Enablers and Barriers to Respectful Maternity Care in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Literature Review of Qualitative Research

Background: Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC) account for 94% of maternal deaths annually. Interventions to reduce these deaths include;access to Emergency Obstetric Care (EmOC) and Skilled Birth Attendant (SBA) at childbirth. However, evidence indicates increasing access to EmOC, and SBA only does not translate into positive maternal and newborn outcome due to disrespectful care faced by women during labour. World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines emphasize on positive birth experience through Respectful Maternity Care (RMC). Therefore, this review aims to explore enablers and barriers to respectful maternity care in low and middle-income countries. Methods: We conducted an exhaustive literature search for studies that reported on enablers and barriers to respectful maternity care. Qualitative studies done in low and middle-income countries, published in English Language from the year 2000 to June 2020 were included in this study. Articles were screened by two researchers for eligibility and critical appraisal skills programme checklist was used to appraise the quality. The themes and quotes from the studies were extracted and synthesized using thematic synthesis. Results: The search strategy generated 14,190 articles and 54 studies met the inclusion criteria. Two main themes: interpersonal relationship and support, and privacy and confidential care were reported as both enablers and barriers to respectful maternity care. Strategies to promote RMC were: health education to pregnant women on care expected during labour, good communication between maternity staff and women, capacity building of staff on RMC and staff motivation. Conclusion: Respectful maternity care plays a big role in promoting health-seeking behaviours among pregnant women. However, women experience barriers ranging from provider behaviour, work environment and health system challenges. Ensuring a dignified and respectful working environment could contribute to an increase in health seeking-behaviours and consequently reduction of maternal mortality.

respectable,respectful,respective等词辨析

《大学英语》精读第三册第一单元中有这样一句话:I had the‘right’ac-cent respectable middle class parents in court,reliable witnesses,and I couldobviously afford a very good solicitor.其中 respectable middle class parents 译为“体面的中产阶级的双亲”。与 respectable 形式上相近的词还有 respect-ful,respective,respecting,respected,但是这几个词的意义却不相同,使用时应加以注意。

Systematic and Theoretical Unfolding of Research on Xi Jinping’s Discourses on Respecting and Protecting Human Rights

Xi Jinping’s discourses on respecting and protect-ing human rights stand as a shining example of the sinicization and modernization of Marxist human rights theory,embodying profound theoretical,political,practical,and cultural logic.Existing research has conducted comprehensive and systematic theoretical analysis and academic extractions on the following contents:the core essence in-herent in these important discourses,including the“theory of human rights concepts,”the“theory of human rights paths,”the“theory of human rights practices,”the“theory of human rights protection,”and the“theory of human rights governance,”along with their profound theoretical significance,practical significance,and global signifi-cance.In the future,researchers should emphasize efforts on studying the original texts and understanding the original principles.While focusing on the precision of concepts,the scientific nature of the prop-ositions,the maturity of theoretical systems,and the rigor of internal logic related to Xi Jinping’s discourses on respecting and protecting human rights,researchers should also pay attention to constructing a discourse system on human rights from the dimensions of discourse power,discourse cluster,and discourse field.Researchers should be adept at drawing innovative insights into human rights theory from China’s vibrant human rights practices and the vast masses of people.This approach will facilitate the systematic unfolding,academic trans-formation,and innovative development of Xi Jinping’s discourses on respecting and protecting human rights.

Turning cross-cultural medical education on its head:Learning about ourselves and developing respectful curiosity

Cross-cultural education is often understood to mean acquiring cultural knowledge about different cultural groups in order to serve people from diverse groups equitably.However,this article argues that to work effectively in cross-cultural situations,we need to learn about our own culture and develop an approach of respectful curiosity.The first goal of cross-cultural education is to understand how culture influences our thoughts,perceptions,biases,and values at an unconscious level.The second goal is to understand the nature of individual cultural identity as a multidimensional and dynamic construct through exploration of our own cultural identity.This exploration helps us understand the limitations of learning about‘others’through learning categorical information and helps us limit the effect of our implicit biases on our interactions.The approach of respectful curiosity is recommended to question our assumptions,understand each unique individual patient,connect with each patient,and build the therapeutic relationship.

The Impact of Central Environmental Inspections on the Perception of Respect for Human Rights and Its Empirical Analysis

To develop China’s human rights cause with a people-centered approach,we should pay close attention to the concrete experiences of the general public regarding the protection of human rights.Deepening the research on the perception of respect for human rights can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the practical achievements of the hu man rights cause.Public environmental rights,as a new type of human rights,have become an important aspect of the development of the human rights cause in the new era.The central envi ronmental inspection,as an authoritative and interventionist vertical governance mechanism,promotes the implementation of environmental policies by local Party committees and govern ments and strengthens environmental information disclosure and public participation in environ mental matters.As a result,it contributes to the realization of public environmental rights and stimulates public perception of respect for human rights.Among them,the“look-back inspec tion is an important component of the central environmental inspection,and its implemen tation consolidates and enhances the previous inspection work.An empirical analysis based on the World Values Survey’s data for China indicates that residents in the provinces that have underg one“look-back inspections are more inclined to believe that human rights are adequately re spected compared to residents in the provinces that have not underwent such inspections.It suggests that the advancement and improvement of the central environmental inspection system promote improvements in ecological environment quality and contribute to enhancing the public percep tion of respect for human rights.

重塑对教师的尊重——美国“RESPECT”项目评介

为了提高教育质量,奥巴马政府出台了"RESPECT"项目,拨款50亿美元全面改善教师教育质量。"RESPECT"意指确保教育成功、专业求精和合作教学,其目标是通过一系列的教师教育改革,最终把教育塑造成为最受尊重的职业。

美国“RESPECT”计划:深化中小学教学专业改革

美国教育部自2012年2月开始推行"RESPECT"计划,提出了"教学与领导"的共同愿景,明确了建设责任分担和共同决策的文化、培养和吸引优秀人才、促进教师专业发展、培养高效的校长与教师、提高教师薪酬等教学专业改革的七大核心内容,以更好地培养、招聘、支持、挽留并奖励优秀教师和校长。该计划呈现出重视来自一线教师和校长的声音、注重提升教师地位、强调教师终身发展、关注校长角色定位等特征。

奥巴马政府21世纪教学专业改革蓝图解读

奥巴马政府于2013年4月发布了《认识教育成功、专业卓越和协作教学的蓝图》,这是美国联邦政府在21世纪制定的第一个全面的、专门的、综合的教学专业改革蓝图。该蓝图从多层次、多角度对当前美国教育和教学专业所面临的挑战和存在的问题进行了分析,提出了改革教学和领导的政策框架,制定了招聘、培养、提升、支持、留任以及补偿教师和校长的实施策略。

教学专业化变革:美国RESPECT项目的实施蓝图探析

"重新认识教育成功、专业求精和合作教学"(RESPECT)项目是美国教育部致力于开展教学专业化变革的一个重大计划。项目主要从七个方面促进教学专业化发展,即分担责任与领导力、招聘与准备、成长与发展、评估、待遇与提升、学校环境和社区参与。项目具有一定的实施基础,从命名到政策框架再到实施目标都体现了尊重教师及提升教学专业化的重要性。

A Proper Design Technique for Self-built Houses in Rural Areas

Inspired by a style of native-soil literature,the author through analyzing a self-built house in Huaqiao Village(Poyang County,Jiangxi Province) and problems of such houses in rural areas proposed that design of residential buildings in rural areas should focus on practical functions,proper utilization of modern technology and demonstration of traditional customs.Through analyzing basic conditions of the house,design concepts of this house were analyzed from the perspectives of functional layout,structure,construction and economic considerations,and local cultures.It was stressed that houses built on the basis of actual conditions would be easily accepted by users.More houses with practical and considerate designs should be built in rural areas to play an exemplary role for the architectural design and landscape construction of the new countryside by providing theoretic basis and support,and push the construction of rural self-built houses into a benign circulation.

基于马斯洛需求层次理论的灾后心理危机干预模式的构建与应用

介绍基于马斯洛需求层次理论的灾后心理危机干预模式(psychological crisis intervention model based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs,PCIMM)的概念、结构、常见危机问题与干预措施,以及应用效果。应用研究表明,PCIMM是灾后心理危机干预的一种新理念,能够有效改善危机个体的心理状态、应对能力、生理症状,帮助其摆脱危机状态,提高社会适应能力。

Preoperative high level of D-dimers predicts unresectability of pancreatic head cancer

AIM: To assess the value of D-dimer level in determining resectability of pancreatic cancer.

Dignity and its related factors among older adults in long-term care facilities:A cross-sectional study

Objectives:This study aimed to explore the dignity and related factors among older adults in long-term care facilities.Methods:Cross-sectional data were obtained from a sample of 253 Chinese older adults dwelling in long-term care facilities.Dignity among older adults was measured using the Dignity Scale,and its potential correlates were explored using multiple linear regressions.Results:Results showed that the total score of the Dignity Scale is 151.95±11.75.From high to low,the different factors of dignity among older adults in long-term care facilities were as follows:caring factors(4.83±0.33),social factors(4.73±0.41),psychological factors(4.66±0.71),value factors(4.56±0.53),autonomous factors(4.50±0.57),and physical factors(4.38±0.55).A higher score of the Dignity Scale was associated with higher economic status,fewer chronic diseases,less medication,better daily living ability and long-time lived in cities.Conclusion:Older adults with low economic status,more chronic diseases,and poor daily living ability,taking more medications,or the previous residence in rural areas seem to be most at low-level dignity in long-term care facilities and thus require more attention than their peers.

NEW GROUP-CONTRIBUTION CORRELATIONS FOR ESTIMATION OF CRITICAL PROPERTIES

New correlations based on group-contribution method for estimating critical properties have been proposed with con-tribution values of 67 groups.The new correlations have been examined by extensive comparison of the values calculatedwith the experimental data of 275 substanees.The average percent deviations of estimation of T_c,P_c and V_c are respective-ly 0.76,2.73 and 2.50 which are lower than those estimated by the Lydersen method and the Ambrose method chosenfor eomparision.

Reflection and operationalization of the common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities principle in the transparency framework under the international climate change regime

“Common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities”(CBDRRC) is the most significant guiding principle in the international climate change regime, created by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 and inherited by the Paris Agreement 24 years later. This paper examines the operationalization of the CBDRRC principle in one of the cornerstone rules of the regimedits transparency provisions, both in existing practice under the convention and possible evolvement in negotiations under the Paris Agreement, from the perspectives of both international rule-making and domestic implementation. The authors have found a continuous enhancement of the transparency framework since the 1990s, and gradual consolidation of a bifurcated system between developed and developing countries into a common one. The authors argue that the transparency framework, as part of the procedural rules, should be designed to facilitate transparent information sharing in accordance with substantive commitments under international climate change laws. Thus, it indirectly reflects historical responsibilities for climate change, while the framework should also be designed as feasible and reflective of the respective capabilities of nations. Finally, the evolution of the transparency framework will aim to enact common and enhanced provisions while differentiating between developed and developing countries in the near term, and greater transparency-related capacity-building for developing countries.

ORTHOGONAL MATRIX POLYNOMIALS WITH RESPECT TO LINEAR MATRIX MOMENT FUNCTION ALS:THEORY AND APPLICATIONS

In this paper orthogonal matrix polynomials with respect to a right matrix moment functional an introduced. Basic results, important examples and applications to the approximation of matrix integrals are studied. Error bounds for the proposed matrix quadrature rules are given.

BUILDING A MODERATELY PROSPEROUS SOCIETY IN ALL RESPECTS——Revitalizing the Countryside

The problem of China’s uneven and insufficient development is the most striking in the countryside. Countryside rejuvenation is of historical significance to building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and turning China into a modernized socialist country. The reform of rural land system is vital to integrating urban and rural development. We must allow farmers to gain their due share of value-added revenues from land, and share in the dividends of urbanization. Based on household operations, we should enhance the basic rural operation system, foster new agricultural operators, and develop modern agriculture as the foundation for revitalizing countryside industries. We must deepen agricultural supply-side structural reforms to ensure sufficient supply and security of main agricultural products. We must reform the rural collective ownership system to implement property rights to farmers and protect their interests in the context of urban and rural integration. We must promote green development and revitalize countryside ecological environment. We must enhance rural governance to revitalize rural organizations.

“面子”在社会文化中的体现:中西方国家之间语言方面的比较研究(英文)

This paper comparatively analyzes the different interpretations of 'face' in China and the western countries.While China and the western countries share some similar aspects in the interpretation of face-giving,they are obviously different.On one hand,China has a deeper focus on the hierarchical social order,while the west on individuality.The differences have led many,on both sides,to believe that the practices of the other are neither understandable nor appropriate.However,these differences seem to divide the cultures of different nations,common sense and good manners can help bridge differences and actually achieve the same ends,and those ends are namely,respect.

Variations in Wear Resistance of a Novel Triboalloy Pseudoelastic TiNi Alloy-with Respect to its Pseudoelasticity and Hardness

It has recently been found that TiNt shape memory alloy has another attractive property; high resistance to wear. The wear resistance of this alloy benefits from its pseudoelasticity (PE). It has, however, been noticed that other mechanical properties also affect the wear resistance, especially the hardness. Research was conducted to investigate the correlation between the wear resistance and both the PE and hardness. It has been demonstrated that when the PE is high, lower hardness leads to higher wear resistance.

Effect of Respective Additions of Ga, Zr and Combined Additions of Co, Ga, Zr on Magnetic Properties of Remanence-enhanced Nd_(8.4) Fe_(87.1) B_(4.5) Alloy

The effect of a partial substitution of Zr, Ga; Co and Ga; Co. Ga and Zr; respectively, for Fe on the structure and magnetic properties of Nd_8.4Fe_87.1B_4.5 alloy prepared by mechanical alloying has been studied in detail. It has been shown that, intrinsic coercivity μ0 H_c and maximum magnetic energy product (BH)_max increase for only Zr or Ga-containing samples, which is mainly due to the refinement of soft grains. The combined addition of Co and Ga is less effective for improving μoH_c and (BH)_max than the respective addition of Co or Ga. which may be due to the formation of CsCl-type CoGa. μoH_c and (BH)_max for combined Co, Ga. Zr-added alloy are higher than those for the combined Co, Ga-added alloy but lower than those for only Zr-containing alloy.