A Modified Becker's Split-Window Approach for Retrieving Land Surface Temperature from AVHRR and VIRR

In order to provide a long time-series,high spatial resolution,and high accuracy dataset of land surface temperature（LST） for climatic change research,a modified Becker and Li＇s split-window approach is proposed in this paper to retrieve LST from the measurements of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer（AVHRR） onboard National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration（NOAA）-7 to-18 and the Visible and InfraRed Radiometer（VIRR） onboard FY-3A.For this purpose,the Moderate Resolution Transmittance Model（MODTRAN） 4.1 was first employed to compute the spectral radiance at the top of atmosphere（TOA） under a variety of surface and atmosphere conditions.Then,a temperature dataset consists of boundary temperature T s（which is one of the input parameters to MODTRAN）,and channels 4 and 5 brightness temperatures（T 4 and T 5） were constructed.Note that channels 4 and 5 brightness temperatures were simulated from the MODTRAN output spectral radiance by convolving them with the spectral response functions（SRFs） of channels 4 and 5 of AVHRRs and VIRR.The coefficients of modified Becker and Li＇s split-window approach for various AVHRRs and VIRR were subsequently regressed based on this temperature dataset using the least square method.As an example of validation,one AVHRR satellite image over Beijing acquired at 0312 UTC 27 April 2008 by AVHRR onboard NOAA-17 was selected to retrieve the LST image using the modified Becker and Li＇s approach.The comparison between this LST image and that from the MODIS level-2 LST product provided by the University of Tokyo in Japan indicates that the correlation coefficient is 0.88,the bias is 0.6 K,and the root mean square deviation（RMSD） is 2.1 K.Furthermore,about 70% and 37% pixels in the LST difference image,which is the result of retrieved LST image from AVHRR minus the corresponding MODIS LST image,have the values within ± 2 and ± 1 K,respectively.

A REVIEW OF TACTICAL PLANNING MODELS

The aim of this paper is to give an overview on models and methods used to solve tactical planning problems. The modeling and the elaboration of the well-know tactical planning problems （master planning ＆ scheduling, material requirement planning and multi-site planning） are discussed. These problems are modeled from two ＂lot sizing＂ models called the Capacitated Lot Sizing Problem （CLSP） and Multi Level Capacitated Lot Sizing Problem （MLCLSP）. From both models, a lot of extensions has been proposed in the literature. The purpose of this paper is twofold： first, classifications of the CLSP and MLCLSP as well as their extensions are given. For each model, the major scientific contributions are mentioned. These classifications made from seventy papers give an overview of ＂lot sizing＂ models dedicated to the MPS, MRP and Multi-site and show the diversity of models. Second, from a classification, an analysis of methods used for each model is given. The instance size, best gap and reference for gap computation are given for each contribution, This work can be used to elaborate an optimization tool for tactical planning problematic such as Advanced Planning System.