Defining Cities by Water: Addressing Capital Misallocation in a Race to Conserve Resources

As part of its efforts to promote a sustainable and high-quality development,China has pledged to reduce water consumption and create a water-efficient society.On the basis of identifying the institutional root causes of excessive capital allocation and excessive water consumption in China’s water-intensive industrial sectors,this study elaborates how the national water-efficient cities assessment contributes to optimized capital allocation.Our research shows that national water-efficient cities assessment has motivated local governments to compete for water efficiency.To conserve water,local governments regulated the entry and exit of water-intensive enterprises,discouraged excessive investments in water-intensive sectors,and phased out obsolete water-intensive capacities within their jurisdictions.This approach has resulted in mutually beneficial outcomes,including improved allocation of capital,enhanced water efficiency,and reduced emissions.This paper offers policy recommendations for establishing a water-efficient society throughout the 14^(th) Five-Year Plan(2021-2025)period by presenting empirical evidence on the policy effects of resource efficiency evaluation.

Transitional Road of Resources-exhausted Cities to Low-carbon Economy:Tourism Resources Development——A Case Study of Gejiu City

Tourism is of vital practical significance to low-carbon economic transition of resources-exhausted cities.By taking Gejiu City of Yunnan Province for example,the paper discussed that Gejiu City as the resources-exhausted city should positively develop tourism,particularly industrial heritage tourism,treating tourism development as the breakthrough and motive power of low-carbon economic transition of resources-exhausted cities,so as to walk out a unique road of tourism promoting low-carbon economic development.

Research on Landscape Ecology Mode of New Resources-based Cities—A Case Study of Yulin City of Shaanxi Province in China

Based on the overall understanding of new cities developing based on resources,by taking Yulin City of Shaanxi Province for example and combining with relevant statistical data,main problems existing in resources development have been pointed out,covering simple resources industrial structure and serious wastes in resources development;insufficient intensive processing of products and low level of resources integrated utilization;and deteriorative regional eco-environment.On this basis,a new mode of landscape ecology of resource-based cities have been proposed,emphasizing constructing new green energy industrial development mode from the perspective of microscopic view;ecological industrial park of circular economy from the perspective of mesoscopic view;and the overall ecological recovery mode of the mining area from the perspective of macroscopic view.It hopes to give a vital inspiration to the sustainable development of new resources-based cities.

Vulnerability assessment of water resources to climate change in Chinese cities

Climate change is an inevitable trend,which challenges security of water resources in China,especially in cities.Assessing vulnerability of water resource to climate change in cities has important role for policy makers. The paper constructs a vulnerability function,including exposure,sensitivity and adaptive capacity,according to the vulnerability concept proposed by IPCC,establishes an assessment indicators system of water resources to climate change in cities,and analyzes vulnerability features of Chinese cites based on 655 cities＇data in 2006.The vulnerability assessment results show that there are distinctive differences among all the cities,between east,central and west cities,between ordinary,big and mega cities,while there is no statistical significant difference between north and south cities.Based on the research,the paper suggests that strategic emphasis should focus on the central cities and ordinary cities

Analysis on the situation and countermeasures of water resources supply and demand in the cities of small and medium-sized river basins along southeast coast of China-taking Xiamen City as an example

The small and medium-sized river basins along southeast coast of China hold comparatively abundant water resources.However,the rapid resources urbanization in recent years has produced a series of water problems such as deterioration of river water quality,water shortage and exacerbated floods,which have constrained urban economic development.By applying the principle of triple supply-demand equilibrium,this paper focuses on the estimation of levels of water supply and demand in 2030 at different guarantee probabilities,with a case study of Xiamen city.The results show that water shortage and inefficient utilization are main problems in the city,as the future water supply looks daunting,and a water shortage may hit nearly 2×10^(8)m^(3)in an extraordinarily dry year.Based on current water supply-demand gap and its trend,this paper proposes countermeasures and suggestions for developing and utilizing groundwater resources and improving the utilization rate of water resources,which can supply as a reference for other southeast middle-to-small-sized basin cities in terms of sustainable water resources and water environment protection.

Carrying Capacity and Coupling Coordination of Water and Land Resources Systems in Arid and Semi-arid Areas: A Case Study of Yulin City, China

Quantitatively assessing the carrying capacity of water and land resources systems in arid and semi-arid areas is crucial for achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.In this work,taking Yulin City in China as a case study and employing the Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation(CRITIC)method,a modified model of coupling degree was developed to evaluate the car-rying capacity of water and land resources systems endowment and utilization,as well as their coupling coordination degree from 2013 to 2020.Our findings indicate that the water and land resources of Yulin are diminishing due to declines in agriculture,higher industrial water use,and wetland shrinkage.However,reallocating domestic water for ecological sustainability and reducing sloping farmland can mitigate this trend of decline.Temporally,as the coupling coordination between water and land resources system endowment in Yulin continuously improved,the coupling coordination between water and land resources system utilization first decreased and then in-creased with 2016 as the turning point.Spatially,the carrying capacity of water and land resources systems,the coupling coordination degree between water and land resources system endowment,and the coupling coordination degree between water and land resources system utilization in Yulin exhibited the same pattern of being higher in the six northern counties than in the six southern counties.Improving the water resources endowment is vital for the highly efficient use of water and land resources.

数字经济对资源型城市绿色全要素生产率的影响研究

发挥数字经济的绿色驱动力,促进资源型城市绿色转型,对推动中国经济高质量发展具有重要意义。基于2012—2021年113个中国资源型城市的面板数据,采用SBM模型结合GML指数测量资源型城市的绿色全要素生产率,以及熵值法测度其数字经济发展水平,再运用多种计量模型探究数字经济对资源型城市绿色全要素生产率的影响效应及作用机制。研究发现:(1)数字经济对资源型城市绿色全要素生产率有显著提升作用,且经多重稳健性检验后结论依旧成立;(2)数字经济可通过推动产业结构升级,进而提升资源型城市绿色全要素生产率;(3)数字经济对不同类型资源型城市绿色全要素生产率的影响不同,其中,数字经济对成熟型和再生型城市的正向影响最显著,对成长型城市的影响则不显著,对衰退型城市的影响为负。因此,应持续推进数字经济发展,完善相关基础设施建设;优化升级产业结构,充分发挥其在数字经济引导资源型城市绿色全要素生产率提升中的重要作用;因地制宜制定差异化发展战略,助推资源型城市绿色高质量发展。

整体偏联系数与随机模拟耦合的水资源承载力评价方法

为定量评价区域水资源承载力、挖掘区域水资源承载力评价过程中的不确定性信息、合理构造集对分析联系数分量的迁移率矩阵,提出采用基于同异反总关系程度“a+b+c”度量的整体偏联系数方法计算得到修正联系数分量,再结合三角模糊数随机模拟方法,构建了基于整体偏联系数与随机模拟耦合的水资源承载力评价方法。文中模型在宿州市2011—2019年的应用结果表明:宿州市水资源承载能力总体偏低,除2018年以外,其余年份水资源承载力评价等级均在2级以上,但是评价等级有逐年下降趋势,水资源承载力呈现正向改善的趋势;水资源承载力级别特征值全部落在本文方法计算出的评价区间内,认为该方法合理,与基于偏联系数原理构造的迁移率矩阵计算的评级等级基本一致且误差更小,说明该方法在联系数分量迁移转化时更合理,可为判别区域水资源承载力评价等级、合理调控区域水资源承载力提供有效途径。

基于NSGA-Ⅱ+ARSBX算法的太原市水资源优化配置

为优化太原市水资源配置,设置考虑节水意识和非常规水的供需预测情景,采用NSGA-Ⅱ+ARSBX算法求解水资源优化配置模型,并构建多系统耦合协调度评价模型评价该算法的求解能力。基于供需预测结果,根据不同保证率下的可供水量选择合适的节水意识情景,配置结果中非常规水量平均占比26.08%,供水比例仅低于外调水(35.77%);不同水平年不同保证率下NSGA-Ⅱ+ARSBX算法的协调度均大于0.8,优于NSGA-Ⅱ算法。结果表明:保证率75%、95%时需要中节水意识甚至高节水意识才能改善缺水情况,且非常规水占总供水量比例超过1/4,将其纳入供水系统对缓解太原市水资源紧张起到了重要作用;与NSGA-Ⅱ算法相比,NSGA-Ⅱ+ARSBX算法在水资源优化配置中具有更好的可行性,能够为水资源优化配置模型求解提供新途径。

Qingdao City Resources Water Price Estimate

The water resource price is currently one of the difficult problems of water price research.After references collection,investigation and analysis,the water resource price of Qingdao City was calculated by applying fuzzy mathematics.According to the present situation and region characteristic of Qingdao,water quality,per capita water supply,economical level,population density and alternative water resources were selected as water resource influence factors and weigh coefficients of all these factors were ascertained.The results show that the water resource price of Qingdao is 3.05yuam/m3 and total water price is 4.65Yuan/m3.

全域旅游视角下县域旅游资源等级评价——以安陆市为例

针对全域旅游时代旅游资源的重新认定和等级评价问题,对全域旅游时代的旅游资源进行了再认识,应用层次分析法构建了全域旅游视角下县域旅游资源等级评价模型,对安陆市各旅游资源点进行了认定及等级评价。评价结果显示,全市有五级旅游资源1处、四级旅游资源6处、三级旅游资源12处、二级旅游资源18处、一级旅游资源29处、未评级旅游资源23处,等级结构总体上呈“金字塔形”。针对该等级评价结果,提出了安陆市旅游资源开发的建议。

节能减排政策目标协同对黄河流域资源型城市生态效率的影响研究

黄河流域资源型城市节能减排问题研究对黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展战略的实施至关重要。对2009年以来黄河流域节能减排政策进行了全面梳理与量化分析,并从目标协同视角测度了节能减排政策协同水平的变化趋势;以黄河流域36个资源型城市为研究对象,采用Super-SBM模型测算了黄河流域资源型城市的生态效率;构建双向固定效应模型,实证分析了节能减排政策目标协同对黄河流域资源型城市生态效率的影响。研究发现,节能减排政策双目标协同对黄河流域资源型城市生态效率具有显著促进作用,但多目标协同却对其产生了抑制效应。结果表明:为实现黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展,单项节能减排政策的目标制定不宜过多,否则会因目标过于分散而阻碍政策的落实,甚至产生负效应。

耦合价值与风险评价的矿产资源型城市生态安全格局构建:以马鞍山市为例

多源因子的综合作用改变了资源型城市的景观结构,导致生态环境脆弱,生态安全受到威胁。景观生态风险和生态系统服务价值是衡量区域生态安全的2个互补维度,是构建生态安全格局的重要因素。本研究基于马鞍山市3期土地利用数据,通过价值当量法和景观格局指数分析了20年间生态系统服务价值和景观生态风险的时空变化;同时,考虑景观生态风险对物种迁徙的影响,构建了自然-社会-景观多维阻力面,基于生态系统服务价值评估结果并结合形态学空间格局分析(morphological spatial pattern analysis,MSPA)和电路理论来识别生态源地、廊道及生态节点。结果表明:1)中风险区是最主要的风险区,且分布在多种景观类型相互交织的平原地区,其面积呈扩张趋势(共增加了250.31 km^(2));2)较低值区和中值区是最主要的生态系统服务价值等级,分布在耕地和建设用地相互交织的区域,以及林地密集的山地丘陵地区,面积呈持续下降趋势(共减少了221.20km^(2));3)马鞍山市共有10处生态源地,重要生态廊道5条,一般生态廊道11条,生态夹点22处,生态障碍点28处;4)构建了“一带三区”的生态安全格局。

Evaluation of regional water resources carrying capacity based on binary index method and reduction index method

Based on the regional water resources carrying capacity(WRCC)evaluation principles and evaluation index system in the National Technical Outline of Water Resources Carrying Capacity Monitoring and Early Warning(hereafter referred to as the Technical Outline),this paper elaborates on the collection and sorting of the basic data of water resources conditions,water resources development and utilization status,social and economic development in basins,analysis and examination of integrity,consistency,normativeness,and rationality of the basic data,and the necessity of WRCC evaluation.This paper also describes the technique of evaluating the WRCC in prefecture-level cities and city-level administrative divisions in the District of the Taihu Lake Basin,which is composed of the Taihu Lake Basin and the Southeastern River Basin.The evaluation process combines the binary index evaluation method and reduction index evaluation method.The former,recommended by the Technical Outline,uses the total water use and the amount of exploited groundwater as evaluation indices,showing stronger operability,while the latter is developed by simplifying and optimizing the comprehensive index system with greater systematicness and completeness.The mutual validation and adjustment of the results of the above-mentioned two evaluation methods indicate that the WRCC of the District of the Taihu Lake Basin is overloaded in general because some prefecture-level cities and city-level administrative divisions in the Taihu Lake Basin and the Southeastern River Basin are in a severely overloaded state.In order to explain this conclusion,this paper analyzes the causes of WRCC overloading from the aspects of basin water environment,water resources development and utilization,water resources regulation and control ability,water resources utilization efficiency,and water resources management.

System dynamics model of Suzhou water resources carrying capacity and its application

A model of Suzhou water resources carrying capacity （WRCC） was set up using the method of system dynamics （SD）. In the model, three different water resources utilization programs were adopted： （1） continuity of existing water utilization, （2） water conservation/saving, and （3） water exploitation. The dynamic variation of the Suzhou WRCC was simulated with the supply-decided principle for the time period of 2001 to 2030, and the results were characterized based on socio-economic factors. The corresponding Suzhou WRCC values for several target years were calculated by the model. Based on these results, proper ways to improve the Suzhou WRCC are proposed. The model also produced an optimized plan, which can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable utilization of Suzhou water resources and for the coordinated development of the society, economy, and water resources.

Towards sustainable mining cities: what policies should be sought and experiences could be learnt for China?

This paper aims to explore interinks between population, resoures, environment anddevelopment of mining cities in China. The authors place emphasis on speeific policy stud of how tostep a sustainable rnining city based on the analysis of six components constituting the integrative andsystendc backdrop to mining city sustainability. The attempts are taken to make a deep comparisonbased on the studies in the five typical cities of Datong, Daqing, Panzhihua, Jinchang and Golmud ofChina, combining some experiences and theorehca thoughts from the Western countries. Therelationship between the resourees endoment, mining (in broader sense) and economic developmentis given based on the analysis of development of mineral resources and formahon of mining cities.Morcover, some changing characteristics and related issues of China's mining cities on environmentand socio-econondc dimensions are considered. The last part of the paper focuses on the discussion ofrestructuring approach to the mining cities in China, some reflections and suggestions are put forward.

Comprehensive Measurement for Carrying Capacity of Resources and Environment of City Clusters in Central China

Studying the carrying capacity of resources and environment of city clusters in the central China has important practical guidance significance for promoting the healthy, sustainable and stable development of this region. According to their influencing factors and reciprocity mechanism, using system dynamics approaches, this paper built a SD model for measuring the carrying capacity of resources and environment of the city clusters in the central China, and through setting different development models, the comprehensive measurement analysis on the carrying capacity was carried out. The results show that the model of promoting socio-economic development under the protection of resources and environment is the optimal model for promoting the harmony development of resources, environment, society and economy in the city clusters. According to this model, the optimum population scale of the city clusters in 2020 is 42.80×106 persons, and the moderate economic development scale is 22.055×1012 yuan (RMB). In 1996-2020, the carrying capacity of resources and environment in the city clusters took on obvious phase-change characteristics. During the studied period, it is basically at the initial development stage, and will come through the development process from slow development to speedup development.

The comprehensive evaluation on resource environmental bearing capacity of central cities in the Yellow River Delta-A case study on Dongying City

Dongying City, which is the most important central city in the Yellow River Delta, is located in the estuary of the Yellow River. With a short land formation time, ecological environment is very weak in this area. To realize the sustainable economic development of the Yellow River Delta, resource environment and resource environmental bearing capacity(REBC) must be improved. This study builds assessment system of regional REBC through resource and economic characteristics in Yellow River Delta and uses principal component analysis(PCA) method to evaluate REBC of five counties and districts in Dongying City in 2011-2015 on the dimensions of time and space. Results show that, on the time dimension, Guangrao County is ranked first, Dongying district second for four years and Hekou and Kenli districts with lower ranks in 2012-2015, indicating that more attention needs to be paid to REBC of Hekou and Dongying districts and these two districts should be included into key monitoring areas. From space scale, REBC in five counties and districts has been gradually improving. In order to further develop REBC in Dongying City, measures such as intensifying protection of urban ecological environment and developing circular economy, etc. should be implemented.

Analysis of the Spatial Structure of Tourism Resources in Ji'an City

This paper analyzed characteristics of tourism resources in Ji'an City,and carried out quantitative analysis of local tourism resources based on agglomeration effect of resources,connectivity analysis,and accessibility analysis. The results showed that the city has poor loop of tourism network,major scenic areas(spots) have moderate network accessibility,in view of this,suggestions for the optimum development of local tourism industry were proposed.

Evaluation of urban underground space resources using a negative list method: Taking Xi'an City as an example in China

Utilization of urban underground space has become a vital approach to alleviate the strain on urban land resources,and to optimize the structure and pattem of the city.It is also very important to improve the city environment,build livable city and increase the capacity of the city.Based on the analysis of existing evaluation methods and their problems,a method for evaluating underground space resources based on a negative list of adverse factors affecting underground space development is proposed,to be primarily used in urban planning stages.A list of the adverse factors is established,including limiting factors,constraining factors and influencing factors.Taking Xi'an as an example,using a geographical information system platform,a negative list of adverse factors for the underground space resources in Xi'an City are evaluated,and preventive measures are proposed.Natural resources,exploitable resources,and the potential growth of exploitable underground space resources are evaluated.Underground space assessment in the different development stages of the city,collaborative utilization and safety evaluation for multiple subsurface resources,environmental impact and assessment,as well as evaluation methods based on big data and intelligent optimization algorithms are all discussed with the aim of serving city planning and construction.