Influence of decorative materials on cooling load of residential apartments

The influence of a polyvinyl chloride（PVC）-panel on the cooling load of a residential apartment in Mashad,Iran,is analyzed by the DeST-h software.And the summer natural ventilation of the residential apartment is investigated to determine the wind speed into the apartment through the computational fluid dynamics software.The evaluation results of the indoor wind velocity show that most parts of the apartment are comfortable.The cooling load of the penthouse can be decreased about 10.5% or 6.5% when an air layer exists or does not exist between the ceiling and the PVC-panel,respectively,indicating that the existence of the air layer can decrease the cooling load.However,the effect of the increase in the air layer＇s thickness on the decrease in the cooling load is obvious.Adding a thin layer of air between the ceiling and the PVC-panel is a good step toward sustainable buildings.

Influence of Horizontal Flow on Atrium in High-Rise Residential Building

In this study a 10-storied residential building model was employed to clarify the ventilation characteristics of the atrium and the rooms,which were effected by the different forms of lateral openings.The experiment was conducted under the combined effect of wind force and thermal buoyancy,and the similarity requirements were satisfied.The results have shown that the different forms of lateral openings cause the different ventilation effect of the building,and also have some certain regularity.The conclusions provide a theoretical foundation for how to use the ventilation of atrium better in high-rise residential building.

High-Rise Residential Reinforced Concrete Building Optimisation

In the last few decades structure optimisation has become a main task in a civil engineering project. As a matter of fact, due to the complexity and particularity of every structure, the great amount of variables and design criteria to considerate and many other factors, a general optimisation’s method is not simple to formulate. As a result, this paper focuses on how to provide a successful optimisation method for a particular building type, high-rise reinforced concrete buildings. The optimization method is based on decomposition of the main structure into substructures: floor system, vertical load resisting system, lateral load resisting system and foundation system;then each of the subsystems using the design criteria established at the building codes is improved. Due to the effect of the superstructure optimisation on the foundation system, vertical and lateral load resisting system is the last to be considered after the improvement of floor. Finally, as a case example, using the method explained in the paper, a 30-story-high high-rise residential building complex is analysed and optimised, achieving good results in terms of structural behaviour and diminishing the overall cost of the structure.

Flexible high-rise apartments with sparse wall-frame structure:A data-driven computational approach

Flexible housing resolves the fundamental conflicts between the long-standing structure and the evolving demands.We propose a computational method of optimizing the structural layout of high-rise residential buildings.Chinese high-rise apartment buildings have widely employed shear wall-frame structure in which one big room or multiple small rooms could occupy the same span.Fitting multiple floor plans into a fixed sparse scheme of shear walls and columns is feasible.We developed a computational framework to seek flexible structural schemes.A building scheme consists of a circulation core,shear walls,columns,and boundaries.The computer program automatically adapts floor plans to any drawn or generated scheme.Based on a large dataset of apartment layouts,the number of apartments that fit into a building scheme statistically reflects the flexibility of the scheme.If many hypothetical plans can fit into a wallframe structure in computer simulation,this structure could probably support several generations of unknown plans.Such a data-driven computational method provides the possibility of creating a one-to-many mapping between permanent structure and evolving apartment plans.

The role of furniture in exposure to non-ionizing radiation in a residential apartment

This article concerns the sources of non-ionizing radiation in a normal inhabited environment. Measurements show that residents are exposed to non-ionizing radiation in levels both below and above the European normative. Excess is present due to the fact that, producers of electronic equipment and appliances, those who use them, as well as those involved in the construction of housing, have insufficient acquaintance with non-ionizing radiation. Producers are advised to increase the coefficient of safety towards non-ionizing radiation by renewing technology. Users are advised to operate apparatus with the lowest possible power, to minimise time exposed to sources, to maximise the distance from them and to renew their appliances. Construction workers should take non-ionizing radiation more into consideration when furnishing of houses.

The mathematical model of kitchen smoke exhaust system in high-rise residential buildings considering the Influence of Stack effect

In high-rise buildings with large indoor and outdoor temperature difference,neglecting the effect of stack effect in smoke exhaust shafts may cause calculation error of the fluid network model.In this paper,the mathematical model of kitchen smoke exhaust system considering the influence of stack effect was put forward and it can be inserted different range hood sub-models.Compared with the results of six working conditions of the model without considering the stack effect,the error of the proposed model were reduced by 7.6%,4.3%,4.1%,2.8%,2.4%,and 2.1%.While the indoor and outdoor temperature difference varies from−5℃ to 49℃,the effect of stack effect on the pressure in the flue and the flow rate for each user was studied for six operating rates s.The results show that under the combined effect of stack effect and flue resistance,the static pressure of the kitchen smoke exhaust system showed a low-high-low distribution,and the maximum static pressure in the flue moved toward the bottom with the increase of temperature difference.User flow rates exhibit a low-high-low-high distribution,with an increased flow rate in the bottom users and the largest flow rate in the top users.

既有住宅维修管理探究——以日本公寓维修管理制度为例

文章首先聚焦日本公寓维修管理制度,系统阐释日本公寓长期维修计划的特点以及保障措施,重点分析日本公寓屋顶防水、外墙维护、门窗更换等16个标准维修项目的维修周期及其影响因素;其次,着重介绍无障碍、节能、环保、安全防范、便利性方面的升级改造项目,明确列出日本公寓维修准备金的计算与调整方法,以及多种交存方式;最后,归纳总结日本公寓管理计划的审核制度的参与主体和流程。上述日本在公寓维修方面的规定和经验,对完善我国既有住宅的维修管理技术体系和维修资金制度有一定的借鉴意义。

深圳市典型小区供水水力水质模型建设与应用

文章选择深圳市两个经过优质饮用水改造和远传水表安装的典型居民小区,通过小区供水管网与爬墙立管的拓扑绘制、用户水表挂接、用水量分配和用水模式设置、监测和校核数据设置、二供水泵曲线提取、边界条件设置等关键问题研究,建立起楼宇水力和水质模型。经过多点、连续和多时段实测数据的比对校核,使模型达到较好的精度。在此基础上,开展小区用户风险模拟、快速风险评估、二供运行优化等应用。该研究为探索小区模型的建设和应用提供了基础,初步形成小区水力、水质特征研究和评估的理论与方法。

转型期城市中小套型住宅设计的探索与实践

随着我国经济的高速发展,中小套型住宅设计已不再仅仅是单纯的建筑活动,而是一个关于城市居住空间的深层思索。这与居民的生活方式、社会文化背景、生态环境可持续发展等密切相关。因此,本文从多个方面对我国转型期城市中小套型住宅设计进行了剖析,并对其进行创新性设计,以便在有限空间内营造出更加人性化和高效的居住环境。

Impact of window and air-conditioner operation behaviour on cooling load in high-rise residential buildings

Space cooling is an important building energy end-use that was found in recent years to be significantly impacted by occupant behaviours.However,the majority of previous studies ignored the interplay between the operation of windows and air conditioners(ACs)on cooling load,particularly in building energy modelling.In addition,studies on the analysis of cooling load characteristics regarding high-rise buildings are insufficient.The vertical effect of high-rise buildings on cooling load remains vague.This study thus aims to examine how window and AC operation behaviours impact the cooling load of high-rise buildings in an urban context demonstrated by a real-life typical 40-floor residential building in Hong Kong.This study investigates window and AC operation behaviours jointly and examines the vertical effect on cooling load by using agent-based building energy modelling(BEM)techniques and initiating stochastic and diverse behaviour modes.A carefully designed questionnaire survey was conducted to help build behaviour modes and validate energy models.Ninety building energy models were established integrating meteorological parameters generated by the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)programme for ten typical floors and nine combinations of window and AC behaviour modes.The results show that comfort-based AC modes and schedule-based window modes yielded the lowest cooling load.Considering the combined effect of AC and window uses,the maximum difference in cooling loads could be 26.8%.Behaviour modes and building height induce up to 32.4%differences in cooling loads.Besides,a deviation between the behaviour modes and height on the cooling load was found.The findings will help develop a thorough energy model inferring occupants’window and AC behaviour modes along with the building height in high-rise residential buildings.The findings indicate that the interaction impact of window and AC behaviour modes and height should be jointly considered in future high-rise building energy modelling,building energy standards,and policymaking.

Resident's Floor Level Preference in High-Rise Residential Buildings in China:A Case Study of Shijiazhuang City,Hebei Province

With the constant advance of global urbanization and aggravation of urban construction land scarcity,high-rise residential buildings have become one of the main carriers of urban residential function on account of both land saving and large housing requirement.However,relevant studies on consumers' floor selection preference in high-rise residential buildings,regarding what inherent and regular features and causes it has,are still insufficient,despite that related issues have important practical significance for real estate developers and designers' decision making in terms of dwelling size ratio,floor area,indoor layout,and so on.This study,based on systematic examination of existing domestic and international researches,seeks to make empirical tests and generalization on the above issues from the aspect of "utility function"(safety,comfortableness,accessibility and economic efficiency) of the living environment that impacted by different floor levels,and floor selection features regarding consumers' social and family structure attributes,as well as the intrinsic correlation between them.The results show the existence of floor level preference in high-rise residential buildings.Its essence is a personalized characterization of consumers' social and family structures' attributes in selecting the "utility function" of the living environment,as the preference value differs under various attributes including gender,age,income,family members and others.

杭州市装配式人才公寓模块化设计探讨

文章以杭州市装配式人才公寓设计项目为例,着眼于当今城市发展中存在的资源浪费和青年人才居住保障问题,提出模块化设计理念,阐述项目从需求入手至设计方案总体策略,为我国装配式人才公寓设计提供参考。

日本住宅团地的再生

日本在上世纪于城市各处兴建的住宅团地*1,在经过了几十年的居住使用后,如今已经逐渐老化。因此,政府和企业正在对其进行各种重建和更新工作。这其中也包括诸如增设电梯、内装改造等提升工程。同时,随着老龄化问题日趋严重,护理和医疗服务也亟待完善。为此,日本国土交通省正在完善相关制度,并向相关人员提供有效的技术信息支持。城市再生机构*2管理着约70万套租赁住房,如今,其正在研发集合住宅的再生技术,并与民营企业合作,一同致力于住宅团地的再生。除了住宅内部内装层面的改造外,提升整栋住宅的抗震性及设置电梯等在躯体层面的改造,以及整个团地在城市肌理层面的更新也正得以实现。

The Landscape Design of the Ankang South Affordable Housing in BinZhou

Under the principle of economy,ecology,function,landscape and personalization,the landscape of Ankang South Affordable Housing in Binzhou has been designed in accordance with the characteristic of affordable application apartment and the local soil and climatic conditions in Binzhou.Making the scenery by the plants primarily and selecting the trees with stronger resistance to soline-alkalic soil,cold,and drought,the whole design has been divided into 4 scenic spots and 23 gardens.

保障性住房规划及空间选址的社会学分析

当前保障性住房多采用独立集中的建设方式,且大多选址在城市边缘区域,导致中国城市出现居住空间分异,产生严重的社会隔离。文章针对此进行分析,就今后的保障性住房规划及选址提出了建议。

单元式住宅楼火灾数值模拟

根据高层单元式住宅楼的特点建立典型的住宅楼模型,并利用FDS软件对其进行火灾数值模拟。分别选取卧室、客厅和厨房三个火灾场景对各房间、走廊和楼梯内的温度场、CO摩尔分数及能见度的分布进行数值模拟分析,得出各自的分布规律。火后单元内的温度、CO摩尔分数和能见度指标都在短时间内超过人体所能承受的极限值,起火单元内的人员应在第一时间尽快疏散。一个单元内部发生火灾,其他单元的人员的疏散主要受能见度的影响。

物业小区管理的专制特征与社会化服务之路

我国终止单位住房分配制度并实施住房自有化改革之后,小区物业管理行业随之兴起,但业主与物业管理公司之间的冲突与抗争不断加剧。究其原因,是对物业小区实行了区域封闭的专制式管理。城市化发展较早国家的相关经验对我国具有借鉴意义。美国和加拿大已经建立起较为完善的共管式公寓治理体系,物业管理是借助开放的社会化服务实现的。因此,积极发展专业服务机构为物业小区提供技术服务,将是打破我国物业小区封闭式管理模式、减少业主与物业服务公司利益冲突、实现社区利益和谐的基础条件。

广西某老年公寓老年人的健康状况调查

目的:了解老年公寓老年人的健康状况。方法:以描述性横断面调查研究的方法对某老年公寓入住老年人的健康状况进行调查。以普查的形式获得能最低限度代表总体样本的一套数据,调查的对象为351名入住某老年公寓的老年人。调查以问卷的形式对老年人进行采访,调查的内容主要是:(1)老年人基本情况。(2)老年人身体健康状况,包括健康认知,过去健康状况,疾病,老年问题,健康行为。(3)生理功能(日常生活自理能力和工具性日常生活自理能力)。(4)心理功能(认知和情绪)。调查结果应用社会科学统计程序包SPSS对原始数据进行描述性分析。结果:此次调查建立了老年公寓中老年人的健康状况的基本数据库。结论:为了提高在老年机构中需要长期照料老年人健康状况,建议未来着眼于群组研究以进一步探察更多老年人健康的变化情况,以及探索在养老机构的医护人员需要具备哪项具体能力和技能才能胜任这项特殊且重要和有意义的工作。

对廉租公寓建设的思考

在我国城市化不断加快的背景下,以暂住人口为主体的城市过渡群体具有特殊的住房需求。由于城市住房供应结构尚不完善,过渡群体对过渡房的需求主要由城中村出租房和部分社会出租房提供。随着城中村改造的完成,过渡房需求将存在供给主体的缺失。因此,需要建立以福利性为主、部分微利性为辅的多层次、多类型的廉租公寓,通过政府主导,设立规划、建设、土地、财政等多部门联动协调的专职部门,进行多渠道筹集资金,结合城中村改造进行统筹规划、合理布局,并加强后期公共管理与服务工作。

长租公寓居住满意度影响因素及对策研究——以武汉市为例

利用问卷调查数据,运用多元线性回归方法,对当前武汉市长租公寓居住满意度影响因素进行分析。研究结果显示:武汉市住户的满意度总体上较高,建筑特征、区位环境、物业管理、社区运营、性价感知和企业形象6个因素都对长租公寓居住满意度有显著的正影响,其中,性价感知是最重要的影响因素,企业形象次之,其他因素影响较小。针对这一分析结论提出了完善产品组合、深化政企合作、加大宣传力度等对策。