Effect of coal resources development and compensation for damage to cultivated land in mining areas

The exploitation of coal resources inevitably affects, to different degrees, arable land resources and impacts the socio-economic development in mining areas. Therefore it is of great practical importance to probe the rules of the effect from coal resource exploration on arable land. Suitable and effective measures to compensate for damaged to and loss of arable land resources should be taken on the basis of carrying out green mining and reducing damage to limited arable land resources. We have used GIS in simulating the effect of coal resource exploration on arable land. In light of our simulation of the space-time spectrum, the effect is analyzed. Given the socio-economic development conditions of a mining area, specified rational amounts and opportunities for compensation to arable land in mining areas are explored. Finally, from a policy perspective, relevant proposals for rational arable land resource compensation are proposed to facilitate the coordinated development between coal resource exploitation and socio-economy development in mining areas.

Study on Ecological Compensation Policy among the Micro Subjects on Water Energy Resources Development

The subjects of ecological compensation involve the nation, society, development enterprises of wa-ter-energy resources, as well as the location of resource itself. This paper systematically studies on how to make “water energy sources market compensation policy”, “the economic compensation policy for relevant interest subjects” and “the ecological compensation policy of basin ecological water.” So, it is necessary to exert the complementary function between market compensation and government compensation by the means of economic compensation and to establish the ecological compensation policy of basin ecological water, which is beneficial to coordinating the stakeholders’ interests of cross-region or inter-basin. And it is important and significant to establish constantly perfected ecological compensation policy among the micro subjects on water energy resources development, so as to coordinate interest relationships among various subjects and finally reach the aim of sustainable use of water energy resources and environmental protection as possible.

The depletion of coastal environmental resources by human activities and its monetary evaluation

The marine environment provides rich and varied resources and services or functions for human’s produc-tion and life. Many countries have competitively exploited and utilized sea and ocean to develop marine economy for someyears. The over-exploitation of marine environment and the overuse of marine resources have led to resource degradation,environmental pollution and ecosystem destruction. Considering the depletion of coastal environmental resources dur-ing planning, governing and decision-making is an important measure to promote the harmonious and sustainabledevelopment of coastal environmental resources and social economy, the main precondition of which is that the depletionof coastal environmental resources by human activities has been monetarily evaluated. Firstly, this paper summarizesrelevant references in this field and analyzes different sorts of depletion of coastal environmental resources caused byhuman activities and the necessity and importance of the monetary evaluation. Finally, this paper extensively discussesthe corresponding evaluation models of the depletion of marine mineral resources, marine organism resources, mari-time transport resources, intertidal zones and shallow seas, and marine environmental functions and services includingenvironmental capacity, gas regulation, disturbance prevention, recreation and biodiversity.

Plant-to-plant direct competition for belowground resource in an overlapping depletion zone

In response to limited availability of soil resources in basal root zone, plant extends its roots into nearby resource-rich zones to fulfill essential resource demands for survival and reproduction. This root proliferation into that enriched zones occupied by other plants constitutes interplant overlapping rooting zones and thereby the overlapping depletion zones, causing reduction in resource uptake by neighboring plants. By incorporating this mechanism into the classic resource competition model, we study interplant direct competition through their rooting system in an overlapping depletion zone. The model results indicate an extension of Tilman’s R* rule that has already been proved true when plants compete indirectly through their effect on shared resources. The results reveal that plant’s direct competitive ability (i.e., the ability to occupy an overlapping depletion zone by excluding others) can be characterized by its R*-value, where a best competitor having lowest R*-value excludes others from an overlapping zone and occupies the zone by depleting the resource level to the lowest as in its non-overlapping depletion zone. By analyzing the model, we find a suite of traits that confers R* variation among directly competing plants. This suite of traits would be a useful proxy measure for R* that do not necessarily require to establish equilibrium field monoculture—a requirement for R* measurement in the field.

Characteristics and Measurements of Ecological Compensation in Ecosystem

This research was to introduce the characteristics of and countermeasures for ecological compensation. From the analysis of the current situation of ecological compensation, a series of characteristics of ecological compensation in resource exploitation and economic development were elaborated. The principles and practical issues are complex in ecological compensation, and the corresponding object, entity, financial system of ecological compensation are the keys to set up compensation mechanism, and studying of ecosystem service function and ecological footprint calculation are important ways to quantitatively assess ecological compensation, and are also important foundations for establishing calculation system of green GDP. Advocating the benefit compensation mechanism of ecological economy and enclosing ecological compensation principle are important ways for establishing the new environmental management pattern and manifesting social justice and the ecological civilization ideas. This research proposed some views of and approaches to ecological compensation mechanism for constructing natural resource development and utilization.The establishment of ecological compensation is an important approach to prevent the imbalance of resource allocation, the system guarantee for sustainable development, and the important basis of saving resources.

Negotiation System of Ecological Compensation of Water Source Areas

In view of no generally accepted ecological compensation standards and methods at present,this paper discusses the introduction of the negotiation system to the process of ecological compensation for water source areas.That is,the government in water source areas and the downstream regions of river basins should confirm their respective rights and obligations and then establish their compensation standards through negotiations according to the different purposes of water use.The amount of compensation should be determined in the comprehensive consideration of the quality,quantity and compensation price of water.Through open and fair negotiations,an institutional arrangement will be set up,which can make the water source areas and the downstream regions of river basins fully express their true preferences and their independent choices on the ecological environment.

Study on Development Process and Mechanism of Ecological Compensation in Beijing and Hebei Province

The problem of water resources has become a bottleneck for the sustainable development of Beijing and Hebei Province (the two regions together are called "Jingji Region" for short).It is imperative to establish an effective and equitable water resources ecological compensation (eco-compensation) mechanism.The three stages of water resources eco-compensation are expatiated here namely the eco-compensation missing stage,ecocompensation start stage and the eco-compensation development stage.Through the establishment of eco-compensation game model based on the game theory,the reasons of the formation for the three stages were analyzed,as well as the conversion conditions from non-cooperative game to cooperative game among the related stakeholders including the central government,the water recipient government and the water source government.Furthermore,this study pointed out that the water resources eco-compensation in Jingji Region was not established based on the institution,but formed and developed in coping with the challenges of water crisis.However,institution construction is quite essential in game process for the water recipient government and the water source government.Finally recommendations in four areas including legalization of eco-compensation mechanism,setting up compensation standards,leading industrial upgrading and developing related incentives and constraints were concluded.

Theory and practice of value management and its innovation for natural resources from the perspective of sustainable development

The supreme obstacle for sustainable development of natural resources is the scarecity, bottleneck. So how to promote the sustainable utilizing and increase the using efficiency of natural resources is worth studying. This paper suggests that we should improve the model and means of evaluating method and value management based on th~ theory of natural resource compensation. This paper discusses the User Cost Method based on the microeeonomicaspect which can change the evaluating method for natural resources. From the perspective of value managemen model, we should use the User Cost Method to realize the linkage and integration of micro and macro eompensation for natural resources. Based on the evaluating and aecounting idea User Cost Method, this paper presents a theo. retical framework to harmonize and link micro and macro compensation for natural resources. At present, we should seek the new approach and method to manage natural resources, so can we realize the capitalization managemen focusing on the vahte management for natural resources.

Sustainability analysis of SEEA indicators for non-renewable resources

Despite the fact that the non-renewable resources industry contributes greatly to regional and national gross domestic product(GDP),it casts massive negative impacts on the environment,which fails to be deducted from economic growth.Hence,sustainable development of non-renewable resources(extraction and processing)is playing an essential role in boosting economic growth continuously.The System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting(SEEA)proposed by the United Nations Statistics Division(UNSD)provides a brand-new perspective for sustainability study.This paper designs a fundamental approach of green accounting for non-renewable resources based on SEEA.Three main aspects of the accounting are extracted to explore the way of analysis for sustainability indicators,which are not touched upon by SEEA.Main analyses are as follows:(1)the analysis on the influence of the change of the discount rate in user cost(UC);(2)correlation analysis between environmental degradation and pollutants emission intensity;(3)analysis of the accounting results of green GDP and green GCF(gross capital formation).Then taking petroleum resources in Shandong Province as an example,this paper will calculate and analyze green data based on the accounting and analytical approaches discussed above.However,sustainability indicators studied in the paper are just associated with past economic activities,while investigation into the factors of the change of sustainability indicators is the one most critical point in relevant policymaking.

Coordinated optimal allocation of water resources and industrial structure in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions of China

Optimizing the allocation of water resources is critical for promoting the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure and coordinated development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions of China.Based on specific regional and water conditions,to strengthen the constraints on water resources,the“three-step”adaptive management approach of“scheme design-scheme diagnosis-scheme optimization”of water resource allocation are adopted to facilitate the coordinated optimal allocation of water resources and industrial structure in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions.First,from the level of overall industry,a water resource allocation scheme for the regions is designed by applying the master-slave hierarchical mode and a bi-level optimal model to determine the ideal amount of water resource allocation for the regions and respective industries.Second,the diagnostic criteria of spatial balance,structural matching,and coordinated development are constructed to determine the rationality of the water resource allocation scheme.Then a benefit compensation function with water market transactions is developed,to adaptively adjust the water resource allocation scheme.Finally,the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure are promoted to improve water consumption efficiency and the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions.The study can provide reference for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions to realize the comprehensive optimal allocation of water resources in the regions and improve the adaptability of water resources and industrial structure optimization.

Saving Resources for Future Demands-The Role of Instruction,Cognitive Load and Metacognition

Two studies test the hypothesis of conserving resources while performing depleting physical tasks and the modifying role of metacognitive self(MCS).A total of 216 undergraduate students performed two types of physical tasks(a body support on forearms―the first experiment;and a cold water test―the second experiment)in anticipation vs.no anticipation of the future task conditions.Among individuals with high-MCS much weaker persistence could be observed than among those with low-MCS.These results support theories of adaptive goal disengagement suggesting that how individuals apply their resources may stem from other reasons than ego depletion.

耕地保护补偿制度的定位反思与规范重构

研究目的:探析耕地保护补偿制度的立法定位,准确把握耕地保护补偿制度的调整范畴,为正在制定的《耕地保护法》关于“国家建立耕地保护补偿制度”提供具体的立法建议。研究方法:规范分析法和制度目标分析法。研究结果:(1)耕地保护补偿制度在认识论层面,耕地权利设限与补偿的法权基础模糊;在本体论层面,耕地保护补偿的内涵外延尚存争议;在价值论层面,生态供益与增益的激励属性无从彰显。(2)耕地具有资源利益和生态利益一体两面共存的属性,《耕地保护法(草案)》相关条款仍是在“资源—管制”立法理念下的产物,存在显著构造缺陷。(3)以补偿目的为基准,该制度涵盖耕地资源存续补偿与耕地生态保护补偿;以补偿属性为基准,该制度包括耕地保护填平补偿与耕地保护奖励补助。研究结论:建议通过“一般规定+具体制度群”的立法模式在《耕地保护法》中完善耕地保护补偿制度,从而实现该制度维护粮食安全和生态安全的目标定位、价值导向和功能预设。

论生态环境损害赔偿制度的法理基础与规范构造

理解生态环境损害赔偿制度,须从环境治理体系和治理能力现代化的整体视域展开,同时,还要厘清生态环境与自然资源、生态环境损害与损害赔偿、赔偿请求权与赔偿诉权等核心概念。既有理论将自然资源国家所有权作为生态环境损害赔偿中的实体权利基础,然而,不论是公权说、私权说,还是二阶结构说、三层结构说,都不周延。因为生态环境损害赔偿制度存在二元构造,即赔偿请求权区别于赔偿诉权,赔偿请求权中基于自然资源所有权的物上请求权区别于侵害生态环境的侵权之债请求权,赔偿诉权中程序意义上的提起生态环境损害赔偿诉讼区别于实体意义上的救济自然资源所有权。这种二元构造客观上源于生态环境中单体自然资源的结构面向与整体生态功能的功能面向存在区分,其学理基础在于承继和发展了传统所有权的解释范式,其核心内容是对生态环境类的损害进行类型化。为此,该制度可从两个方面予以展开。长期而言,须仰仗制定中的生态环境法典规定生态环境损害赔偿的系列内容;当务之急,则是借助司法解释促进这些内容的适度法制化。

信托机制在生态补偿中的应用

当前生态保护补偿资金主要来源于政府,且存在资金供给难以满足需求、资金管理效率偏低、经济发展与生态保护互动机制不畅、难以满足可持续发展的需要等问题。借鉴国外公共信托和国民信托运用于生态补偿领域的有益经验,结合我国现有的法律环境,可在生态补偿中引入信托机制,以生态资源公益信托作为核心载体,并充分利用信托的融资机制、资产管理的效率以及灵活的制度设计,弥补现有机制不足、共同实现生态价值与经济效益协同发展的目标。

原生家庭社会阶层如何影响教育的精神健康回报:资源补偿还是强化?

现在关于教育、家庭社会经济地位与个人精神健康的研究已经十分丰富,但鲜有研究探讨教育对精神健康的影响在不同阶层出身的群体中是否有异质性。“资源补偿理论”和“资源强化理论”提供了一对竞争性假设:自致教育成就和先赋家庭阶层共同作用于精神健康影响时,既可能产生互相补偿的效果,也可能呈现相互加强的趋势。为检验两种理论假说在中国的适用性,本文使用中国综合社会调查2017年的数据(CGSS2017),以个人的教育程度为核心解释变量,以原生家庭社会阶层为调节变量,探究在不同家庭背景下教育对于精神健康的促进效果是否存在差异,以及原生家庭社会阶层的调节作用是否存在性别差异。研究发现,无论是在总人口中还是在性别组间对比中,“资源补偿理论”都得到支持:相较于出身阶层较高者,出身于劣势社会阶层的人能够从教育中获得更多的精神健康回报;相对于男性,面临双重劣势的女性能够从教育成就中获得更高的精神健康回报。本文对改善女性及先赋家庭资本劣势人口的精神健康提出了证据为本的价值参考。

中国油田地热开发利用现状与发展方向

基于中国地热发展现状、地热资源赋存和分布特点、不同地热开发方式对比,分析了油田地热资源开发利用潜力,并探讨了中国地热产业,尤其是油田地热未来的发展方向。研究结果表明:(1)中国的地热资源较为丰富,以中低温地热资源为主。浅层地热资源分布全国;中低温地热资源分布于沉积盆地、东南沿海和隆起山区,在不同深度形成了大面积分布的含地热水的热储层,为水热型地热资源;高温地热资源集中分布在西藏南部、四川西部、云南西部和台湾地区。中国浅层地热能资源(浅于200 m)年可开采量折合7×10^(8)t标准煤。(2)由于浅层地热能开发利用的环境与效率问题、深井直接换热的效率问题,以及干热岩开发利用的技术瓶颈问题,中深层水热型地热资源将是当今中国地热资源开发利用最主要和最现实的领域。(3)油田地热开发中形成了地热资源勘查与评价、砂岩地层回灌、废弃井改造为地热井、高温钻完井等一批关键技术,均在大型地热开发项目中得到成功应用。油田拥有丰富的采出水资源,可以直接利用,大量的废弃井或低效油井可以通过工艺改造为地热井进行地热资源开发,从而降低地热开发成本,提高地热项目的经济性。(4)油田地热除用于油田生产用能替代和清洁供暖外,中低温地热发电、氦气等伴生资源的开发、废弃油气藏储热和CO_(2)封存等领域的发展潜力巨大,地热综合开发利用是油田地热未来发展的主要方向。

辅助服务市场背景下灵活性资源调峰补偿价格决策方法

以辅助服务政策为导向,针对价格补偿不尽合理导致调峰参与主体积极性削弱的问题,提出灵活性资源调峰补偿价格决策方法。建立火电、可再生能源、储能、需求响应等灵活性资源的成本及价格补偿模型。在此基础上,考虑风、光出力的不确定性,构建双层补偿价格决策模型,外层以综合成本最低为目标,采用线性递减权重粒子群算法求得补偿价格决策结果并将其输入内层,内层以风、光弃电率最低为目标,对模型进行线性化处理后进行优化调度,求解综合成本并将其返回外层,通过双层交互求得调峰参与主体的补偿价格优化结果。算例分析验证了所提模型的有效性和合理性,结果表明,优化补偿价格能够激发各类灵活性资源的调峰积极性,保证调度的经济性,促进可再生能源消纳。

磷酸铁锂电池生命周期资源耗竭特征化研究

磷酸铁锂(LFP)电池产量在我国处于领先地位,伴随着其产量的增加,资源耗竭潜力日渐增大,有必要对LFP电池的资源消耗强度进行评估。目前生命周期评价影响评价过程中有众多资源耗竭特征化方法。在本研究中,选取非生物资源耗竭潜值(ADP)、人为储量扩展的非生物资源耗竭潜值(AADP)、盈余矿石潜力(SOP)、热力学稀有度(TheRy)和累计㶲需求(CExD)五种方法评价LFP电池的资源消耗情况。结果表明:LFP电池生产过程的ADP值为2.29E-01 kg Sb eq,其中BMS制备过程的贡献最高,占85.24%,金为主要贡献资源;AADP值为2.38E-03 kg Sb eq,电池正极制备过程的贡献最高,占50.75%,镉为主要贡献资源;SOP值为1.26E+01 kg Cu eq,电池负极制备过程和正极制备过程的贡献均较高,分别占48.53%和44.82%,锂和石墨为主要贡献资源;TheRy值为3.18E+03 MJ,电池正极制备过程的贡献最高,占55.40%,铝和锂为主要贡献资源;CExD值为2.91E+02 MJ,电池负极制备过程的贡献最高,占56.19%,铜为主要贡献资源。

考虑主变电所资源共享的城市轨道交通供电系统无功补偿方案

[目的]当城市轨道交通供电系统的主变电所资源共享时,能够节省供电系统的投资成本。在此背景下,为使PCC(公共连接点)的功率因数达到标准,需要对不同阶段的主变电所资源共享无功补偿方案进行研究。[方法]以某城市地铁线路的供电系统为例,根据行车计划和供电系统结构,推算出PCC处在全日功率因数达标的情况下,主变电所资源共享前后的最小无功功率补偿量。提出考虑主变电所资源共享的无功补偿设置方案,以主变电所资源共享前后的最小无功功率补偿量满足补偿需求为基础,以SVG(静止无功发生器)容量最小为目标,确定SVG和电抗器或电容器的安装容量。[结果及结论]在案例线路的供电系统中,1#主变电所主变压器供电分区无功补偿装置的实际配置为:电抗器容量为6.0 Mvar;SVG容量为1.0 Mvar;2#主变压器供电分区无功补偿装置的配置为:电抗器容量为3.0 Mvar;SVG容量为0.5 Mvar。所提供电系统无功补偿方案将总计容量为9.0 Mvar的SVG装置替换成电抗器,在满足无功补偿需求的同时降低了投资成本。

土地承包经营权退出对农户收入的影响

【目的】探究土地承包经营权退出对农户收入的影响,为进一步推进土地承包经营权有偿退出政策提供决策参考。【方法】基于国家农村改革试验区的718个农户调研数据,采用内生转换回归模型(endogenous switching regression model,ESRM),在“反事实”框架下分析土地承包经营权退出对农户增收效应的影响。【结果】基于“反事实”假设,退出土地承包经营权的农户若没有选择退出,家庭年均总收入会下降41.9%,即土地承包经营权退出能够显著促进农户增收;此外,土地承包经营权退出对东部地区农户的增收效应最高,对新生代农户的增收效应相比于老一代更强。【结论】在充分保障农民土地权利的基础上,审慎推进土地承包经营权有偿退出,优化农村土地资源配置,并为具备离农条件农民提供土地权利价值的实现通道。