Poisson rectangular pulse(PRP)model establishment based on uncertainty analysis of urban residential water consumption patterns

The commonly used Poisson rectangular pulse(PRP)model,employed for simulating high-resolution residential water consumption patterns(RWCPs),relies on calibration via medium-resolution RWCPs obtained from practical measurements.This introduces inevitable uncertainty stemming from the measured RWCPs,which consequently impacts the precision of model simulations.Here we enhance the accuracy of the PRP model by addressing the uncertainty of RWCPs.We established a critical sampling size of 2000 household water consumption patterns(HWCPs)with a data logging interval(DLI)of 15 min to attain dependable RWCPs.Through Genetic Algorithm calibration,the optimal values of the PRP model's parameters were determined:pulse frequency lλ=91 d^(-1),mean of pulse intensity E(I)=0.346 m^(3) h^(-1),standard deviation of pulse intensity STD(I)=0.292 m^(3) h^(-1),mean of pulse duration E(D)=40 s,and standard deviation of pulse duration STD(D)=55 s.Furthermore,validation was conducted at both HWCP and RWCP levels.We recommend a sampling size of2000 HWCPs and a DLI of30 min for PRP model calibration to balance simulation precision and practical implementation.This study significantly advances the theoretical foundation and real-world application of the PRP model,enhancing its role in urban water supply system management.

Analysis on Transmission Heat Loss in Hot Water System of Residential Building

Based on the data of China Statistical Yearbooks, the current situation and development trend of the energy consumption of residential hot-water was discussed in this paper. Two hundred and sixty eight apartments were surveyed on the installation and operation situations of residential water heaters in five cities. Based on survey data, the proportion of pipeline heat loss was calculated in the energy consumption of a shower/bath. The influence factors of heat loss in residential hot-water pipeline network were discussed, and the measures were suggested for reducing the transport heat loss. The statistics and analysis conclusion have directive significance to reducing the transport heat loss.

Impact of Urban Water Pricing on Future Water Demand： A ＇Socioeconomic＇ Study in Greece

The main aim of this study is to assess various aspects of the current water policy, investigate the perspectives of water saving, evaluate water price elasticity and explore new approaches toward sustainable water management in the water sector, through a questionnaire survey that has been performed in the city of Volos, Greece, concerning the residential sector. The appropriate design of water management measures presupposes the investigation of the influence of some selected variables to consumers＇ behavior. The price of water, the size of the dwelling, the indoor and outdoor uses, the educational level, the income of consumers as well as rainfall and temperature levels are examined, the residential water demand curve is estimated and projections of future water demand under different pricing policies are performed.

Impact of Low-Impact Development Technologies from an Ecological Perspective in Different Residential Zones of the City of Atlanta, Georgia

Low-impact development （LID） technologies have a great potential to reduce water usage and stormwa- ter runoff and are therefore seen as sustainable improvements that can be made to traditional water infrastructure, These technologies include bioretention areas, rainwater capturing, and xeriscaping, all of which can be used in residential zones, Within the City of Atlanta, residential water usage accounts for 53% of the total water consumption; therefore, residential zones offer significant impact potential for the implementation of LID, This study analyzes the use of LID strategies within the different residen- tial zones of the City of Atlanta from an ecological perspective by drawing analogies to natural ecosys- tems, The analysis shows that these technologies, especially with the addition of a graywater system, work to improve the conventional residential water network based upon these ecological metrics, The higher metric values suggest greater parity with healthy, natural ecosystems.