On the Principle of Consistency of Rights and Obligations in the Constitution of PRC

“The Fundamental Rights and obligations of Citizens”, the title of Chapter II of the current Constitution of PRC, and the stipulation that citizens must fulfill certain obligations while enjoying rights have triggered many debates. Considering the historical origin, constitutional philosophy, and the text and structure of the Constitution, the special provisions of the current Constitution are influenced by the principle of consistency of rights and obligations. The principle of consistency of rights and obligations in the Constitution is of complex connotation. Therefore, although the principle of consistency of rights and obligations effectively connects the public and private spheres, it ignores the diversity and differences of the interests and elements contained in the Constitution, the asymmetry of the normative status of fundamental rights and fundamental obligations,and the right of citizens to self-determination of personal interests.The principle of consistency of rights and obligations should be purposefully narrowed and concretized: In the context of public-private integration and risk society prevention, the principle of consistency of rights and obligations can be used as a supplement to the functional system of the Constitution;in the field of fundamental political obligations, the principle of consistency of rights and obligations should be in line with the requirements of the state to respect and protect human rights;in the field of fundamental social obligations, the exercise of fundamental rights by individuals is protected by the Constitution as long as they comply with the law and do not infringe upon the interests of the social community. The principle of the consistency of rights and obligations is only used as the negative constituents of the determination of rights and the basis for the effect against a third party of fundamental rights.

Practice and Outlook of China's Regulation on the Extraterritorial Human Rights Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations

As China’s overseas investment and business operations continue to expand,the issue of human rights risks faced by Chinese transnational corporations abroad has attracted sustained attention from society.In recent years,China has enacted a series of laws,regulations,and policies to better regulate the overseas business conduct of transnational corporations,urging them to respect the human rights of the people in host countries and fulfill their social responsibilities to achieve sustainable development.Meanwhile,China has actively participated in the formulation of the Legally Binding Instrument on Activities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises in International Human Rights Law,providing a Chinese solution to promote global governance of transnational corporations.However,in practice,the lack of institutional mechanisms,systems,and industry rules to supervise and guide transnational enterprises in fulfilling their human rights responsibilities,as well as the limited awareness of human rights risks among these enterprises,have resulted in ongoing human rights risks in their overseas business operations,particularly regarding labor rights and environmental rights.In response,China should take its national conditions into consideration and focus on the development trends of human rights issues in the business sector at the international level.Drawing on the experiences of other countries,China should explore and establish institutional and practical measures to regulate the human rights responsibilities of transnational enterprises through legislation,administration,and judiciary actions,in order to address the risks and challenges faced by Chinese enterprises in foreign investments and contribute to the sustainable development of the world and global human rights governance.

New Developments and Challenges in the UN Norms on Human Rights Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations

With the adoption of the"Legally Binding Instrument to Regulate,in International Human Rights Law,the Activities of Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises"and its revised draft,the codification of the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations has entered a new era The instrument aims to supplement the shortcomings of transnational corporations in fulfilling their human rights responsibilities by strengthening the obligations of states and to improve the host country’s inadequate remedies for human rights violations by establishing extraterritorial human rights jurisdiction of home countries But the instrument has encountered various challenges because the human rights obligations and legal responsibilities of states go beyond the current domestic human rights systems and impact the existing theories and practices of international human rights law In order to resolve the differences among countries,the future codification of the instrument should be based on existing domestic and international legal systems and practices striking a balance between the interests of developing and developed countries,taking into account the objectives of both the fair treatment of transnational corporations and human rights protection,to promote the regulatory effect of the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations.

Responsibilities and Working Mechanism of National Human Rights Education and Training Bases

On July 22, 2014, the second group of national human rights education and train- ing bases was announced,increasing the number of national bases from the previous three to a total of eight, which reflects the advancement of human rights education and ~aining in China and has far-reaching significance.

Ethical Implications of Economic Responsibilities

The focus of the present research is on the notion of economic responsibility as it was first introduced by Jean Maurice Clarke in the early 20th century and further expounded on by Milton Friedman half a century later.Thereby the aim is neither to present a historical and systematic description of validated positions nor to draw a comparison between them,but rather to elaborate on a sufficiently distinctive characterization of the ethical questions implied,though not explicitly presented,in the concepts of economic responsibility.The research is carried out against the backdrop of the premise of the precedence of reason and constitutive for the tradition of metaphysical thinking.It involves critical distinctions characteristic of Immanuel Kant’s ethics.

Extraterritorial Application of International Human Rights Conventions——From the Perspective of States Regulating the Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations of Transnational Corporations

The extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions is the legal basis for states to regulate the extraterritorial human rights obligations of transnational corporations.In recent years,it has been increasingly challenged by the new trend of the United Nations governing the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations.A study of existing international rules and practices shows that the extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions depends on the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the States Parties,which mainly includes the actual control over extraterritorial territories and individuals as well as the execution of authority outside the territories.In view of the above,if human rights violations by individuals or transnational corporations occur in areas outside their home territories or are authorized and orchestrated by the home state,the home state shall bear the corresponding human rights responsibilities.Given the restrictive scope of the abovementioned extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions,the international cooperation obligation and the"do no harm"principle may become a new legal basis for states to fulfill their extraterritorial human rights obligations in the future,thereby expanding the basis for the extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions to deal with more serious issues of human rights violations by transnational corporations.However,on the whole,the current identification and codification of states regulating the extraterritorial human rights obligations of transnational corporations should respect the existing rules of international human rights law and should not add any new human rights obligations on states.

Unit Environmental Property Rights: Efficiency, Responsibility and System

The inexplicit efficiency of environmental property rights lies in its fuzziness. Based on the character of environmental property rights discussed, unit environment shows intra relationship between efficiency and duty of environmental property rights, and constructs a symmetrical system arrangement. Through analyzing the possibility and feasibility of unit environmental property rights, the significance of symmetrical system arrangement to avoid the inexplicit efficiency of environmental property rights is discussed in this dissertation from the aspect of the validity of offering and implementing system.

The“Erga Omnes”of the Protection of Fundamental Human Rights and the“Complementary Protection”of Refugees Not Prescribed by the UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees

The United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951 and its Protocol in 1967 set Four Essentials to limit the definition of "refugee". The concept of complementary protection emerged in academia and practice for those who, though they do not have the essentials,are in need of protection. Complementary protection is considered not only a moral obligation, but also a legal obligation. Although as the result of developing the principle of "non-refoulement" in international law, "complementary protection" should be limited when economic and social rights are concerned. The development of the non-refoulement principle and the emergence of "complementary protection" are based on the Erga Omnes of human rights. The International Court of Justice has restricted the emergence and evolvement of obligations Erga Omnes within the scope of obligations concerning fundamental and non-derogable human rights, and therefore,the application of "complementary protection" in protecting economic and social rights has been limited. Only when the unbalance of economic and social rights has been serious enough to impact other fundamental human rights will the obligation of "complementary protection" ensue.

Obligation-based Theory vs.Right-based Theory:Confrontation of Ideas Between Warrender and Strauss

There is a transition from the objective laws or moral orders that precede human will in classical natural law to the subjective demands or rights emanating from human will in modern natural law,and it represents a historical debate on the shift from an obligation-based theory to a right-based theory.Strauss,within the context of this transition across time,assesses Thomas Hobbes's philosophy of law and recognizes him as the founder of modern natural rights theory.Using Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld's analysis of jurisprudence,Howard Warrender assesses the privilege nature of Hobbes's concept of natural rights and concludes that,since Hohfeld's privilege is the opposite of obligation and related to no-right,obligations cannot be derived from natural rights.Therefore,Warrender argues that Strauss's assertion requires correction.However,Warrender places excessive emphasis on Hohfeld's static separation of the concept of privilege within his theoretical system,overlooking the dynamic transformation from privilege to claim rights.In this regard,Hobbesian scholar Carlan's criticism of Warrender is valid.Meanwhile,Warrender's research holds theoretical significance in that he,under the premise of being a part of Hobbes'natural law tradition,transforms Hohfeld's flat,two-party legal rights relationships into a three-party legal rights structure,which could represent a potential innovation in the 20^(th)century legal philosophy.

Human Rights Protection and Global Action under the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic——Overview of“2021·China-Europe Seminar on Human Rights”

The COVID-19 pandemic is the largest ever infectious disease facing mankind.It challenges national governance capabilities and international patterns.On June 8,2021,the“2021 China-Europe Seminar on Human Rights”was held in Chongqing,China.Its theme was“COVID-19 Pandemic and the Protection of the Right to Life and Health,”which focused on five topics:the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the protection of the rights to life and health,the response of countries against the pandemic,the protection of the right to life and health of specific groups during the pandemic response,the national responsibility for the protection of the right to life and health in the public health crisis,and global cooperation in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic.The conference reached two consensuses:First,in the face of the pandemic,countries must take responsibility for the people and protect the people’s right to life and health;second,an effective international mechanism for fighting the COVID-19 pandemic must be established as soon as possible.

ChatGPT类生成式人工智能产品提供者之刑事责任

ChatGPT类生成式人工智能产品数据处理不可控,提供者刑事责任不明确,将会引发刑事治理难题。在产品投入流通时,如果ChatGPT类生成式人工智能产品符合国家标准、行业标准,并不存在当前科学技术水平能够发现的缺陷,一般不宜追究产品提供者的刑事责任;在产品投入流通后,产品提供者应承担适度的安全管理义务。违反安全管理义务,有可能承担刑事责任。有限度追究产品提供者的刑事责任,既符合网络领域积极主义刑法观的趋势,也有利于实现鼓励科技创新和防范产品风险之间的平衡,还符合社会公众的期待。提倡“全面性考察”方案,用以限制产品提供者成立帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪的范围。在具体贯彻“全面性考察”方案时,可以“超过半数规则”作为产品提供者主观“明知”的认定标准。

生成式人工智能防沉迷立法问题研究

既有防沉迷规范的适用范围有限并且没有指出相关主体的具体义务,其难以应对生成式人工智能令人沉迷的风险。从原因视角分析,生成式人工智能令人沉迷的原因在于其生成的虚拟世界更具有吸引力、精准推送产生舒适性、虚拟人物使人产生情感依赖。从后果视角分析,人们对生成式人工智能的沉迷容易造成创新能力退化、道德标准僵化与价值导向机械化、审美形式化等问题。基于此,生成式人工智能提供者和开发者首先需要履行审批和披露义务。其次应设置防沉迷层面的算法,包括根据用户的年龄等因素设置相应的防沉迷策略,设置用户偏好推送的限度,履行适当的披露义务并拒绝提供情感慰藉;应当对生成式人工智能在思维认知领域“作为思想生成、创新工具”加以限制;设置道德过滤机制;在特定情形中限制“直接提供成品”的使用频次。再次,定期进行算法检查。最后,生成式人工智能提供者和开发者违反防沉迷、防止依赖义务应当承担行政责任。

破解体育赛事数据法律保护困境:赛事数据使用权益模式

大数据时代体育赛事数据的商业和技术价值不言而喻,为保障赛事组织者的赛事数据权益,理论界提出“确权”保护模式,即依托现有的法律规范或通过立新法进行确权的形式,赋予赛事组织者以赛事数据的相关权利。但由于赛事数据权益主体多、客体类型复杂,以“确权”模式保护体育赛事数据存在着权利内容不明晰、隐私数据保护难的法律困境。因此,可尝试转变对赛事数据权益的保护思路,搁置确权,促进流通,实现收益。构建赛事数据“使用权益”模式,以营利与否决定赛事数据“使用许可”的程度,保障赛事组织者利益;对赛事数据进行分类分级,规范采集、使用标准,加强对运动员隐私数据的保护。从而在赛事数据采集、使用、收益、隐私保护之间达到平衡,实现数据权益。

数据主权主体论

数字经济飞速发展催生数据主权,深刻影响国家数据安全和全球数据治理实践。出于管辖、隐私和商业利益等因素考量,现有研究分别提出了国家、个人和企业三类数据主权归属主体,模糊了国家作为唯一主权者的权威身份。通过追溯历史、分析现状可以发现,个人与企业不可能成为数据主权的行使主体,个人和企业的利益诉求可用个人信息权利、企业数据权利等制度安排以蔽之,无论从性质上还是内容上讲,都不属于数据主权的范畴。对于个人而言,其主权主张滥觞于信息自决权,且个人缺乏对海量数据的掌控能力,个人作为数据的产生者并非理所当然是数据的所有者和主权者;对于企业而言,其因数据分析和处理能力获取的数据权力使之仅处于支配地位而非法律地位,更不能将其提升至主权地位,企业依旧是被监管者。事实上,自博丹以来的主权学说和国家间主权实践确立了国家不可动摇的主权者地位,在虚拟空间维护国家安全和人民利益的主权责任只有国家能够承担,受新一轮产业技术革命赋能的多元主体作用的提升并未侵蚀主权,相反,国家数据主权在应对新问题、新挑战的过程中获得了增强。

数字金融的算法风险及其法律规制

算法与金融的深度融合是金融产业数字化转型的关键驱动力,但同时也引发了算法歧视、算法权力、算法共谋、算法趋同等一系列新型风险。这些风险具有隐蔽性、系统性和根源多样性的特征,导致传统金融法制在法律主体、调整对象、算法权利、算法责任等方面表现出局限性。究其根源,在于算法黑箱削弱了金融消费者和监管者的风险识别和防范能力,并导致算法责任追究困难。因此,对数字金融算法风险的法律规制应以算法黑箱为切入点,以促进算法发展和防范算法风险统筹为目标,以算法透明性为基本原则,确保透明是合理的、有意义的且具有层次差异。在法律主体方面,应加强监管部门的专业性和协调机制,引入多方主体协同共治;在调整对象方面,应对算法本体和参与主体进行双维规制;在算法权利方面,应加强金融消费者数据保护与算法规制的衔接;在算法责任方面,应构建以算法设计与应用监管并重的双层监管结构,以确保数字金融算法安全可信的实现。

心理咨询保密豁免规则的立法构建

《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》首次对心理咨询人员的保密义务做出原则性规定,与《中华人民共和国民法典》等法律规范形成了框架,但实践要求下保密豁免情形尚未形成系统性规则。基于隐私权保护和专业信任关系,探讨心理咨询保密义务的来源,提出遵循来访者对隐私的自我决定和“权益位阶理论”下保密豁免的正当性。明确心理咨询人员在涉及公共安全等利益时负有配合调查义务,面临自然人生命健康可能遭受非法侵害时的预警和保护义务以及针对未成年人和成年心智障碍者的强制报告义务,以期促进保障隐私权益和周全更优位利益的平衡。

民法债物关系的再认知:基于债的财产化和并立化的内在视角

债物二分体例是民法自古典走向近现代之际所确立的财产法基础性结构,意涵丰富。长期以来受形式民法认识论视线遮蔽,学界过多地关注二者区分的特点,从而忽视现代民法债物二分是以债的财产化以及并立化作为前提的实质意义。仅仅立足债物区分视角,对债物二分体例所具有的实际机理和价值功能的理解难免偏颇。债的财产化以及由此而起的债物并立,是近代以后民法财产权制度的一次突变,是对于历史上此前以债的工具化为特点的物权中心体系的重要超越和创制,具有支持和保障当时出现的渐近发达的市场经济的重要意义。现代民法通过债的财产化、债物并立化,使债的交易形式的开放设计与物权类型的定限设计成为同等重要的对应设计,甚至逐渐重心偏移向前者,形成一种具有奇特双向作用的整体协同关系。一方面通过物权,从特定资源配置观的角度设定自身基本经济体制;另一方面,又通过债的设计,支持发达市场经济的运行需求,保障其中体现复杂性、多样性交易的现代经济关系的有效开展。立足这一角度的债物关系认识观,能够弥补限于区分论视角的重大缺漏。中国《民法典》的财产权体系,一方面继受了现代民法的债物二分,但另一方面又并不是简单地继受上述结构,而是在坚持中国社会主义市场经济目标理念下,从中国国情实际和时代性需求出发,在以债物结构为重点的基础上,做出了重要的创新和发展,展示出一种立足于中国特色政经体制、追求经济快速发展的财产权体系再现代化的模式趋势。

论“数字弱势群体”权利保障的国家义务

全面数字化时代,如何充分保障“数字弱势群体”权利,是实现数字正义的重要内容。当下主流研究虽明确了通过法学范式保障“数字弱势群体”权利的正当性,但所采取的“权利进路”也因可操作性不足,制约了法律保障实效。我们需要结合国家保障民生的理论与实践,从国家在消除数字贫困、弥合数字鸿沟中的实际行动出发,完善“数字弱势群体”权利保障的国家义务。从理据来看,“数字弱势群体”权利保障的国家义务以其所享有的社会权为基础,目的在于通过国家义务设置,维护公民的多项社会权利。从内容来看,“数字弱势群体”权利保障的国家义务包括尊重、保护和给付三方面,且三方面又包含各自的具体要求。从实现来看,“数字弱势群体”权利保障的国家义务需要直面公民社会权的“非可诉性”难题,我们可以从扩大行政诉讼受案范围和进行公益诉讼两方面,展开国家义务履行不能时的法律救济。

论闲置水权收储的法律性质

为规范落实最严格水资源管理制度,界定因散见各地方水权规范性文件而缺乏明确边界的闲置水权收储行为的法律性质,将闲置水权收储的特点与常见行政行为,包括行政许可撤回、行政征收、行政处罚与行政协议解除的特点进行比较分析。提出基于闲置水权收储规范存在缺少信赖利益、补偿条款、负面评价与协议形式的特性,导致闲置水权程序无法归类于现有行政行为体系之中。指出应分别针对财产权社会性义务与行政协议解除的方向进行调整,在减轻其行政限制程度之余,明确闲置水权收储应作为终局手段,在其他催告手段穷尽之后再行实施。