能耗建筑热工性能优化空间有限。为研究严寒地区近零能耗建筑进一步降低碳排放的可能,以及建筑参数与碳排放等性能之间的关系,以中德节能中心为例,依托Rhino+Grasshopper平台,整体考虑建筑的产能端和用能端,按建筑参数层级不同,基于RBFOpt算法分形态、立面两个阶段进行多目标优化,并利用Simlab对建筑参数进行全局敏感性分析。结果表明:在近零能耗建筑围护结构热工性能已达限值的前提下,经过多目标优化,最优方案单位面积碳排放下降了4.75%,产能消费比提高了8.2%。证明多阶段多目标优化方法对于提升严寒地区近零能耗建筑性能、降低碳排放是有效的。另外,对于建筑碳排放敏感程度较高的两个参数是面宽进深比和天窗面积比。产能消费端协同的多阶段多目标优化方法可以为严寒地区近零能耗建筑设计与优化提供一定的借鉴参考。

严寒地区装配式钢结构ALC板围护体系试验房热工性能研究

针对一栋位于严寒地区的主体结构采用装配式钢管混凝土框架结构、墙面采用蒸压加气混凝土板(ALC)自承重墙结合外保温围护体系的单层居住功能试验房,在冬季采暖期采用原位测量非破坏性方法进行周期为119 d的连续测试,完成围护结构热工缺陷检测、室内湿热环境测试、围护结构热工性能测试。结果表明:ALC墙板竖向拼接板缝、钢管混凝土柱墙角、墙脚、窗体均存在热桥。试验房构造做法的墙体传热系数平均值为0.239 W/(m^(2)·K)。试验房蓄热性能良好,停暖后室内气温缓慢降低,历时7 d达到最低温度,基本保持恒定。恢复供暖后,室内气温快速回升。测试期内试验房平均气温为22.4℃,平均相对湿度为53.8%,舒适性良好。为严寒地区推广应用装配式钢结构和选择保温体系提供了实测数据支持。

寒冷地区绿色建筑结构散热过程仿真

由于寒冷地区气候条件复杂,温度变化剧烈,需要合理控制建筑散热以降低建筑能耗,防止能源过度消耗。因此,提出了寒冷地区绿色节能建筑散热过程的仿真研究。运用Z传递函数计算建筑墙壁传热,获得屋顶或墙壁等热传导的热量,根据建筑的热学性能和特殊边界条件,算出周期实际扰量。建立多层结构建筑散热的非定态热湿耦合传输模型,分析室内外空气的水蒸气交换量,并结合生命周期成本分析法获得节约能耗成本,实现绿色节能建筑散热过程的模拟。实验结果表明,所提方法的建筑散热控制好,建筑节能率高,且有效减少能源消耗的同时保持室内温度稳定。

寒冷地区农村住宅建筑能耗分析与供暖措施建议

针对农村特点,供暖能耗高且环境差,效果无法保证,以此为背景对农村供暖加以研究,通过合理设置外墙及其他手段来降低能耗。以山东省某市的典型农宅为研究对象,利用建筑能耗模拟软件DeST-h完成了建模,模拟了不同窗墙比及附加阳光间前后建筑的能耗情况。结果表明:北向窗墙比与热负荷呈正相关,且对夏季冷负荷的影响更大;增设附加阳光间能够有效提高基础室温并降低建筑能耗,当窗墙比为0.2、阳光间深度为1.2时的全年累积冷热负荷节能率达到了22.8%。研究结果可为完善农村建筑节能设计规范提供参考。

严寒地区城市住宅冬季居民热舒适研究

居住建筑室内热舒适度对舒适度感知、居民生活品质及建筑能耗具有重要的影响。文中以哈尔滨住宅为研究对象,抽样选取14户城市住宅,对冬季不同阶段室内热环境进行实测,分析得出时间和空间维度下的严寒地区冬季热环境现状及规律。结合主观问卷调查,建立严寒地区居民冬季各阶段热感觉评价模型,计算得出冬季三个阶段热中性温度分别为24、24.1、24.3℃,热期望温度分别为24.5、25.1、25.6℃。将实际热感觉模型与传统PMV模型进行比较,得出严寒地区城市住宅居民适应性热舒适特征。

数字时代高寒地区智能光伏变电站建设研究

随着数字时代的到来,电力企业在光伏产业升级优化过程中普遍加强了对数字技术要素的配置比例。目前,正值高寒地区智能光伏变电站建设关键时期,需要持续推进该方面的探究。文章在此背景下论述了数字时代高寒地区智能光伏变电站建设的重要性,通过剖析建设中存在的问题,分别从预装式设计、数字技术配置、全过程环境管理3个方面,提出了有利于促进其高效建设的对策建议。

严寒地区车站湿热环境耦合节能改造研究

在“双碳”目标下,针对乡村建筑节能发展不足的问题,文中以杜尔伯特烟筒屯车站为案例,探索了东北乡村建筑的节能改造策略。结合乡村环境、居民习惯及经济成本,通过增加保温层、增设被动式阳光间及优化室外环境等措施。通过绿建斯维尔软件模拟分析,结果显示改造后车站全年节能约35%,冬季室温提升10℃,有效提升了建筑能效与舒适度。为乡村建筑节能改造提供了实践参考,助力乡村绿色建筑发展。