Spatial variability of glacial changes and their effects on water resources in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains during the last five decades

Changes in glaciers in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains have been analyzed previously. However, most previous studies focused on individual glaciers and/or decentralized glacial basins. Moreover, a majority of these studies were published only in Chinese, which limited their usefulness at the international level. With this in mind, the authors reviewed the previous studies to create an overview of glacial changes in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains over the last five decades and discussed the effects of glacial changes on water resources. In response to climate change, glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains are shrinking rapidly and are ca. 20% smaller on average in the past five decades. Overall, the area reduction of glacial basins in the central part of the Chinese Tianshan Mountains is larger than that in the eastern and western parts. The spatial differentiation in glacial changes are caused by both differences in regional climate and in glacial factors. The effects of glacial changes on water resources vary in different river basins due to the differences in glacier distribution, characteristics of glacial change and proportion of the glacier meltwater in river runoff.

Oderly accumulation theory of shale system petroleum resource and its prospecting significance-A case study of Chang 7 Member of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin

1 Introduction Shale formations bear abundant mineral resource and*unconventional petroleum resource,and the unconventional petroleum resource that contain in the shale formation should be integrated and researched.

An Analysis on Driving Forces of Arable Land Resource Change in Jieshou City

By the qualitative and quantitative analysis method,we analyze the driving forces of arable land resource change in Jieshou City and find that the arable land resource change in Jieshou City arises mainly from social and economic driving forces. Based on the social and economic indicator data about arable land resource in Jieshou City,we use principal component analysis to establish evaluation index system,and analyze the driving forces of dynamic arable land resource change in Jieshou City during 2006-2015. It is concluded that Jieshou's arable land change is mainly affected by economic and social factors.

The Potential Scenarios of the Impacts of Climate Change on Egyptian Resources and Agricultural Plant Production

The emissions of greenhouse gasses in Egypt are about 0.58% of the total emissions of the world in the year 2015, although Egypt is one of the countries most affected by the impacts of climate change. By assessment and analysis of the expected economic impacts of climate change by the year 2030, the Egyptian cultivated area will be reduced to about 0.949 million acres, equal to about 8.22% of the Egyptian cultivated area compared with the case of no sinking part of the Delta land, thus reducing crop area in Egypt to about 1.406 million acres, approximately to about 6.25% of crop area compared with the case of no sinking part of the Delta land, in addition to surplus in the Egyptian balance water to about 2.48 billion m3. In this case value of the Egyptian agriculture production will decrease by about 6.19 billion dollars, equal to about 6.19% compared with presumably no sinking of the Delta land. In the case of sinking 15% of Delta lands, with the change of the productivity and water consumption of most crops, the result will be a reduction in the cultivated area to about 0.94 million acres. In addition to decreasing the Egyptian crop area to about 1.39 million acres, with a deficit in the Egyptian balance water to about 4.74 billion m3 compared to the case of no sinking part of the Delta land, the cultivated area will decrease to about 8.17%, and the crop area will decrease 6.18%. Also, the value of the Egyptian agriculture production will decrease by about 12.51%. While compared to sinking part of the Delta land to about 15% of the total Delta area without the other impacts of climate change, the cultivated area will increase by about 0.06%;the crop area will increase by about 0.08%;also, the value of the Egyptian agriculture production will decrease by about 5.57%.

Seed nutrient is more stable than leaf in response to changing multiple resources in an alpine meadow

Background It has been long thought that nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P)concentrations and their ratios(N:P)in metabolically active or functional organs(i.e.,leaves)are less responsive to environmental changes.Little attention,however,has been paid to the reproductive organs-seeds,while seeds may maintain their nutrients more stable for the evolutionary fitness of next generation.Methods Here,we conducted a field experiment of N,P addition and drought in an alpine meadow,aiming to compare the difference of leaf and seed nutrients and stoichiometric ratios in response to these resource treatments and their interactions.Four dominant species were selected among grass and forb functional groups,including Elymus nutans,Deschampsia caespitosa,Artemisia roxburghiana and Polygonum viviparum.Results Under natural conditions,leaf N and P concentrations were consistently lower than seed among species.However,leaf nutrients were much more sensitive than seed nutrients to N and P addition.Specifically,N or P addition accordingly increased leaf N or P concentration by 22.20-44.24%and 85.54-93.61%,while only enhanced seed N or P concentration by 5.15-17.20%and 15.17-32.72%,respectively.Leaf N or P concentration was significantly reduced by P or N addition,but seed nutrients remained unchanged.In contrast,drought did not change both organ nutrients.Similarly,nutrient addition and drought had synergistic interactions on leaf nutrients,but not on seed nutrients.Conclusions This study highlights that seed nutrient concentrations could be more stable than metabolically active leaf organ when facing multidimensional resource changes.This complements the traditional view on the‘Stable Leaf Nutrient Hypothesis’with the involvement of reproductive organs.The less responsiveness of seed nutrients suggests the adaptive strategy to ensure the success of next generations and long-term plant demographic stability.