Evaluation and screening for resistance of some varieties(lines)to major diseases and insect pests of rice

During 1984-1988,2,231 varieties(lines)from International Rice Testing Program(IRTP)were evaluated and screened for resistance to riceblast(Bl),bacterial blight(BB),sheath blight

The TaFIM1 gene mediates wheat resistance against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and responds to abiotic stress

Fimbrin, a regulator of actin cytoskeletal dynamics that participates in numerous physiological and biochemical processes, controls multiple developmental processes in a variety of tissues and cell types. However, the role of fimbrin in pathogen defense of wheat and the mechanisms have not been well studied. Here, we investigated that the expression of TaFIM1 gene of wheat was significantly induced in response to avirulent race of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici(Pst) and silencing of TaFIM1 by virus-induced gene silencing method. The results show that silencing of TaFIM1 resulted in a reduction of resistance against the stripe rust indicated by both phenotypes and a histological examination of Pst growth. Additionally, the expression level of Ta FIM1 gene was up-regulated under abiotic stresses. These findings suggest that Ta FIM1 functions as a positive regulator of pathogen resistance of wheat plants and response to abiotic stress. Our work may show new light on understanding the roles of fimbrin in wheat.

Effects of silicon amendment on the occurrence of rice insect pests and diseases in a field test

Rice is one of the most important staple foods for the world population,but it is attacked by a number of destructive pests.While evidence from greenhouse and laboratory tests has shown that silicon（Si）amendment can confer enhanced resistance to pests in rice,few studies have directly demonstrated the Si-mediated protection from pests in a field situation.In this study,field plots with silicon amendments at 0,75,150 and 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 in early-and late-season rice were employed to evaluate the effects of silicon amendment on the occurrence of major insect pests and diseases and rice yield.Compared with the control plots without silicon amendment,plant damage by stem borer and leaf folder and population size of planthopper were significantly lower in three to five of the seven monitoring observations in each season in the plots amended with 300 kg SiO2 ha-1.The disease index of rice blast in the early-season rice was lower in the plots amended with Si at 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 than in the control plots,while Si protection from rice blast in the late-season rice and from rice sheath blight in the early-season rice were not apparent.An insignificant increase of rice yield by 16.4%（604 kg ha-1）was observed in the plots amended with 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 over the control plots.Our results indicate that Si amendment at 300kg SiO2 ha-1 can provide substantial protection from some of the rice pests under field conditions.These findings support the recommendation of silicon amendment as a key component of integrated management of rice pests.

Resequencing-based QTL mapping for yield and resistance traits reveals great potential of Oryza longistaminata in rice breeding

As a natural genetic reservoir, wild rice contains many favorable alleles and mutations conferring high yield and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, there are few reports describing favorable genes or QTL from the AA genome wild rice O. longistaminata, which is characterized by tall and robust habit and long tassels and anthers and shows high potential for use in cultivated rice improvement. We constructed a stable BC_(2)F_(20) backcross inbred line(BIL) population of 152 lines from the cross of 9311 × O.longistaminat. Some BILs showed large panicles, large seeds, and strong resistance to rice false smut, bacterial leaf blight, rice blast spot, and brown planthopper. Genomic resequencing showed that the 152 BILs covered about 99.6% of the O. longistaminata genome. QTL mapping with 2432 bin markers revealed 13QTL associated with seven yield traits and eight with resistance to brown planthopper and to four diseases. Of these QTL, 12 for grain yield and 11 for pest and disease resistance are novel in Oryza species.A large-panicle NIL1880 line containing QTL qPB8.1 showed a nearly 50% increase in spikelet number and27.5% in grain yield compared to the recurrent parent 9311. These findings support the potential value of O. longistaminata for cultivated rice improvement.

Crop diversity and pest management in sustainable agriculture

Large-scale crop monocultures facilitate the proliferation and increasing prevalence of diseases and pest insects.Many studies highlight the impacts of plant diversification upon pathogens,and the population dynamics of insects and beneficial organism in agricultural ecosystems.These studies provide evidence that habitat manipulation techniques such as intercropping,relay,and rotation can significantly improve disease and pest management.This review introduces the concept of crop diversity,considers recent insights and mechanisms underlying crop diversity,and discusses its potential for improving sustainable agricultural practices.Recently,the phytobiomes resulting from increased crop diversity are increasingly recognized for their contribution to disease and pest control.Further,understanding the interactions between pathogens or pests with their host phytobiome may lead to novel options for the prevention of pests.Recent advances in the agricultural systems include:(i)a better understanding of the mechanisms of interactions between crop species and genotypes;(ii)ecological progress including a better understanding of the context-dependency of those interactions;and(iii)the role of microtopographic variation in agricultural systems for priming basal resistance to multiple pests and pathogens by intercropped crops.We also highlight recent progress in China and the potential options for habitat management and design that enhance the ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems.

Experimental models of metabolic and alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a multi-systemic disease that is considered the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome(MetS).Because alcohol consumption in NAFLD patients is common,there is a significant overlap in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and alcoholic liver disease(ALD).Indeed,MetS also significantly contributes to liver injury in ALD patients.This“syndrome of metabolic and alcoholic steatohepatitis”(SMASH)is thus expected to be a more prevalent presentation in liver patients,as the obesity epidemic continues.Several pre-clinical experimental models that couple alcohol consumption with NAFLDinducing diet or genetic obesity have been developed to better understand the pathogenic mechanisms of SMASH.These models indicate that concomitant MetS and alcohol contribute to lipid dysregulation,oxidative stress,and the induction of innate immune response.There are significant limitations in the applicability of these models to human disease,such as the ability to induce advanced liver injury or replicate patterns in human food/alcohol consumption.Thus,there remains a need to develop models that accurately replicate patterns of obesogenic diet and alcohol consumption in SMASH patients.

Role of oxidative stress in endothelial insulin resistance

The International Diabetes Federation estimates that 316million people are currently affected by impaired glucose tolerance(IGT).Most importantly,recent forecasts anticipate a dramatic IGT increase with more that 470million people affected by the year 2035.Impaired insulin sensitivity is major feature of obesity and diabetes and is strongly linked with adverse cardiometabolic phenotypes.However,the etiologic pathway linking impaired glucose tolerance and cardiovascular disease remains to be deciphered.Although insulin resistance has been attributed to inflammatory programs starting in adipose tissue,emerging evidence indicates that endothelial dysfunction may represent the upstream event preceding peripheral impairment of insulin sensitivity.Indeed,suppression of reactive oxygen species-dependent pathways in the endothelium has shown to restore insulin delivery to peripheral organs by preserving nitric oxide(NO)availability.Here we describe emerging theories concerning endothelial insulin resistance,with particular emphasis on the role oxidative stress.Complex molecular circuits including endothelial nitric oxide synthase,prostacyclin synthase,mitochondrial adaptor p66^(Shc),nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase oxidase and nuclear factor kappa-B are discussed.Moreover,the review provides insights on the effectiveness of available compounds(i.e.,ruboxistaurin,sildenafil,endothelin receptor antagonists,NO donors)in restoring endothelial insulin signalling.Taken together,these aspects may significantly contribute to design novel therapeutic approaches to restore glucose homeostasis in patients with obesity and diabetes.

Lack of association between apolipoprotein C3 gene polymorphisms and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a Chinese Han population

AIM:To investigate the association between two polymorphisms of apolipoprotein C3(APOC3)and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)in a Chinese Han population.METHODS:Genotypes for rs2854116 and rs2854117in APOC3 and the known rs738409 in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3(PNPLA3)in 390patients with NAFLD and 409 control subjects were determined by sequencing and polymerase chain reaction analysis.Serum lipid profiles were determined using biochemical methods,and an index of insulin resistance(IR,HOMA-IR),serum APOC3 concentrations and total antioxidant status(TAS)were also assessed.RESULTS:No significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies of rs2854116 and rs2854117 were found between the NAFLD population and the controls(P>0.05).The OR for the association between-455Cand-482T allele carriers and the risk of NAFLD were1.06(95%CI:0.72-1.57,P>0.05)and 1.00(95%CI:0.68-1.48,P>0.05),respectively.The variant carriers did not have a significantly increased risk of NAFLD or elevated clinical and biochemical parameters such as APOC3 concentrations,IR(1.42±0.43 vs 1.48±0.52,P>0.05),liver enzymes and TAS(13.94±2.01vs 14.38±1.92,P>0.05)compared with the controls.Moreover,the results were similar when testing was carried out independent of the genetic variation in PNPLA3.CONCLUSION:The two polymorphisms of the APOC3gene are not associated with a risk of NAFLD,or with lipid profiles,IR and oxidative stress in the Chinese Han population.

Modern approach to the clinical management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is the most common and emerging form of chronic liver disease worldwide.It includes a wide spectrum of liver diseases ranging from simple fatty liver to steatohepatitis,which may progress to cirrhosis,liver cancer,and liver mortality.Common metabolic diseases,which are well established cardiovascular risk factors,have been associated to NAFLD and cardiovascular disease is the single most important cause of morbidity and mortality in this patient population.The pathogenesis of NAFLD appears multifactorial and many mechanisms have been proposed as possible causes of fatty liver infiltration.Management of fatty liver has become a major challenge to healthcare systems as the consequence of the increasing rates of obesity worldwide.First-line management focuses on lifestyle modifications.Moderate weight reduction either by dietary restriction or by increased habitual physical activity is safe and highly recommended.Several therapeutic interventions have been proposed.These include insulin sensitizer agents,lipid lowering drugs,antioxidants such as vitamin E and supplementation of vitamin D3.However,therapeutic strategies have been largely empirical so far,and experimental trials have mostly been carried out in uncontrolled settings with small sample sizes.Metabolic conditions such as diabetes mellitus,obesity,hypertension and hyperlipidemia,should be strongly considered and a multidisciplinary approach should be personalized for individual patients.Treatment of co-morbidities should be regarded as of paramount importance in the management of these patients.The purpose of this review is to examine different approaches for the clinical management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Overview and developments in noninvasive diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

High prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and very diverse outcomes that are related to disease form and severity at presentation have made the search for noninvasive diagnostic tools in NAFLD one of the areas with most intense development in hepatology today.Various methods have been investigated in the recent years,including imaging methods like ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging,different forms of liver stiffness measurement,various biomarkers of necroinflammatory processes (acute phase reactants,cytokines,markers of apoptosis),hyaluronic acid and other biomarkers of liver fibrosis.Multicomponent tests,scoring systems and diagnostic panels were also developed with the purposes of differentiating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis from simple steatosis or discriminating between various fibrosis stages.In all of the cases,performance of noninvasive methods was compared with liver biopsy,which is still considered to be a gold standard in diagnosis,but is by itself far from a perfect comparative measure.We present here the overview of the published data on various noninvasive diagnostic tools,some of which appear to be very promising,and we address as well some of still unresolved issues in this interesting field.

泛菌属内生菌YMR3提高花生植株对几种病虫害生物胁迫的抗性研究

花生在生长过程中常常受到蚜虫、叶螨、黄曲霉和黑曲霉的侵害。如何在花生生长过程中避免或减轻病虫害等生物胁迫的侵害,是解决花生生长发育的重要问题之一。内生菌不仅可以促进花生的生长,还可提高花生对病虫害的抗性。本文探究从粤油7号根系分离出来的内生菌YMR3对抗花生几种病虫害生物胁迫的作用。结果表明,使用OD600nm0.8的YMR3菌液喷施在四叶期花生叶片能够有效降低感染花生蚜虫和叶螨后叶片的损伤程度;使用OD600nm0.8的YMR3菌液注射在四叶期花生顶端叶片能够有效降低黄曲霉和黑曲霉对花生植株或叶片造成的损伤;进一步研究发现,接种YMR3能够提高花生叶片中AhRS1(白藜芦醇的关键合成酶基因)的表达及AhRS1启动子的活性,以及提高花生叶片的白藜芦醇含量;外施100μg/mL白藜芦醇也可明显降低黄曲霉所造成的叶斑比例。以上的结果表明,YMR3可能通过调控花生叶片AhRS1启动子的活性进而调控AhRS1的表达,提高花生叶片白藜芦醇含量以响应黄曲霉对花生叶片的侵害,减轻蚜虫、叶螨、黑曲霉和黄曲霉等对花生叶片的侵害,研究结果为YMR3作为生物农药提供理论基础和依据。

帕金森病相关线粒体功能障碍及运动对其潜在的改善作用

背景:帕金森病是一种神经退行性疾病,其发病机制涉及线粒体功能障碍,运动对帕金森病相关线粒体功能障碍具有潜在的改善作用,但目前尚无综述对这一领域进行综合回顾和深入分析。目的:综合回顾并深入分析帕金森病相关线粒体功能障碍及运动对其潜在的改善作用,旨在为帕金森病的治疗和预防提供新的思路和方法。方法:检索Web of Science、PubMed、中国知网、万方和维普数据库,中文检索词:“线粒体,线粒体功能,线粒体病,线粒体异常,帕金森病,帕金森,运动,体育活动,运动训练,运动治疗,线粒体功能障碍,线粒体损伤,线粒体缺陷,运动训练”;英文检索词:“Mitochondria,Parkinson’s disease,Parkinson disease,Physical exercise,Exercise,Physical activity,Mitochondrial dysfunction,Mitochondrial damage,Mitochondrial impairment,Athletic training,Exercise training,Rehabilitation”。最终纳入文献89篇进行综述分析。结果与结论:①帕金森病与线粒体功能障碍密切相关,包括帕金森病患者体内线粒体生物发生受阻、自噬减少、细胞凋亡增加、Ca2+浓度异常升高和氧化应激增加等现象。②运动对帕金森病相关的线粒体功能障碍有着正面的改善作用,通过促进线粒体生物发生、自噬和调节线粒体形态,改变线粒体呼吸链的可塑性,减少氧化应激,从而有助于改善帕金森病相关的发展和进展。③然而,目前线粒体功能障碍与运动对其的改善作用之间的详细机制仍不完全清楚,未来可开展临床研究验证动物模型结果,深入了解运动对帕金森病患者的益处及机制。

Potential efficacy of ginger as a natural supplement for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases and its prevalence is likely to reach epidemic proportions.According to the"two-stage hypothesis"proposed for the pathophysiology of NAFLD,insulin resistance,oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines are among the key promoters of the disease. Here,ginger has been hypothesized to prevent NAFLD or blunt its progression via several mechanisms,such as sensitizing insulin effects,activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγwhich induces adiponectin and down-regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines,changing the balance between adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor-αin favor of adiponectin,promoting considerable antioxidant effects and antidyslipidemic properties,and reducing hepatic triglyceride content which can prevent steatosis.The aforementioned mechanisms imply that ginger possesses interesting potentials for serving as a natural supplement for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.Therefore,conducting trials to explore its benefits in clinical practice is greatly recommended.

Potential roles of glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies in treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)-based therapies have demonstrated efficacy and safety in treating type 2 diabetes, which shares a similar pathophysiological mechanism with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). Recent studies showed that glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion was decreased in patients with NAFLD and that the level of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, which inactivates intact GLP-1, was upregulated. Moreover, the expression of the GLP-1 receptor was downregulated in livers from patients with NAFLD, indicating an association of defective GLP-1 signalling with NAFLD. Notably, GLP-1-based therapies are reported to be effective in improving hepatic endpoints in patients with NAFLD, such as reducing hepatic fat content, hepatic steatosis and plasma transaminase levels, and preventing fibrosis. GLP-1-based therapies are beneficial for body weight control and glycaemic normalisation, which are important for the management of NAFLD. Moreover, clinical and preclinical studies showed that GLP-1-based agents might directly exert their actions on the liver through activation of functional GLP-1 receptors in hepatocytes.The possible mechanisms involve regulating gene expression that is associated with insulin resistance and lipid metabolism, and suppressing oxidative stress in the liver cells, thus preventing the development and progression of NAFLD. Based on these promising data, large-scale randomised controlled trials are warranted to assess the efficacy and safety of GLP-1-based therapies in treating NAFLD.

Therapeutic Potential of FGF21 in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia which mostly affects persons younger than 65 years old. Mounting findings showed that amyloid-β(Aβ) peptides, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and insulin resistance may play central role in the pathogenesis of AD. There are very many methods to slow it through affecting these aforementioned factors. However, more efficient prevention of the progression of AD is still ambiguous. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine hormone that is expressed by several organs. It increases insulin sensitivity and regulates lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. Emerging evidence demonstrates that FGF21 has potential effects in the brain involving metabolic regulation, neuroprotection and cognition. Hence, we hypothesize that FGF21 may be a protective factor in AD by attenuating Aβ generation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. Our hypothesis will shed new light on the understanding of pathogenesis of AD and help to find a new way to prevent the genesis and progress of AD.

常见水稻病虫害胁迫对转cry1C基因抗虫水稻Bt蛋白表达量的影响

【目的】明确转Bt基因抗虫水稻在病虫害胁迫下对Bt蛋白表达量的影响。【方法】以Bt水稻T1C-19(表达Cry1C蛋白)为研究对象,探究褐飞虱、白叶枯病等6种水稻常见病虫害胁迫下其体内Bt蛋白的表达量变化。【结果】褐飞虱取食引起T1C-19水稻叶片中Bt蛋白含量降低,而黑尾叶蝉取食显著降低了T1C-19水稻叶鞘中的Bt蛋白含量,白叶枯病侵染导致Bt水稻叶鞘中的Bt蛋白含量显著上升。二化螟、水稻普通矮缩病、稻瘟病的胁迫对转基因水稻T1C-19叶片和叶鞘中的Bt蛋白含量均无显著影响。【结论】病虫害胁迫因种类不同对Bt水稻中Bt蛋白表达量的影响有所不同。这将为Bt水稻的抗虫效果评价提供数据基础,同时为Bt水稻病虫害综合治理提供科学依据。

不同育苗方式和移栽方式对烤烟田间抗病抗逆性的影响

【目的】探究不同育苗方式和移栽方式对烟草田间抗病抗逆性的影响。【方法】试验采用双因素完全随机设计,包含生态深栽、膜下小苗移栽2种移栽方式和湿润育苗、浅水育苗、干湿交替育苗、无纺布育苗和漂浮育苗5种育苗方式。系统分析育苗方式和移栽方式对田间烟草农艺性状、烟草重要病害病情指数和抗病抗逆酶活性的影响。【结果】与膜下小苗相比,生态深栽在5种育苗方式下均促进了烟草的生长并提高了抗病抗逆性;而在2种移栽方式中浅水育苗和无纺布育苗与漂浮育苗相比显著提高了烟草抗病抗逆性。生态深栽浅水育苗组合处理相比膜下小苗漂浮育苗组合对照处理,在烟草伸根期、旺长期和成熟期有效叶片数、株高、茎围、最大叶面积分别提高了31.14%、25.00%和21.70%,27.43%、20.86%和25.16%,35.71%、17.31%和14.54%,51.69%、30.06%和18.95%;病毒病、叶斑类病害和根茎类病害病情指数分别降低了24.29%、24.88%和15.51%,45.09%、31.16%和25.02%,68.84%、43.41%和35.99%;过氧化物酶活性和超氧化物歧化酶活性分别增加了60.66%、68.36%和22.67%,108.88%、43.08%和27.69%。【结论】不同育苗方式和移栽方式及对烟草大田期各项农艺指标、抗病抗逆酶活性和田间病情指数的均有影响,生态深栽组合浅水育苗显著提升了烟草大田期的农艺性状和抗病抗逆酶活性,降低了病情指数,从而显著提高了烤烟大田期的抗病抗逆性。

胰岛素抵抗导致慢性非传染性疾病的研究进展

阐述了胰岛素抵抗导致慢性非传染性疾病的研究进展,提出非营养素具有抗炎、抗氧化、调节代谢的作用,可以缓解胰岛素抵抗,对治疗慢性非传染性疾病有积极作用。据此,通过归纳法提出家庭护士食疗理论是指导护士预防、治疗慢性病的有力理论补充。

中药通过调控PGC-1α治疗非酒精性脂肪肝病的研究进展

非酒精性脂肪肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)是一种以肝细胞内脂质的异常累积为特征的代谢性疾病,包括单纯性脂肪肝(simple fatty liver, SFL)、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH)及相关肝硬化和肝细胞癌。过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ共激活因子-1α(proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, PGC-1α)是一种转录共激活因子,能调控能量代谢,在线粒体的生物合成、糖脂代谢、机体适应性产热等过程中发挥着重要作用。NAFLD存在复杂的病因病机,临床上尚无有效治疗手段和特效药。中药擅长多靶点、多途径治疗疾病,临床已广泛用于治疗NAFLD。本文综述中药调控PGC-1α,从影响胰岛素抵抗、脂质堆积、氧化应激、炎症反应等方面改善NAFLD,为中药治疗NAFLD机制研究提供部分参考。