ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION OF REGULATED WATER RESOURCES OF GROUNDWATER RESERVOIR

Groundwater reservoir is a kind of important engineering, which can optimize water resources arran- gement by means of artificial regulation. Regulated water is the blood and value performance of groundwater reservoir. To resolve the problem of real-time quantification of regulated water, the paper analyzed sources and compositions of regulated water in detail. Then, under the conditions of satisfying water demand inside research area, the paper analyzed quantity available and regulation coefficient of different regulated water and established a formula to calculate regulated water. At last, based on a pore groundwater reservoir in the middle reaches of the Yinma River, Jilin Province, the paper calculated regulated water with the formula and the result shows that the method is feasible. With some constraint conditions, the formula can be adopted in other similar areas.

Study of Calculation of Reserves and Scale for Low–grade Solid Potassium Deposits of Chaerhan Salt Lake

Analyzes on solid potassium mineral reserves calculation methods and existing problems of chaerhan salt lake,t with many parameters comparison solid potassium mineral reserves calculation results are reliable,the

Resources calculation of cobalt-rich crusts with the grid subdivision and integral method

On the basis of three geological models and several orebody boundaries, a method of grid subdivision and integral has been proposed to calculate and evaluate the resources of cobalt-rich crusts on the seamounts in the central Pacific Ocean. The formulas of this method are deduced and the interface of program module is designed. The method is carried out in the software ＂Auto mapping system of submarine topography and geomorphology MBChart＂. This method and program will possibly become a potential tool to calculate the resources of seamounts and determine the target diggings for China＇ s next Five-year Plan.

Protection and Quality Control of Wild Chinese Herbal Medicine Resources in Nature Reserves by Taking Longyuwan Scenic Spot Within Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve as an Example

This paper discussed how to protect and control the quality of wild Chinese herbal medicine resources in nature reserves by taking Longyuwan National Forest Park within Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve as an example. Through the combination of three methods including literature review, visiting and investigational studies, and field surveys, the data of investigation, collection and collation were analyzed. According to data of surveys, collection and collation, problems related to the protection of wild Chinese herbal medicine resources faced by Longyuwan Scenic Spot within Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve were also analyzed and protection strategies and quality control of wild Chinese herbal medicine resources in this nature reserve were discussed. It was expected that the results would provide important scientific references for the sustainable development, protection and quality control of wild Chinese herbal medicine resources within nature reserves.

Chinese Geological Prospecting Gets Good Harvest, and Mineral Resources and Reserves Increase Gratifying in 2012

On March 27, 2013, the Ministry of Land and Resources held a news conference to announce a significant achievement in Chinese geological prospecting work in 2012. According to government/industry statistics, proved reserves of oil and natural gas have increase substantially in 2012. Newly proven national petroleum geological reserves are 15.2 million tons, a year-on-year growth of 13%, which is the tenth time of more than 1 billion tons since the founding of People＇s Republic of China; newly proven technically recoverable reserves are 270 million tons, a year-on-year growth of 7%. The 2012 national newly proved reserves from natural gas exploration are 961.22 billion cubic meters, a year-on-year growth of 33%, which is the highest level in our history; the new proven technically recoverable reserves are 500.8 billion cubic meters, a year-on-year growth of 36%. National natural gas production was 106.76 billion cubic meters, a year-on-year growth of 5.4%. The Ordos, Tarim and Sichuan basins are still the main producing areas of natural gas in China. In 2012, national oil production was 205 million tons, a year-on-year growth of 1%, which made a steady increase. The national coal-bed methane production was 2.57 billion cubic meters, a year-on-year growth of 24%.

Reserves of Nonferrous Metal Resources in China

1.The Status of Major Mineral Reserves in ChinaSince 1949 162 kinds of minerals and thousands of mining area have been found out in geo-logical exploration,and 149 kinds have been proved reserves.Estimated potential cost of 45 kindsonly of major minerals may be more than one billion RMB(?).China is the one of the great-nations of mineral resources in the world.But the distribution in respect of mineral species is not so ideal as expected.According to theirreserves the minerals can be classified as follows.

Evaluation of Ecotourism Resources in Dawangling Nature Reserve,China

Dawangling Nature Reserve in Guangxi is famous for its rich ecotourism resources such as diversified animal and plant resources,picturesque natural scenery and pleasant climate.A.Through the field investigation and the application of landscape resources management system,the authors adopted 7 landscape quality factors to evaluate aesthetic quality of Dawangling Nature Reserve that could be experienced,specifically,terrain,plant,water,color,influence of neighboring landscapes,scarcity and human modification.The evaluation score was obtained as 20.0(A-grade),which implied that natural scenery in the study area was of high aesthetic value,and suitable for various experiential tourist activities.B.Ecological assessment standards for nature reserves were applied to evaluate eco-quality of the tourist environment in the study area,6 specific assessment indexes were adopted,specifically,diversity,scarcity,representativeness,naturalness,appropriateness of area and threats of survival.The evaluation score was obtained as 86.1(Grade Ⅰ),which implied that tourist environment of the study area was excellent and suitable for ecotourism development.C.According to the detailed landscape grading standards,the total score of its landscapes was obtained as 86(up to the standards of international 4A-class tourist site or spot),which implied that landscape quality of the scenic area was fine,and had great development potentials.D.By consulting the evaluation model tree of mountainous scenic areas in China,a comprehensive quantitative evaluation of the study area was carried out from the perspectives of tourist resource conditions,location and tourist source conditions,regional economic background.The score of its tourist resources was obtained as 60.67,accounting for 85.6% of the total;that of location and tourist source conditions was 11.83,accounting for 79.8% of the total;that of regional economic background was 10.55,accounting for 72.5% of the total,which implied that tourist resources in the study area were of high development value,enjoyed obvious location advantages,great value of regional economic background,thus had excellent development advantages.This study aimed at providing useful references for the further development of ecotourism resources in Dawangling Nature Reserve,which would facilitate the overall improvement of tourism industry in Baise,enhance its economic development and exploration of more ecotourism projects.

Study on the Current Situation and Protection Countermeasures of Wild Plant Resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve

[Objective] The aim was to study the current situation and protection countermeasures of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve. [Method] The current situation of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve was researched by means of route survey, sample plot survey and literature survey, and then the main impact factors of wild plant resources were analyzed by using participatory rural appraisal and problem tree analysis, finally protection countermeasures were put forward according to current situation and main impact factors. [Result] There were 2 779 species of vascular plants belonging to 214 families and 1 012 genera (including subfamilies and varieties) in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, among them, there existed 261 species of pteridophyte belonging to 41 families and 91 genera, 14 species of gymnosperm belonging to 6 families and 6 genera, and 2 504 species of angiosperm belonging to 167 families and 915 genera. Wild plant resources in reserve were mainly affected by planting under forest, habitat fragmentation, cutting trees, collection and utilization of no-timber products, development of animal husbandry, insufficient recognition of community residents to reserve management establishment and lots of floating population. In the future, wild plant resources in reserve could be protected through strengthening propaganda, education and management, enforcing the law strictly and other countermeasures. [Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundation for the protection of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve.

Resources of Vascular Plants in Guangxi Lagou Nature Reserve

Based on plant investigation of Guangxi Lagou Nature Reserve, the result indicated that the vascular plants are abundant, represented by 1,078 species(including varieties, subspecies), belonging to 657 genera in 186 families. Among these plants found, there are about 88 timber plants, 358 medicinal plants, 36 oil plants, 70 fi ber plants, 29 starch plants, 25 fruit plants, 28 aromatic plants, 39 tannic plants, 12 health beverage plants, 49 forage plants, 75 ornamental plants, 23 soil-conserving plants, 43 rare and endangered plants. It's urgent to protect the plant resources, so suggestions about conservation and sustainable utilization of the resources were put forward.

Survey and Evaluation of Reserve Arable Land Resources in Xinjiang's Makit County

Using " limiting factor" evaluation method,we make survey and evaluation of reserve arable land resources in Makit County.The results show that 9876.1 ha of land resources can be reclaimed in the county;there is no mining land to be reclaimed;9447.58 ha of grassland can be reclaimed,and it is mainly distributed in Gazikule Township and Kizilawat Township.We make the following recommendations:broadening investment channels and increasing capital investment for arable land consolidation;combining unused land development and environmental protection;making suitability evaluation of reserve arable land resources and determining reasonable direction and path of development and reclamation.

Securing offshore resources development:A mathematical investigation into gas leakage in long-distance flexible pipes

Gas flexible pipes are critical multi-layered equipment for offshore oil and gas development.Under high pressure conditions,small molecular components of natural gas dissolve into the polymer inner liner of the flexible pipes and further diffuse into the annular space,incurring annular pressure build-up and/or production of acidic environment,which poses serious challenges to the structure and integrity of the flexible pipes.Gas permeation in pipes is a complex phenomenon governed by various factors such as internal pressure and temperature,annular structure,external temperature.In a long-distance gas flexible pipe,moreover,gas permeation exhibits non-uniform features,and the gas permeated into the annular space flows along the metal gap.To assess the complex gas transport behavior in long-distance gas flexible pipes,a mathematical model is established in this paper considering the multiphase flow phenomena inside the flexible pipes,the diffusion of gas in the inner liner,and the gas seepage in the annular space under varying permeable properties of the annulus.In addition,the effect of a variable temperature is accounted.A numerical calculation method is accordingly constructed to solve the coupling mathematical equations.The annular permeability was shown to significantly influence the distribution of annular pressure.As permeability increases,the annular pressure tends to become more uniform,and the annular pressure at the wellhead rises more rapidly.After annular pressure relief followed by shut-in,the pressure increase follows a convex function.By simulating the pressure recovery pattern after pressure relief and comparing it with test results,we deduce that the annular permeability lies between 123 and 512 m D.The results help shed light upon assessing the annular pressure in long distance gas flexible pipes and thus ensure the security of gas transport in the emerging development of offshore resources.

ASSESSMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AT HONGHE NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE

A detailed assessment on water resources of HNNR is to find the changing rules in time and space scale of water resources of HNNR and its adjacent areas, and the generating and degrading factors of wetland and provide scientific base on restoring and managing the hydrologic regime for planning and designing at HNNR. Both the assessment area and its adjacent watershed of Bielahong River belong to the same region in the climate and surface features. Total of 46 years of serial data from 1956 2001 in the Bielahong Hydrology Station was employed. Typical analysis of the serial runoff was conducted by adopting the residual mass curve method. The calculation methods of hydrological parameters are valuable for analyzing the water balance of HNNR. The results showed that the inputs of 118.29×10 6 m 3 of the surface runoff and 1 478km 2 of the areas of natural watershed in HNNR were decreased. At the same time some measurements to control and prevent water resources decreased have been proposed.

Analysis of vascular plant resources and diversity in Fanjing Mountain,Guizhou Province

Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve is located at the junction of Jiangkou,Yinjiang and Songtao counties in the Tongren region of Guizhou Province.Because of the topography and humid climate of the central subtropical monsoonal mountains,the plant species in this area are rich and diverse.The vascular plant resources and diversity of Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve in Guizhou Province were studied through field survey,literature review and specimen identification.The results show that there are 284 species of vascular plants in the region,belonging to 205 genera in 93 families,mainly angiosperms.Liliaceae,Asteraceae,Polygonaceae,Leguminosae,Ranunculaceae and Polygonum have the most species,followed by Sedum,Dioscorea,Actinidia Lindl and Thalictrum.In terms of life types,perennial herbs are the most dominant,accounting for 68.47%of the total number of species,and annual(or biennial)herbs,shrubs and vine types also present.There are 222 species identified as medicinal vascular plants,accounting for 78.2%of the total number of species.The medicinal parts are primarily found in the whole herb category,followed by the root and rhizome category.

Evaluation of Arable Land Reserve Resources and Analysis of Restrictive Factors: A Case Study of Hangjin Banner in Inner Mongolia

Taking land available for cultivation and mining land available for reclamation in Hangjin Banner of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,using land use database of 2012 as evaluation base,it made evaluation of arability of 677 021. 40 hm2 reserve land resources by the restrictive factor evaluation method. Besides,it analyzed main restrictive factors of arable land reserve resources in Hangjin Banner. Results indicate that the total area arable land reserve resources is 52 200. 02 hm2,accounting for 7. 71% of total area evaluated. Irrigation condition and soil thickness are major factors restricting development of arable land reserve resources in the study area. It is expected to provide reference for development of arable land reserve resources and land consolidation project in Hangjin Banner.

The Dependency of Coastal Livelihood on Forest Resources, and Alternative Options in the Periphery of the Sundarbans Reserve Forest, Patharghata, Bangladesh

Dependency on forest resources poses a threat to the environment in Patharghata, Bangladesh. Therefore, this study explores the role of forest resource in the life and livelihood of coastal people as well as to understand the effectiveness of forest and status of forest dependency in and around south-central coast in Patharghata, Bangladesh. We collected data randomly from 105 household heads through both open and close-ended questionnaire. To investigate the forest dependency and people’s perception regarding alternative solutions, Microsoft excel software program has been applied. The findings reveal that usage of fuelwood in cooking, housing structure, fish catching, honey & fodder collection significantly contributes to household dependency on forest resources, while other variables seem to be insignificant. Our study amplifies that the share of forest income to the total household income was only 19% while other earning sources provided 81% income. The result shows that respondent people collect forest resources primarily for cooking purpose with a share of 71% where 9% forest resources are collected as fodder followed by 8% forest resource collection as food and sheltering purposes. Moreover, the study found that using alternative cooking system, artificial instruments, declaring the forest as tourist spot, changes in housing structure, occupation are some effective options to reduce forest dependency. The study concludes that these alternative options need more financial and other support from the government, non-government and other civil society organizations to cut down forest resource dependency.

Blockchain-assisted virtual power plant framework for providing operating reserve with various distributed energy resources

The paradigm shift from a coal-based power system to a renewable-energy-based power system brings more challenges to the supply-demand balance of the grid.Distributed energy resources(DERs),which can provide operating reserve to the grid,are regarded as a promising solution to compensate for the power fluctuation of the renewable energy resources.Small-scale DERs can be aggregated as a virtual power plant(VPP),which is eligible to bid in the operating reserve market.Since the DERs usually belong to different entities,it is important to investigate the VPP operation framework that coordinates the DERs in a trusted man-ner.In this paper,we propose a blockchain-assisted operating reserve framework for VPPs that aggregates various DERs.Considering the heterogeneity of various DERs,we propose a unified reserve capacity evaluation method to facilitate the aggregation of DERs.By considering the mismatch between actual available reserve capacity and the estimated value,the performance of VPP in the operating reserve market is improved.A hardware-based experimental system is developed,and numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

Application of 3-D Geoscience Modeling Technology for the Estimation of Solid Mineral Reserves

Applying new approaches, methods, and technologies for the estimation of reserves can effectively improve the efficiency and accuracy of assessments of solid mineral resources. After analyzing the development of 3-D geoscience modeling technology （3-D GMT）, this paper discusses the application of 3-D GMT for the estimation of solid mineral reserves, emphatically introducing its workflow and two key technologies, 3-D orebody surface modeling, and property modeling. Moreover, the paper analyzes the limitations of traditional methods, such as the section method and geological block method, and points out the advantages of 3-D GMT： building more accurate 3-D orebody models, expressing the internal inhomogeneous attributes of an orebody, reducing the potential for errors in the estimation of reserves, and implementing dynamic estimations of reserves.

Coupling Relationship Analysis on Households′ Production Behaviors and Their Influencing Factors in Nature Reserves:A Structural Equation Model

A households′production behavior directly influences the quality of the environment and determines the successful development of nature reserves.Meanwhile,the households′production behaviors are complicated by interrelated factors,such as protection attitudes,resource endowment,and family wealth.This research evaluated households near the Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve in Shaanxi Province,acquiring data from 436 households around Yang County and Ningshan County in the south slope of Qinling Mountains,China.Based on the collected data,we developed a structural equation model to evaluate the coupling relationships among households′ protection attitudes,production behaviors,resource endowment,and family wealth.The results showed that:1) households with great resource endowment had more negative attitudes,probably due to their greater protection costs;2) the households with higher education levels had worse protection attitudes;3) the households with more family wealth were likely to use fewer fertilizers,pesticides,and firewood;4) the households with more resource endowment showed less production and management behaviors;5) the enhancement of households' attitudes improved production behaviors to protection the environment,but the effects were not statistically significant.Our results provide a basis for the government's protection policy making,exploring the effective management measures that are beneficial for both nature reserve management and community development.

Distribution and potential of global oil and gas resources

Using conventional and unconventional oil and gas resource evaluation methods with play as a unit, this study evaluates the oil and gas geology and resource potential of conventional oil and gas resources and seven types of unconventional resources in the global major oil and gas basins(excluding China). For the first time, resource evaluation data with independent intellectual property rights has been obtained. According to evaluation and calculation, the global recoverable conventional oil resources are 5 350.0×108 t, the recoverable condensate oil resources are 496.2×108 t, and the recoverable natural gas resources are 588.4×1012 m3. The remaining oil and gas 2 P recoverable reserves are 4 212.6×108 t, the reserve growth of oil and gas fields are 1 531.7×108 t. The undiscovered oil and gas recoverable resources are 3 065.5×108 t. The global unconventional oil recoverable resources are 4 209.4×108 t and the unconventional natural gas recoverable resources are 195.4×1012 m3. The evaluation results show that the global conventional and unconventional oil and gas resources are still abundant.