Structural properties of residual carbon in coal gasification fine slag and their influence on flotation separation and resource utilization:A review

Coal gasification fine slag(FS)is a typical solid waste generated in coal gasification.Its current disposal methods of stockpil-ing and landfilling have caused serious soil and ecological hazards.Separation recovery and the high-value utilization of residual carbon(RC)in FS are the keys to realizing the win-win situation of the coal chemical industry in terms of economic and environmental benefits.The structural properties,such as pore,surface functional group,and microcrystalline structures,of RC in FS(FS-RC)not only affect the flotation recovery efficiency of FS-RC but also form the basis for the high-value utilization of FS-RC.In this paper,the characteristics of FS-RC in terms of pore structure,surface functional groups,and microcrystalline structure are sorted out in accordance with gasification type and FS particle size.The reasons for the formation of the special structural properties of FS-RC are analyzed,and their influence on the flotation separation and high-value utilization of FS-RC is summarized.Separation methods based on the pore structural characterist-ics of FS-RC,such as ultrasonic pretreatment-pore-blocking flotation and pore breaking-flocculation flotation,are proposed to be the key development technologies for improving FS-RC recovery in the future.The design of low-cost,low-dose collectors containing polar bonds based on the surface and microcrystalline structures of FS-RC is proposed to be an important breakthrough point for strengthening the flotation efficiency of FS-RC in the future.The high-value utilization of FS should be based on the physicochemical structural proper-ties of FS-RC and should focus on the environmental impact of hazardous elements and the recyclability of chemical waste liquid to es-tablish an environmentally friendly utilization method.This review is of great theoretical importance for the comprehensive understand-ing of the unique structural properties of FS-RC,the breakthrough of the technological bottleneck in the efficient flotation separation of FS,and the expansion of the field of the high value-added utilization of FS-RC.

Comprehensive treatment of latex wastewater and resource utilization of concentrated liquid

Latex wastewater is a kind of refractory organic wastewater containing high concentrations of organics and ammonia nitrogen.In this work,the combined process of forward osmosis(FO)and reverse osmosis(RO)was designed to treat the latex wastewater in the whole process,achieving the water recovery rate of 99%and basically no waste discharge after the catalytic oxidation process.The turbidity of the latex wastewater was decreased to below 1 NTU by microfiltration pretreatment,and then using MgCl_2 worked as the draw solution for FO process to treat the latex wastewater.Different operation conditions including adding acid or scale inhibitor as the pretreatment methods were conducted to improve the treatment performance of the combined process.After the treatment of the whole process,the concentration of COD was less than 20 mg·L^(-1),the concentration of NH_3-N was less than 10 mg·L^(-1),and the concentration of TP was less than 0.5 mg·L^(-1)for the treated latex wastewater.The water quality met standards of industrial water reuse after the complete analysis of the treated latex wastewater,meanwhile,useful substances of L-Quebrachitol(L-Q)were successfully extracted from the concentrated solution.Therefore,the combined process of FO and RO could realize the efficient treatment and reuse of latex wastewater,which provided with some important guidance on the industrial application.

Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediment and Its Resource Utilization in Building Ceramics

With the rapid development of China's social economy and the acceleration of urbanization,a large quantity of production and domestic sewage is discharged into rivers and lakes,and the concentration of pollutants leads to serious excessive heavy metals in sediment,which affects the ecological environment.In this paper,the treatment technology of heavy metal pollution in sediment and its resource utilization in building ceramics in China are systematically analyzed and summarized,in order to provide a reference for the treatment of sediment in rivers and lakes and the sustainable development of building ceramics industry.

Relationship between Rural Industry Revitalization and Land Resource Utilization and Its Practice in Ganning Town, Wanzhou District of Chongqing

[Objectives]To explore the relationship between rural industry revitalization and land resource utilization.[Methods]Starting from the connotation of rural industry revitalization and land resource utilization,this study explores the relationship between rural industry revitalization and land resource utilization,Taking Ganning Town with typical mountain industry as the research area,this paper analyzed the relationship between rural industry revitalization and land resource utilization through a combination of field research and literature analysis,found out the existing problems and came up with pertinent recommendations.[Results](i)Rural industry revitalization is both mutually reinforcing and mutually restrictive.(ii)In this study,the land use types of Ganning Town were divided into nine categories,including farmland,garden land,forest land and grassland,and their industrial functions and development models were identified,and the corresponding framework of land resource utilization and rural industry revitalization in Ganning Town was constructed.(iii)In view of the problems existing in Ganning Town,this paper proposed to change the ideological concept and enhance understanding,improve the utilization rate of idle land and promote rural industry revitalization,and accelerate land consolidation and restoration,and promote sustainable development.[Conclusions]It is necessary to correctly understand the two-way role and dynamic change relationship between rural industry revitalization and land resource utilization,solve the problem from the perspective of development,adopt development strategies according to local conditions,and take the road of sustainable development.

Treatment and Resource Utilization of Deinking Sludge from Regenerated Paper Mill

To fully utilize secondary resources,it will inevitably generate a large amount of deinking sludge using waste paper as raw material for paper making.The sludge contains small fibers and dissolved substances of various chemicals.After adding flocculant and settling treatment,deinked sludge is formed.However,its organic matter content can reach a high level of 40%to 50%,and it can also be reused,effectively avoiding the harmful impact of papermaking sludge on the environment.

Feasibility Analysis and Practice Research of Resource Utilization of Waste from Planting and Breeding Industry

With the extending scale of agricultural production,the treatment and utilization of waste have become increasingly serious environmental problem.Taking city garden and Zhongnan pasture in Pujiang Town of Minhang District in Shanghai for example,according to the analysis on discharge characteristic of waste and balance of resources and energy utilization,mixed anaerobic digestion was chosen to dispose waste based on government guidance and feasibility analysis of project,and the combining disposal and resource utilization of waste were realized in two enterprises,providing reference for close cases.

Yield gap and resource utilization efficiency of three major food crops in the world——A review

Yield gap analysis could provide management suggestions to increase crop yields,while the understandings of resource utilization efficiency could help judge the rationality of the management.Based on more than 110 published papers and data from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO,www.fao.org/faostat) and the Global Yield Gap and Water Productivity Atlas (www.yieldgap.org),this study summarized the concept,quantitative method of yield gap,yield-limiting factors,and resource utilization efficiency of the three major food crops (wheat,maize and rice).Currently,global potential yields of wheat,maize and rice were 7.7,10.4 and 8.5 t ha^(–1),respectively.However,actual yields of wheat,maize and rice were just 4.1,5.5 and 4.0 t ha^(–1),respectively.Climate,nutrients,moisture,crop varieties,planting dates,and socioeconomic conditions are the most mentioned yield-limiting factors.In terms of resource utilization,nitrogen utilization,water utilization,and radiation utilization efficiencies are still not optimal,and this review has summarized the main improvement measures.The current research focuses on quantitative potential yield and yield gap,with a rough explanation of yield-limiting factors.Subsequent research should use remote sensing data to improve the accuracy of the regional scale and use machine learning to quantify the role of yield-limiting factors in yield gaps and the impact of change crop management on resource utilization efficiency,so as to propose reasonable and effective measures to close yield gaps.

Research on the resource utilization of Baosteel steel slag as concrete material

The utilization of steel slag has been a worldwide issue for a long time. Attention is increasingly being paid to the technological innovation and development of steel slag. Aiming at the development of environmentally friendly steel slag concrete materials and their use in a recyclable economy ,Baosteel has recently been conducting research on and using many new building materials, including steel slag powder concrete, steel slag pervious concrete, steel slag counter weight concrete and so on. In this way, steel slag has been turned from a kind of solid waste into a value-added material. The technology of steel slag utilization has been enriched and developed,while a new model of using Baosteel steel slag in a recyclable economy has also been explored and practised.

Health resource utilization and the economic burden of patients with wet age-related macular degeneration in Thailand

AIM: To determine healthcare resource utilization and the economic burden associated with wet age-related macular degeneration(AMD) in Thailand ·METHODS: This study included patients diagnosed with wet AMD that were 60 years old or older,and had best corrected visual acuity(BCVA) measured at least two times during the follow-up period. We excluded patients having other eye diseases. Two separate sub-studies were conducted. The first sub-study was a retrospective cohort study; electronic medical charts were reviewed to estimate the direct medical costs. The second sub-study was a cross-sectional survey estimating the direct non-medical costs based on face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. For the first sub-study,direct medical costs,including the cost of drugs,laboratory,procedures,and other treatments were obtained. For the second sub-study,direct non-medical costs,e.g. transportation,food,accessories,home renovation,and caregiver costs,were obtained from face-to-face interviews with patients and/ or caregivers. ·RESULTS: For the first sub-study,sixty-four medical records were reviewed. The annual average number of medical visits was 11.1 ±6.0. The average direct medical costs were $3 604 ±4 530 per year. No statistically-significant differences of the average direct medical costs among the BCVA groups were detected(P =0.98). Drug costs accounted for 77% of total direct medical costs. For direct non-medical costs,67 patients were included. Forty-eight patients(71.6%) required the accompaniment of a person during the out-patient visit. Seventeen patients(25.4%) required a caregiver at home. The average direct non-medical cost was $2 927 ±6 560 per year. There were no statistically-significant differences in the average costs among the BCVA groups(P =0.74). Care-giver cost accounted for 87% of direct non-medical costs.·CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that wet AMD is associated with a substantial economic burden,especially concerning drug and care-giver costs.

Resource Utilization Pattern and Development in Hills——A Case for the Pindar Basin of Garhwal Himalaya, India

Agrarian system is well adapted in Himalayan eco-system. Hence, the people have adopted the traditional subsistence cereal farming and it becomes the main stay of Himalayan people. About 80 percent of the workable force is attached with agriculture and its allied practices, according to the census of 1991. Although, horticultural farming runs parallel with agriculture, its proportion in terms of land is quite less, resulted in a negligible place in the economy of the region. Human resources, mainly men are attached with national security after recruitment in Army. While, women play a vital and integrated role in maintaining the workable potential in the field of agriculture and are known as backbone of economy. An animal resource implies foremost and wider part in agricultural system and economy as well. Water resources are unutilized yet, while almost all the major rivers of our country are originated from and flowing through this region. Increasing population causes forest resources depletion. The economy of the region is rested either on 憈raditional cereal farming?or 憁oney order based?development, which could not take place due to its remoteness from the main streams of the country. The impact of modern technology with innovation in agricultural system remains impracticable due to unwillingness of people in one hand and on the other hand, adverse geographical conditions like topography, climate etc. which could not permit the uses of modern innovation in the field of agriculture. As for infra-structurally,this region is lacked behind, due to its inaccessibility. While, this region is bestowed with numerous rivers, many places for tourists and pilgrims, and huge forest resources. They might be used evenly in the development processes. The practice of tourism will help for the further development, particularly, in the wake of the newly born state, Uttaranchal. The present paper aims to evaluate the present potentiality of resources and their balanced utilization in the Pindar Basin. A precise study has been done on resource utilization, ecology and environment with keeping view in mind that more or less exploitation of resources could not influence the environment and the economy of the region.

Study on Process Economics of Natural Resource Utilization

Finite supply of non-regenerative resources triggers a competition between economic entities or between areas, which requires the ways regarding their utilization with higher levels in science and the standards regarding their use with higher efficiency in economics. To solve a problem of process evaluation in science and of driving force in economics during a process design or a process run for natural resources utilization, a process evaluation parameter originated from natural gas hydrate preparation from a small scale to industrialization scale and the equation of the criterion dependent are introduced to evaluate a variety of processes of natural resources utilization. The analyses indicate that the parameter is relevant to internal undeveloped resources amount change with a stable mass composition in a virtual black box model and external variable market with an implication of process efficiency in economy or of process efficiency of resource utilization and that the parameter has similar features of the thermodynamic state functions. Moreover, the equation of the criterion provided is a difference between the value of the process evaluation parameter at the final state and the value of the process evaluation parameter at the initial state in an actual process, which can be used to determine the direction of development and to judge the size of the driving force in an actual process or an economical run. The provided examples and correlative mathematical description can guide how an identification for the undeveloped resources and a real-time adjustment of dynamic production for the developing resource are done and how decisions regarding resource exploitation, the venture forecasting of capital utilization and updating technology are made. The parameter used itself and the equation of the derived criterion can help by playing a predictive role for selecting the optimal use processes and for designing new process of the natural resource utilization or capital use, and by playing a practical role for adjusting factual production status and for improving the actual process of the utilization of resource or capital in an economic society. Finally, those closed resource systems having accumulation or depletion of the resources or a variable mass such as a decomposition system, a fission system and a biological reproduction system will become possible future research objectives under the guide of this work.

Combustion and Self-Desulfurization Characterization of Blended Low-Rank Coals for Improved Resource Utilization in Fluidized Bed Boilers

The co-combustion of low-rank coals through fluidized bed boiler(CFB)is an effective approach to enhance the level of resource utilization.To date,there has been a lack of investigation concerning the co-combustion kinetics and self-desulfurization characteristics of coal slime,coal gangue,and raw coal.In this study,we adopted multiple model-free and model-fitting methods to comparatively analyze co-combustion kinetics of blended coals on the basis of thermogravimetric data.Then,the sulfur balance and self-desulfurization of blended coals in the co-combustion were intensively investigated using a tube furnace set-up.The results reveal that in the presence of coal gangue in blended coals,the average activation energy(E_(a))falls within the range of 65.7 kJ/mol to 100.4 kJ/mol,as determined by four model-free methods.Conversely,in the absence of coal gangue,only the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)and Friedman(FM)methods are deemed appropriate for calculating the average E_(a),yielding a value of 77.3 kJ/mol.The first order reaction model is confirmed to be reliable for analyzing the co-combustion kinetics of low-rank blended coals.Irrespective of the specific composition of the blended coal,a significant linear correlation exists between the Ea and the natural logarithm of the pre-exponential factor(lnA)within an extensive range of parameters.Moreover,the addition of coal gangue to the blended coal substantially enhances the self-desulfurization level,resulting in an increase from 25.7%to60.7%at 1073 K.The self-desulfurization efficiency exhibits a good linear relationship with both the mass ratio of coal gangue to coal slime and the molar ratio of calcium to sulfur.In a practical implementation,the optimal addition ratio of coal gangue is a trade-off between the self-desulfurization efficiency and the ignition capacity.

Urban development and resource endowments shape natural resource utilization efficiency in Chinese cities

Improving the efficiency with which natural resources are utilized is an indispensable for achieving sustainable development and carbon neutrality. By analyzing the utilization efficiency of energy, water, and land, we established a comprehensive natural resource utilization efficiency index(NRUEI). We then calculated the 2016 index for 165 cities in China,and investigated what caused it to vary. We found three main results:(1) the NRUEI varied greatly across China and there were significant positive correlations between urban energy utilization efficiency(EUE), water utilization efficiency(WUE) and land utilization efficiency(LUE);(2) the NRUEI showed a significant positive correlation with a city’s population size,economy(Gross Domestic Product(GDP)), and the level of urban social development(GDP per capita);(3) cities in East China have the highest natural resource utilization efficiency,while cities in Northeast China have the lowest. These results indicate that China’s increasing urban development is associated with rising natural resource utilization efficiency and that the city’s endowment of natural resources is an important factor affecting that efficiency. Further, the results showed that the determinants of a city’s NRUEI differed in large and small cities. Lastly, our results suggest that improving EUE is key for improving NRUEI in urban China, and different efficiencies can be improved intertwined. A major takeaway of this study is that there is great potential for improving natural resource utilization efficiency in Chinese cities and we include city-specific suggestions for efficiency improvements.

Resource utilization of high concentration SO_(2) for sulfur production over La-Ce-O_(x)@ZrO_(2) composite oxide catalyst

Sulfur dioxide is one of the main causes of air pollution such as acid rain and photochemical smog,and its pollution control and resource utilization become an important research direction of air pollution control,The active component La-Ce-O_(x) is loaded on SiO_(2),γ-Al_(2)O_(3),TiO_(2) and ZrO_(2),and the La-Ce-Ox@ZrO_(2)exhibits the best catalytic activity.By adjusting the loading amount of La-Ce-O_(x),La-Ce-Ox@ZrO_(2) with different mass fractions was prepared.The results show that the activity of 15%La-Ce-Ox@ZrO_(2)catalyst is the best.The SO_(2)conversion is 100%,and the S yield and S selectivity are more than 96% at 350℃.According to the analysis results of H_(2)-TPR,CO_(2)-TPD and NH_(3)-TPD,ZrO_(2) as a support not only reduces the acidity of the catalyst,but also improves the weak alkaline sites of the catalyst,which is conducive to the adsorption and activation of SO2molecules at low temperature.The incorporation of La and Ce increases the oxygen concentration adsorbed on the catalyst.The strong interaction between the support ZrO_(2) and the active component La-Ce-Oxis conducive to the electron transfer between the active component and the support,and improves the activity of the catalyst.For the 15%La-Ce-O_(x)@ZrO_(2),the main reaction intermediates are weakly adsorbed SO_(2)(SO_(3)^(2-)),bicoordinated CO_(3)^(2-),monodentate carbonate and CO in the gas phase.Therefore,the catalytic reaction follows both L-H and E-R mechanisms.

AMAD:Adaptive Mapping Approach for Datacenter Networks,an Energy-Friend Resource Allocation Framework via Repeated Leader Follower Game

Cloud Datacenter Network(CDN)providers usually have the option to scale their network structures to allow for far more resource capacities,though such scaling options may come with exponential costs that contradict their utility objectives.Yet,besides the cost of the physical assets and network resources,such scaling may also imposemore loads on the electricity power grids to feed the added nodes with the required energy to run and cool,which comes with extra costs too.Thus,those CDNproviders who utilize their resources better can certainly afford their services at lower price-units when compared to others who simply choose the scaling solutions.Resource utilization is a quite challenging process;indeed,clients of CDNs usually tend to exaggerate their true resource requirements when they lease their resources.Service providers are committed to their clients with Service Level Agreements(SLAs).Therefore,any amendment to the resource allocations needs to be approved by the clients first.In this work,we propose deploying a Stackelberg leadership framework to formulate a negotiation game between the cloud service providers and their client tenants.Through this,the providers seek to retrieve those leased unused resources from their clients.Cooperation is not expected from the clients,and they may ask high price units to return their extra resources to the provider’s premises.Hence,to motivate cooperation in such a non-cooperative game,as an extension to theVickery auctions,we developed an incentive-compatible pricingmodel for the returned resources.Moreover,we also proposed building a behavior belief function that shapes the way of negotiation and compensation for each client.Compared to other benchmark models,the assessment results showthat our proposed models provide for timely negotiation schemes,allowing for better resource utilization rates,higher utilities,and grid-friend CDNs.

Evaluation of Agricultural Climatic Resource Utilization During Spring Maize Cultivation in Northeast China Under Climate Change

Agricultural climatic resources （such as light,temperature,and water） are environmental factors that affect crop productivity.Predicting the effects of climate change on agricultural climatic resource utilization can provide a theoretical basis for adapting agricultural practices and distributions of agricultural production.This study investigates these effects under the IPCC （Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change） scenario A1B using daily data from the high-resolution RegCM3 （0.25° ×0.25°） during 1951-2100.Model outputs are adjusted using corrections derived from daily observational data taken at 101 meteorological stations in Northeast China between 1971 and 2000.Agricultural climatic suitability theory is used to assess demand for agricultural climatic resources in Northeast China during the cultivation of spring maize.Three indices,i.e.,an average resource suitability index （Isr）,an average efficacy suitability index （Ise）,and an average resource utilization index （K）,are defined to quantitatively evaluate the effects of climate change on climatic resource utilization between 1951 and 2100.These indices change significantly in both temporal and spatial dimensions in Northeast China under global warming.All three indices are projected to decrease in Liaoning Province from 1951 to 2100,with particularly sharp declines in Isr,Ise,and K after 2030,2021,and 2011,respectively.In Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces,Isr is projected to increase slightly after 2011,while Ise increases slightly and K decreases slightly after 2030.The spatial maxima of all three indices are projected to shift northeastward.Overall,warming of the climate in Northeast China is expected to negatively impact spring maize production,especially in Liaoning Province.Spring maize cultivation will likely need to shift northward and expand eastward to make efficient use of future agricultural climatic resources.

THE UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCE AND THE OASIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ARID LAND—A CASE STUDY OF TURPAN BASIN

Turpan Basin is a unique geographic region in China. The topography of the Basin is closed and the climate is extremely dry. The shortage of water resource has been restricting the existence and development of the oasis in Turpan Basin. This paper briefly analyzes the characteristics of the basin's water resources, and expounds the processes of their utilization and regional development. It points out that the exploration of water resource is close to the limit and the utilization of water resource is unreasonable. So it is nonrealistic to follow the traditional exploration pattern. According to the transforming pattern between runoff and groundwater in the basin, an overall planning of the utilization of the water resource is advanced. Based on the relation between the maintenance of Aydingkol Lake and the existence of the oasis, the amount of water resource used must be controlled in order to guarantee the existence of the lake. The orientation of the utilization of water resource is to improve the management level of water resource, and to apply advanced water saving technology. Building up an economic system which can effectively use water resource is the orientation of the oasis sustainable economic development.

Study on the resource utilization of high fluorine-containing organic waste through fluidized incineration

In this study,the method of fluidized incineration and water washing to recover hydrogen fluoride(HF)was proposed to dispose of high fluorine-containing organic waste.The resource utilization of the waste was investigated in a fluidized bed incinerator with a disposal capability of 10 t/d.The evolution characteristics of fluorine,operation conditions of the incineration system,absorption coefficient for HF by water washing,and HF corrosion during combustion were assessed.The results showed that HF and fluorocarbons were detected as the initial gaseous fluorides released during combustion.The release of HF could be divided into three stages,in which HF was generated from the volatilization of HF in the waste and the hydrolysis of fluorine in water-soluble salts(60–220℃),oxidative decomposition of fluorinated organic components and residual carbon(220–800℃),and hydrolysis of insoluble fluorinated inorganic minerals(800–1000℃).Fluorocarbons could be destroyed through reactions with free radicals H,O,and OH or through single-molecule decomposition.Enhancing the temperature in the furnace and increasing the content of oxygen and hydrogen in the incineration materials were conducive to reducing the generation of fluorocarbons.By sampling and analyzing the bottom slag,bag filter ash and exhaust gas during the field test,the relevant pollutant discharge could meet the national emission standards.The waste heat utilization of high-temperature flue gas and the recovery of hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid were realized.In the recovery of HF by water washing,the total absorption coefficients for 1#to 4#packed absorbers were 52.38 kg/(h m^(2)),39.96 kg/(h m^(2)),5.98 kg/(h m^(2))and 3.89 kg/(h m^(2)),respectively.In the actual operation,alumina showed good corrosion resistance to high-temperature HF and could be used as bed materials or refractory materials.Low-temperature corrosion of HF occurred in the quenching heat exchanger,which was damaged after 6 months of continuous operation.High-temperature corrosion of HF occurred in the waste heat boiler.No significant corrosion was observed in the 24 months of operation.

Study on Sustainable Utilization of Resources of the Damp-heat Karst Mountainous Areas in China

Damp-heat karst mountainous areas are unique areas in terms of socialeconomic development, resource endowment and eco-environment in China, where natural resources are abundant,unique and diverse. However, fragile eco-environment, undeveloped economy and culture, and conflict of human and environment should not be ignored. In the research, a framework of integration of resource-development and environment-protection in damp-heat karst was designed on basis of resource and environment integration, which was applied to Daxin County in Guangxi Province. Furthermore, some integration models were proposed, including integration of development of characteristic agricultural resources and protection of eco-environment, integration of development of manganese ore resources and protection of eco-environment, integration of development of tourism resources and protection of ecoenvironment and integration of development of clean energy and protection of eco-environment.

Analysis of the suspension polymerization flows of polyvinyl chloride with the exergy analysis involving resource utilization and environmental influence

In order to comprehensively assess the resource utilization of aprocess system and its influence on the environment, the application range of the traditional exergy analysis was expanded in this paper to include the pollution degree of the discharged wastes to the environment. So technology indexes can be obtained to comprehensively assess the resource utilization and the environment impact of a process system. The harm coefficient and effect coefficient were introduced to concern the different harm to the environment of the different wastes and the pollution effect relative to resource waste by environment. The determination method of the harm coefficient and effect coefficient was discussed. Two suspension polymerization flows of polyvinyl chloride were calculated with this method. The results show that the method can comprehensively assess the resource utilization and the environment impact of the chemical process system by comparing and analyzing.