Residual symmetry, CRE integrability and interaction solutions of two higher-dimensional shallow water wave equations

Two(3+1)-dimensional shallow water wave equations are studied by using residual symmetry and the consistent Riccati expansion(CRE) method. Through localization of residual symmetries, symmetry reduction solutions of the two equations are obtained. The CRE method is applied to the two equations to obtain new B?cklund transformations from which a type of interesting interaction solution between solitons and periodic waves is generated.

Multiple Darboux–B?cklund transformations via truncated Painleve′ expansion and Lie point symmetry approach

For a given truncated Painleve′ expansion of an arbitrary nonlinear Painleve′ integrable system, the residue with respect to the singularity manifold is known as a nonlocal symmetry, called the residual symmetry, which is proved to be localized to Lie point symmetries for suitable prolonged systems. Taking the Korteweg–de Vries equation as an example, the n-th binary Darboux–Ba¨cklund transformation is re-obtained by the Lie point symmetry approach accompanied by the localization of the n-fold residual symmetries.

Residual symmetry, interaction solutions, and conservation laws of the(2+1)-dimensional dispersive long-wave system

We explore the （2＋l）-dimensional dispersive long-wave （DLW） system. From the standard truncated Painleve expansion, the Baicklund transformation （BT） and residual symmetries of this system are derived. The introduction to an appropriate auxiliary dependent variable successfully localizes the residual symmetries to Lie point symmetries. In particular, it is verified that the （2＋l）-dimensional DLW system is consistent Riccati expansion （CRE） solvable. If the special form of （CRE）-consistent tanh-function expansion （CTE） is taken, the soliton-cnoidal wave solutions and corresponding images can be explicitly given. Furthermore, the conservation laws of the DLW system are investigated with symmetries and Ibragimov theorem.

Residual symmetry reductions and interaction solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional Burgers equation

In nonlinear physics, it is very difficult to study interactions among different types of nonlinear waves. In this paper,the nonlocal symmetry related to the truncated Painleve′ expansion of the（2＋1）-dimensional Burgers equation is localized after introducing multiple new variables to extend the original equation into a new system. Then the corresponding group invariant solutions are found, from which interaction solutions among different types of nonlinear waves can be found.Furthermore, the Burgers equation is also studied by using the generalized tanh expansion method and a new Ba¨cklund transformation（BT） is obtained. From this BT, novel interactive solutions among different nonlinear excitations are found.

Painlevé property, local and nonlocal symmetries, and symmetry reductions for a (2+1)-dimensional integrable KdV equation

The Painlevé property for a(2+1)-dimensional Korteweg–de Vries(KdV) extension, the combined KP3(Kadomtsev–Petviashvili) and KP4(cKP3-4), is proved by using Kruskal’s simplification. The truncated Painlevé expansion is used to find the Schwartz form, the Bäcklund/Levi transformations, and the residual nonlocal symmetry. The residual symmetry is localized to find its finite Bäcklund transformation. The local point symmetries of the model constitute a centerless Kac–Moody–Virasoro algebra. The local point symmetries are used to find the related group-invariant reductions including a new Lax integrable model with a fourth-order spectral problem. The finite transformation theorem or the Lie point symmetry group is obtained by using a direct method.

Explicit solutions from residual symmetry of the Boussinesq equation

The Bcklund transformation related symmetry is nonlocal, which is hard to be applied in constructing solutions for nonlinear equations. In this paper, the residual symmetry of the Boussinesq equation is localized to Lie point symmetry by introducing multiple new variables. By applying the general Lie point method, two main results are obtained： a new type of Backlund transformation is derived, from which new solutions can be generated from old ones; the similarity reduction solutions as well as corresponding reduction equations are found. The localization procedure provides an effective way to investigate interaction solutions between nonlinear waves and solitons.

Testing the Results of Measurements of Neutrino Parameters Using the Dirac CPV Phase Formula

Essentially the main intention of this paper was to test the formula for the Dirac CPV phase and see if it can reflect the results of experimental measurements of neutrino parameters. By knowing the mathematical formula for the Dirac CPV phase, a connection was established with some of the residual symmetry groups, which made it possible to develop a procedure for directly determining the range in which the numerical value for the Dirac CPV phase could be found. In this sense, two different sources of information containing measured data for neutrinos were used for the corresponding calculations, and then a comparative overview of the calculated results was presented. It is particularly emphasized that the formula for the Dirac CPV phase does not depend on the mixing angles that are incorporated into the PMNS matrix, but only on the ratio between the corresponding squares of the neutrino mass difference. All the numerous results obtained from the corresponding calculations for the Dirac CPV phase point to the justified introduction of the theory that is related to three neutrinos, and thus the agreement of our results with the STEREO experiment is justified, so that the hypothesis of the possible existence of a sterile neutrino in nature should be excluded.

Exact solutions and residual symmetries of the Ablowitz–Kaup–Newell–Segur system

The residual symmetries of the Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur （AKNS） equations are obtained by the truncated Painleve analysis. The residual symmetries for the AKNS equations are proved to be nonlocal and the nonlocal residual symmetries are extended to the local Lie point symmetries of a prolonged AKNS system. The local Lie point symme- tries of the prolonged AKNS equations are composed of the residual symmetries and the standard Lie point symmetries, which suggests that the residual symmetry method is a useful complement to the classical Lie group theory. The calcula- tion on the symmetries shows that the enlarged equations are invariant under the scaling transformations, the space-time translations, and the shift translations. Three types of similarity solutions and the reduction equations are demonstrated. Furthermore, several types of exact solutions for the AKNS equations are obtained with the help of the symmetry method and the Backlund transformations between the AKNS equations and the Schwarzian AKNS equation.

New interaction solutions of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation

The residual symmetry relating to the truncated Painlev6 expansion of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili （KP） equation is nonlocal, which is localized in this paper by introducing multiple new dependent variables. By using the standard Lie group approach, new symmetry reduction solutions for the KP equation are obtained based on the general form of Lie point symmetry for the prolonged system. In this way, the interaction solutions between solitons and background waves are obtained, which are hard to find by other traditional methods.

Bcklund transformations for the Burgers equation via localization of residual symmetries

We obtain the non-local residual symmetry related to truncated Painlev~ expansion of Burgers equation. In order to localize the residual symmetry, we introduce new variables to prolong the original Burgers equation into a new system. By using Lie＇s first theorem, we obtain the finite transformation for the localized residual symmetry. More importantly, we also Iocalize the linear superposition of multiple residual symmetries to find the corresponding finite transformations. It is interesting to find that the n-th B^icklund transformation for Burgers equation can be expressed by determinants in a compact way.

Residual symmetries, consistent-Riccati-expansion integrability, and interaction solutions of a new(3+1)-dimensional generalized Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation

With the aid of the Painlevé analysis, we obtain residual symmetries for a new(3+1)-dimensional generalized Kadomtsev–Petviashvili(gKP) equation. The residual symmetry is localized and the finite transformation is proposed by introducing suitable auxiliary variables. In addition, the interaction solutions of the(3+1)-dimensional gKP equation are constructed via the consistent Riccati expansion method. Particularly, some analytical soliton-cnoidal interaction solutions are discussed in graphical way.

The residual symmetry,Bäcklund transformations,CRE integrability and interaction solutions:(2+1)-dimensional Chaffee–Infante equation

In this paper,we consider the(2+1)-dimensional Chaffee-Infante equation,which occurs in the fields of fluid dynamics,high-energy physics,electronic science etc.We build Bäcklund transformations and residual symmetries in nonlocal structure using the Painlevétruncated expansion approach.We use a prolonged system to localize these symmetries and establish the associated one-parameter Lie transformation group.In this transformation group,we deliver new exact solution profiles via the combination of various simple(seed and tangent hyperbolic form)exact solution structures.In this manner,we acquire an infinite amount of exact solution forms methodically.Furthermore,we demonstrate that the model may be integrated in terms of consistent Riccati expansion.Using the Maple symbolic program,we derive the exact solution forms of solitary-wave and soliton-cnoidal interaction.Through 3D and 2D illustrations,we observe the dynamic analysis of the acquired solution forms.

Residual Symmetry of the Alice-Bob Modified Korteweg-de Vries Equation

Starting from the truncated Painlev′e expansion, the residual symmetry of the Alice-Bob modified Kortewegde Vries(AB-mKdV) equation is derived. The residual symmetry is localized and the AB-mKdV equation is transformed into an enlarged system by introducing one new variable. Based on Lie's first theorem, the finite transformation is obtained from the localized residual symmetry. Further, considering the linear superposition of multiple residual symmetries gives rises to N-th B?cklund transformation in the form of the determinant. Moreover, the P_sT_d(the shifted parity and delayed time reversal) symmetric exact solutions(including invariant solution, breaking solution and breaking interaction solution) of AB-mKdV equation are presented and two classes of interaction solutions are depicted by using the particular functions with numerical simulation.