Resistance identification of bivalent fungi-resistant genes transformed soybean to Phytophthora sojae

Soybean is one of the most important sources of edible oil and proteins in the world. However, it suffers from many kinds of fungal diseases which is a major limiting factor in soybean production. The fungal disease can be effectively controlled by breeding plant cultivars with genetic transformation. In this study, the resistance to Phytophthora sojae of five bivalent transgenic soybean lines was identified using the hypocotyls inoculation technique. The lines were the T2 of the transgenic soybean which were transformed with kidney bean chitinase gene and barley ribosome inactivating protein gene, and were positive by Southern Blot analysis. The resistance difference was studied through comparing the death percentage of transgenic soybean with the control. The results showed that four lines were more resistant to P sojae, whereas other one had no significant difference in comparison with the control. These transgenic soybean lines with enhanced resistance to P sojae will be useful in soybean resistance breeding.

Establishment and Application of Identification Methods for Resistance to Sugarcane White Leaf Disease(SCWL)

[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish simple, efficient, stable, standardized and practical identification methods for sugarcane resistance to white leaf disease(SCWL), and promote the breeding for sugarcane resistance to SCWL. [Methods]The identification technology of sugarcane resistance to SCWL was systematically studied and explored from the aspects of sugarcane material treatment and planting, inoculation liquid preparation, inoculation method, disease investigation, grading standard formulation, etc., and two sets of simple, efficient, stable, standardized and practical accurate identification methods for sugarcane resistance to SCWL were created for the first time, namely, the seed cane coating inoculation method and the stem-cutting inoculation method at the growth stage. The seed cane coating inoculation method includes the steps of directly screening SCWL phytoplasma, extracting juice from cane and adding 10 times of sterile water to prepare an inoculation liquid, spraying seed cane on plastic film to keep moisture, planting the inoculated materials in barrels in an insect-proof greenhouse for cultivation, investigating the incidence rate 30 d after inoculation, and evaluating the disease resistance according to the 1-5 level standard. The method of stem-cutting inoculation includes the steps of directly screening sugarcane stems carrying SCWL phytoplasma and adding 10 times of sterile water to prepare an inoculation liquid, cultivating the identification materials in an insect-proof greenhouse, dropping 100 μl of the inoculation liquid into each root incision with a pipette gun at the age of 6 months, investigating the incidence rate 20 d after planting, and evaluating the disease resistance according to the 1-5 level standard. [Results] The two methods are similar to the natural transmission method. After inoculation, SCML occurred significantly, with high sensitivity and good reproducibility. The results of resistance identification were consistent with those of natural disease in the field. Through the two inoculation methods and field natural disease investigation, the resistance of 10 main cultivars to SCML was identified, which was true and reliable. [Conclusions] This study can provide standard varieties for identification of SCML resistance in the future.

Identification and Evaluation of Particular Corn Hybrids with Resistance against Corn Northern Leaf Blight

[ Objective] The paper was to evaluate the resistance of particular corn hybrids against northern leaf blight. [ Method ] Using artificial inoculation meth- od, the resistance of 238 copies of particular corn hybrids including silage corn, high oil corn, waxy corn and sweet corn against northern leaf blight was evaluated. [ Result] The corn samples with high resistance, resistance, moderate resistance, susceptibility and high susceptibility to northern leaf blight among 238 copies of materials in identification accounted for 0.8%, 20.6%, 44. 1%, 24.8% and 9.7%, respectively. Different types of varieties had significant difference in resist- ance. Among cern varieties with moderate resistance or higher level, silage corn accounted for 87.8% ; high oil corn and waxy corn accounted for 73.3% and 61.3 %, respectively; sweet corn was less, accounting for 44.2%. Sixteen of 30 approved particular corn varieties showed resistance, accounting for 53.3 % of total approved varieties. [Condusion] The paper provided theoretical basis for breeding and planting of particular corn hybrids with resistance against northern leaf blight.

Screening of Rice Stripe Virus(RSV)-resistant Germplasm from Landraces of Rice(Oryza sativa L.)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to screen rice strip virus （RSV）-resistant landraces. [Method] The resistance of 119 rice landraces to rice stripe virus was identified in field spontaneously infected with smal plant-hopper. [Result] There were 55 landraces resistant to rice strip disease in 56 indica rice landraces, but on-ly two resistant to rice strip disease in 63 japonica rice landraces. [Conclusion] The results revealed that there were abundant rice landscapes resistant to RSV in Chi-na, and these varieties can be used to develop more genes resistant to RSV.

Identification, Genetic Analysis and Mapping of Resistance to Phytophthora sojae of Pm28 in Soybean

Phytophthora sojae Kanfman and Gerdemann （P. sojae） is one of the most prevalent pathogens and causes Phytophthora root rot, which limits soybean production worldwide. Development of resistant cultivars is a cost-effective approach to controlling this disease. In this study, 127 soybean germplasm were evaluated for their responses to Phytophthora sojae strain Pm28 using the hypocotyl inoculation technique, and 49 were found resistant to the strain. The hypocotyl of P1, P2, F1, and F2：3 of two crosses of Ludou 4 （resistant）×Youchu 4 （susceptible） and Cangdou 5 （resistant）×Williams （susceptible） were inoculated with Pm28, and were used to analyze the inheritance of resistance. The population derived from the cross of Ludou 4×Youchu 4 was used to map the resistance gene （designated as Rps9） to a linkage group. 932 pairs of SSR primers were used to detect polymorphism, and seven SSR markers were mapped near the resistance gene. The results showed that the resistance to Pm28 in Ludou 4 and Cangdou 5 was controlled by a single dominant gene Rps9, which was located on the molecular linkage group N between the SSR markers Satt631 （7.5 cM） and Sat_186 （4.3 cM）.

Resistance Identification of Different Flue-cured Tobacco Varieties against Black Shank

The resistance of 15 flue-cured tobacco varieties were identified by artificial inoculation of black shank. The results showed that K326, Yunyan 202 and NC102 belonged to resistance variety against black shank, and the resistance successively were K326 〉 Yunyan 202 〉 NC102 ; Yunyan 87, Cuibi 5, Yunyan 85, Yunyan 97 and Cuibi 7 belonged to moderate resistance variety against black shank, and the resistance successively were Yunyan 87 ~ Cuibi 5 ~ Yunyan 85 〉 Yunyan 97 〉 Cuibi 7 ; Cuibi 12, NC82, PYH06 and Cuibi 14 belonged to moderate susceptible variety against black shank, and the resistance successively were Cuibi 12 ~ NC82 ~ PVH06 ~ Cuibi 14; Cuibi 1 and Hongda belonged to high susceptible variety against black shank, and the resistance successively were Cuibi 1 〉 09011 〉 Hongda. The disease dynamics of flue-cured tobacco varieties were positively correlated with variety susceptibility, namely the earlier infection in susceptible variety, the faster the disease progression.

Rapid Identification for Drought Resistance of Wheat Using Near-infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy

[Objective] This study aimed to establish an identification system for drought-resistance in wheat by using near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. [Method] In 2006-2007, 36 wheat varieties with different drought resistance were selected and were classified according to their drought resistance grades determined by the Technical Specification of Identification and Evaluation for Drought Resistance in Wheat （GB/T 21127-2007）. In addition, the harvested wheat seed samples were spectrally analyzed with FOSS NIRSystems5000 near-infrared spectrum analyzer for grain quality （full spectrum analyzer） and then the forecasted regression equations were established. [Result] After the establishment of a database and validation, dis- criminated functions were obtained. The determination coefficient （RSQ） and coeffi- cients of determination for cross validation （1-VR） in the discriminant function built with seed samples from water stress area were 0.846 0 and 0.781 8, respectively, which indicated that the consistency between drought resistance and spectral charac- teristics in wheat varieties was good, and there was high correlation between the near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectra of seeds and the drought resistance in wheat. [Conclusiou] Under water stress condition, it is feasible to establish a conve- nient, rapid and no-damage identification system for the drought resistance in wheat by using the near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectrum technique to scan wheat seeds.

Investigation of Gray Mold of Protected Tomato and Resistance Identification of Variety in Shihezi Area,Xinjiang

[Objective] The paper was to understand the occurrence of gray mold of protected tomato and resistance of introduced tomato varieties to gray mold in Shihezi area. [Method] The occurrence status of gray mold in protected tomato in Shawan County, Manas County, the experimental field of Shihezi University and Shihezi Huayu base were investigated during the occurrence period of tomato gray mold, and the resistance of intro-duced variety against tomato gray mold was identified at seedling stage through indoor artificial inoculation method. [Result] The diseased leaf rate of tomato gray mold was 17.52%-100%, the diseased fruit rate was 3.1%-55.69%, and the disease index was 15.98-100. In resistance identifica-tion of different tomato varieties, the disease indexes of Kenfan25, Shifan28, Shifan15, KENFAN-3, KENFAN-5, Shifan35, KENFAN-2 and Shifan-9 were 1.03, 3.1, 1.17, 4.3, 5.32, 5.12, 4.32 and 4.11, respectively. From September to March of the following year, tomato gray mold occurred and was prevalent in greenhouses in Shihezi area. [Conclusion] Shifan28, Kenfan25 and Shifan15 showed resistance to tomato gray mold, while the other five varieties were susceptible to the disease.

Identification of Resistance of Powdery Mildew and Stripe Rust of Winter Wheat Strains in Xinjiang

Wheat powdery mildew and stripe rust are the major diseases in wheat producing area in Xinjiang.To obtain wheat germplasm resources and varieties resistant to powdery mildew and rust,36 high-generation stable strains of Xinjiang winter wheat were evaluated using the method of natural inducement from 2018 to 2020.A total of 5 strains with high resistance to powdery mildew,4 strains with slow stripe rust and 1 strain with resistance to powdery mildew and adult plant slow stripe rust were obtained.And the parental combination of disease-resistant varieties was analyzed.These studies will provide theoretical basis for the breeding of resistant wheat varieties in Xinjiang.

The Research on Identification of Resistance to Sorghum Aphid [Melanaphis Sacchari(Zehntner)] Employing Indoor Artificial Infestation Technique

[ Objective] The paper was to establish a quick and effective indoor identification method of sorghum resistance to aphid uninfluenced by seasons. [ Method] Based on the indoor reproduction technique of aphids, the sorghum varieties with different resistant performances against aphids in fields were conducted inoculation test in the laboratory according to different seedling culture media, different survey periods of aphid quantity, different leaf ages for inoculation, different inoculation quantity of aphids and different aphid sizes. Three hundred sorghum materials were identified in both laboratory and field. [ Result ] The number of aphids per seedling on the fifth day after inoculation gave the best score of plant resistance to sorghum aphid by using the loam as the seedling culture media, and inoculating three different sizes of aphids in seedlings at two-leaf stage. Thus, the indoor identification technique of resistance to sorghum aphids was as follows ： （ 1 ） sorghum seeds were sown in loam at room temperature of 22 - 26 ℃ and air humidity of 55% - 75% ; （2） three aphids with different sizes were inoculated in scedIings at two-leaf stage; （3） the number of aphids per seeding were surveyed on the fifth day after inoculation; （4） plant resistance to sorghum aphid was evalu- ated according to number of aphids per seedling on the fifth day after inoculation. The resistant grade of sorghum variety was evaluated according to distribution of aphid quantity per seedling in a 100-seedlings population. The resistance materials identified by indoor method at seedling stage had consistent performance with fidd identification. [ Conclusion] The method could be used for resistance identification of sorghum varieties and hybrids, and accurate identification and selectlon of individual resistance of hybrid offspring, which could improve selection efficiency of individual resistant plant against aphids in hybrid offspring and identification accuracy of individual resistant plant among molecular marker population.

Identification and Cloning of Resistance Gene Analogues (RGAs) Encoding NBS-LRR Proteins from Gossypium arboreum L.

Plants have developed a complicated defense mechanism during evolution to resist the harmful pathogens they encountered.The mechanism involves the interaction of the plant resistance(R)

Identification of a RAPD marker linked to a blast resistance gene in Oryza sativa L

Marker-aided selection has received more attention in recent years. This relies on the exploitation of dose linkage between molecular markers and target gene(s). We report here a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker tightly linked to the blast resistance gene Pi-ll(t) derived from Hongjiaozhan, which confers the resistance to race ZB1 of Pyricularia oryzae Cav.

Resistance of Major and Backup Rice Cultivars against Ustilaginoidea virens in Anhui Province

[Objective] The aim was to study resistance of major and backup rice cul- tivars against Ustilaginoidea virens. [Method] Experiments and surveys were made on resistance of seventeen backup rice cultivars and some major cultivars in Anhui Province to identify resistance of different rice cultivars. [Result] Yanjing No.9, 80You 226, Tianxie No.l, A01 Xian, Lvjingnuo No.6 were moderate resistant; A03 Xian and Yangjing 636 were susceptible and the rest ten showed moderate susceptibility. Based on surveys on major rice cultivars, most of Liangyou rice series are suscept- able and novel Liangyou Xiang 4 enjoys resistance to certain extent. [Conclusion] The research provided references for resistance of rice against diseases in Anhui Province.

Study on Breeding of Rice Gall Midge (Orseolia oryzae)

[ Objective ] The paper is to explore the breeding of rice gall midge. [ Method ] The morphological characteristics, living habits, breeding method and resistance identification of rice gall midge are introduced. [ Result] TN1 can be used as feedstuff to feed rice gall midge, and water should be sprayed to keep moisture during the breeding process. The damage caused by mice, rice planthopper, ants and spiders during the breeding process should be paid attention, mice and ants can be controlled by water insulation method, rice planthopper and spiders can be controlled by tap water rinsing method and artificial capture method, respec- tively. [ Conlcusion] The study provides reference for further study on rice gall midge.

Screening and Evaluation of Different Wheat Cultivars for Resistance to Sitobion avenae at Seedling and Adult-plant Stages

In order to clarify the relationships between seedling and adult-plant resis- tance to English grain aphid Sitobion avenae （Fabricius）, 94 wheat cultivars were screened and evaluated based on aphid number ratio through artificial inoculation in greenhouse and natural infection in field from 2010 to 2012. The results indicated that 43 wheat cultivars were resistant to aphid at different levels, of which two dis- played high resistance, eight moderate resistance and 33 low resistance at adult- plant stage. Meanwhile, 45 wheat cultivars exhibited aphid resistance at seedling stage, including 5 highly-resistant cultivars, 16 moderately-resistant cultivars and 24 low-resistant cultivars. Thirty wheat cultivars showed resistance to aphids to different degrees at both seedling and adult-plant stages, accounting for 31.91% of all tested wheat cultivars, especially that C273 and Lanmai （Shaanxi Zhashui） showed high aphid resistance. Aphid number ratio of wheat cultivars at seedling stage had an extremely significant positive correlation with that at adult-plant stage. Additionally, 66 wheat cultivars exhibited the same resistance to aphids at both seedling and adult-plant stages, accounting for 70.21% of all cultivars. The study demonstrated that inoculation test at seedling stage in greenhouse is a reliable method for identi- fying wheat resistance to S. avenae.

Auto-Test on Motor Temperature Rising in Electric Vehicles with Mutual MRAS

A new method to calculate the motor temperature rising in electric vehicle （EV） is proposed based on the stator resistance identification. The measure theory of the motor temperature rising with the stator resistance is discussed at first. An enhanced magnetism motor dynamic math model is built which is the research object. Then the resistance identification system model is built on the mutual model reference adaptive,system （MRAS） theory. The simulation diagram of the mutual MRAS model is constructed and the resistance identification performance is studied in different motor states. Simulation results indicate that the stator resistance identification model with the mutual MRAS is effective. At the same time, the identification of motor temperature rising is possible with the identification of the stator resistance.

Genetic Homozygosis of Resistance of Common Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon) against Brown Planthopper

[ Objective] The stability of resistance heredity of common wild rice against brown planthopper was studied to screen wild rice germplasm with stable resistance, so as to provide resources for rice breeding with resistance against brown planthopper. [ Method] A total of 1 591 accessions of common wild rice, collected from 46 proterozoic growth locations of Guangxi, were screened to analyze resistance against brown planthopper, and genetic homozygosis in their offspring was detected using bag-selfing or anther culture methods. [ Result] The results showed that most of common wild rice germplasm were heterozygotic, and growth habit and awn of their first self-bred generation showed segregation. Among 1 591 accessions of common wild rice, only 30 accessions showed third to fifth grades of resist- ance against brown planthopper, and most of them showed fifth grade of resistance. Among selfing offspring of 11 resistant materials, the populations from Z1 to Z3 showed segregation of resistant genes, while some materials showed stable resistance in Z4. Out of 11 accessions of materials, resistance of five accessions increased from third grade to first, second and third grades; four accessions increased from fifth grade to first, second and third grades ; two accessions increased from fifth to third grade. Anther culture results showed that 125 accessions of callus from independent origins were obtained after induction by in vitro culture of 6 000 anthers; eight clusters of diploid and two clusters of haploid green seedlings were differentiated, with induction rate of callus as 2.0% and differentiation rate of green seed- lings as 6.4%. Out of eight offspring of anther culture, six showed fifth grade of resistance against brown planthopper and two showed third grade of resistance. [ Conclusion] The stable highly-resistant resources could be obtained and resistance level of common wild rice could be enhanced through bag-selfing and multigeneration identification of resistance against brown planthopper. Anther culture is beneficial to promote genetic homozygosis of resistance of common wild rice against brown planthopper and shorten the screening time.

Resistance Analysis of Wheat Cultivars against Powdery Mildew in Anhui Province of China

[ Objective ] The paper was to determine the resistance level of the tried and pre-examination wheat cultivars against powdery mildew in Anhui Province of China. [ Method ] By using artificial inoculation and identification method in fields, the resistance of wheat cultivars was identified in consecutive three years from 2010 to 2012. [ Result] The highly susceptible （HS） cultivar accounted for 30%, 42% and 11% of total tested cultivars in the years of 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively; moderately susceptible （MS） cultivar accounted for 53% of total tested cuhivars in 2010, which accounted for 47% and 57% in 2011 and 2012, respectively; moderately resistant （MR） cuhivar accounted for 17% of total tested cultivars in 2010, which accounted for 11% and 32% in 2011 and 2012, respectively. [ Conclusion] The paper can guide breeding direction, and also provide scientific basis for variety approval.

Resistance Evaluation of 23 Sugarcane Varieties to Smut

[ Objective] The paper aimed to screen sugarcane varieties and species layout suitable for Hainan sugarcane area. [ Method] Using mixed spores of Ustilago scitaminea Sydow, smut resistance of 21 major sugarcane varieties in national sugarcane regional trial as well as ROC22 and ROC16 were identified through artificial inoculation test and field natural incidence. [ Result] Yunzhe 99-596, Yuegan 42, Guitang 29 and Funong 39 reached highly resistant and resistant levels to smut in artificial inoculation test. [ Conclusion] Most of the varieties showed better resistance to smut in newly planted sugarcane and ratoon sugarcane except Yunzhe 03-103, Liucheng 03-1137 and ROC22.

Development of Triticum aestivume——Leymus mollis Translocation Lines and Identification of Resistance to Stripe Rust

Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most widely distributed and destructive fungal diseases worldwide. Since 1995, most Chinese wheat cultivars have lost their stripe rust resistance due to the subsequent emergence of the new races CYR30, CYR31, CYR32, and CYR33 （Han et al., 2010）. Therefore, it is necessary to seek effective resistance genes and develop new resistance germ- plasm for wheat resistance breeding.