Remedies for loss and damage caused by climate change from the dimension of climate justice

Adverse consequences to the ecological system and human health caused by impacts potentially attributable to climate change have already drawn great and widespread concern of many scientists and international organizations.However,we still have a hard time determining exactly the impact of climate change on the environment or the damage that climate change inflicts on countries comprising small islands or low-lying lands in light of today's science and technology.The progress for dealing with the issue of loss and damage has been struggling for a long time from the beginning to the present.In this paper,the author begins by summarizing talks on the concept and the positions of commentators.The author is proposing that the development of future climate negotiations and rule-making process be based on global climate justice as a standard for measuring value.Also,the author proposes that a holistic view of climate justice be established.Generally,three aspects of climate justice can be derived.First,the dimension of human rights protection shows that protection of fundamental human rights is a logical precondition if small-island and low-lying countries are able to achieve climate justice.Second,the definite and traditional concepts of distributive justice and corrective justice hold the view that the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities should be upheld as a basic standard of allocating rights and duties associated with climate change.Third,climate justice requires that any state follow the "no-harm principle," which is regarded as an international customary rule.According to the principle,the obligation of states to prevent the use of their territory for causing trans-boundary harm to the environment shall be a violation of state responsibility,which incurs international punishment.Then we put forward three remedial approaches in light of climate justice,including the approach of State Responsibility(SR) based on the principles and rules of international human rights law and international environmental law.Based on clear rules,the judge can determine whether the damaging behavior or the damage perpetrated by a state party constitutes a state responsibility.The International Environmental Regulation(IEB),which means solving the problems within the framework established by the Conventions on Climate Change,takes advantage of the market mechanisms and incentives such as fund and insurance support system to relieve or compensate the loss and damage.International Environmental Dispute Settlement Mechanism(IEDSM),which includes the means such as consultations,negotiations,nonmandatory ways and international arbitration,international judicial ways to solve these disputes,functions as a procedural safeguard.As an active promoter of global climate governance,China should no doubt stand by the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibility(CBDR) and take it as a basis for negotiations,actively strengthen the work of South-South cooperation,fulfill her international climate commitments without reservation,vigorously develop a low-carbon economy,and actively promote international negotiations on the subject of loss and damage.

New Normal of Environmental Protection: Our Responsibility and Action

It has become the hot topic of new normal for environmental protection to ＂ impel ecological civilization and create new way of environ- mental protection＂. In this paper, based on current severe environmental protection situation, new idea of ＂government taking the stage, research department writing a play,enterprise acting in an opera and the masses supervising＂ and action plan of ＂government having the right but can not be impulsive, research department having the talent and should discharge their duties, enterprise having the money but should keep law, and the mas- ses having the enthusiasm to strengthen supervision＂ for environmental protection are proposed,which aims to contribute ideas and exert efforts for impelling ecological civilization and environmental protection.

Analysis on the System of Compensation for Eco-environmental Damage

The eco-environmental damage compensation system is not only an important part of the central government's Overall Plan for the Reform of Ecological Civilization System and special plan,but also a blank point and weak link in the construction of eco-environmental protection system.From the construction of ecological civilization system,the fragility of ecological environment and the history of past damage,the comparative analysis of relevant laws and regulations,and the connotation of the concept of ecological environment,this paper expounds the importance,urgency and necessity of the reform of eco-environmental damage compensation system and the technical complexity of damage compensation judgment.In accordance with the local legislation and practical cases in the reform of eco-environmental damage compensation system in Shaanxi Province,this paper puts forward legislative and policy suggestions to accelerate the reform of eco-environmental damage compensation system.

Composition of fish species in the Bering and Chukchi Seas and their responses to changes in the ecological environment

Based on trawl surveys in the Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea during the 2010 Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition, fish biodiversity characteristics, such as fish composition, dominant species, biodiversity, and faunal characteristics were conducted. We also discussed the responses of fishes to the quick changes in Arctic climate. The results showed that a total of 41 species in 14 families were recorded in these waters. The dominant species were Hippoglossoides robustus, Boreogadus saida, Myoxocephalus scorpius, Lumpenus fabricii, and Artediellus scaber. There were 35 coldwater species, accounting for 85.37%, and six cold temperate species, occupying 14.63%. The habitat types of fish could be grouped as follows： 35 species of demersal fishes, five benthopelagic fishes, and one pelagic fish. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index （H＇） （range between 0 and 2.18, 1.21 on average） was not high, and descended from south to north. Climate change has caused some fishes to shift along their latitudinal and longitudinal distribution around the Arctic and Subarctic areas, and this could lead to the decline of Arctic fishery resources.

Oil Spill Model Operational Application in Damage Assessment and Case Study of Validation

Oil spill modeling is an important technical measure to evaluate the impact of oil spills scientifically. Because of the great uncertainty in its early development, simulation results have not been used as the basis of judgments for environmental compensation cases. Despite this, scientific research institutes in many countries, including China, are still devoted to the research and development of oil spill models and their applications in environmental damage assessment, which makes it possible to apply them in the judicial arbitration of damages claims. The relevant regulations on the Chinese compensation fund for oil pollution damage from ships and the judicial authentication of environmental damage have also accredited such kind of modeling applications. In order to enhance the applicability of oil spill model further, it is necessary to expand its damage assessment function, and to test, calibrate and verify the accuracy of the evaluation. To this end, the author adopts the self-developed 3-dimentionaloil spill model—CWCM to simulate the “Tasman Sea” oil spill accident. By comparing the simulation results of tidal current field, wind field, oil spill trajectory with those observed, the model coding and parameter selection are corrected, and it is realized that the simulation being basically consistent with the measured results. In addition, the results of the scale reduced simulation test of oil spill weathering are applied verifying and perfecting the weathering model of CWCM. The technical requirements and process for operational application of oil spill model in judicial arbitration are also put forward. In view of the rapid simulation function, the operational updating program for oil spill weathering model, coupled current model and dynamic update wind field diagnostic model are put forward in order to further improve the operational evaluation function and evaluation efficiency of oil spill model.

Review on the Theory of Ecological Environment Damage Assessment

In the rapid industrialization and urbanization of China,the damage of ecological environment hinders the people's pursuit of good environmental quality.As a technical means of ecological environment protection,the assessment of ecological environment damage has been attached great importance by all walks of life.However,there are still some problems in the current practice of environmental damage assessment.Therefore,based on the understanding of ecological environment damage assessment and related concepts,this study systematically studies the theory of ecological environment damage assessment.Based on the research,it can be seen that the assessment of ecological environment damage is the inevitable product of social and economic development and the promotion of environmental protection awareness,and ecological environment damage belongs to the subordinate concept of"environmental damage".The assessment of ecological environment damage includes the assessment of ecological damage and environmental damage,paying attention to the interests of human society and the unclaimed pure environment and pure ecological damage.The assessment of ecological environmental damage determines the goal and direction for the construction of environmental damage compensation system.This study enriches the theory of environmental damage assessment and provides theoretical reference and method basis for environmental damage assessment.

生态环境损害修复与补偿机制研究

生态环境权是神圣不可侵犯的人格权。生态修复是对受损的生态系统进行全面整治,需要完善环境区域生态损害协同治理制度,划定生态保护红线实施源头治理制度。区域生态环境协同治理的实质,是对人心的约束和对法律的调整。要构建完善的生态环境损害修复机制,就要构建生态环境部门履职责任清单机制,为生态环境修复目标的实现提供法律依据,始终坚持以生态修复为重心的修复责任理念,构建生态环境修复的法律责任体系。需要完善生态环境损害的补偿机制,生态保护补偿是调节环境损害、保护生态环境主体之间利益关系的制度安排。生态修复责任是救济生态环境损害的主要方式,必须建立流域多元化横向生态补偿长效机制,扩大流域生态补偿规模需要遵循生态补偿制度和规则。实施生态损害修复工程需要遵循生态系统的内在规律,把握生态修复的系统性、完整性和原真性内涵,不断提升生态修复和环境治理能力的现代化水平。

公私益界分下生态环境侵害惩罚性赔偿的适用研究

在生态环境侵害领域,我国存在并行的三种制度,分别是私益类的一般环境侵权制度和公益类的生态环境损害赔偿制度以及环境民事公益诉讼制度。借助于对环境权本质的探讨,公益类的生态环境侵害问题亦有在民法体系中寻求解决路径的合理性。而惩罚性赔偿作为具备多重功能的民事法律制度,能够助力生态环境侵害制度体系实现其特殊的生态功能及社会效果。同时基于对其适用于公益类案件中理论争议的回应,惩罚性赔偿应作为公私益生态环境侵害问题中的共同规则。但公私益生态环境侵害案件的差异不可忽视,确有必要在公私益区分下对惩罚性赔偿的适用要件进行不同解释,以合理限制公益类生态环境侵害惩罚性赔偿的适用。具体而言,相较于私益类生态环境侵害,公益类生态环境侵害惩罚性赔偿的行为加重要件应采狭义理解;主观加重要件不应纳入“重大过失”。在结果加重要件上,无论公益类还是私益类,都应重新审视对“严重后果”的要求。

环境行政处罚对象在租赁关系中的确认

在环境行政执法实践中,处罚对象适格是行政处罚成立与否的重要前提。然而,由租赁关系引起责任主体的变化,致使行政机关在认定环境行政处罚对象时陷入困境。损害担责原则是我国环境法的基本原则,它由污染者负担原则演变而来,其责任范围涵盖环境民事、行政和刑事领域。行政执法机关以损害担责原则来确认环境行政处罚对象,符合违法行为人承担行政责任的一般原则。在租赁关系中,当事人约定环境责任的条款有效,但不能改变行政公法责任的承担主体,行政执法机关确认环境行政处罚对象应遵循:对履行环保义务存在有效约定的,由协议约定的一方或第三方履行,但是,确认环境行政处罚对象应以实际违法行为人为准,并坚持损害担责原则和处罚法定原则的路径。此外,基于环境行政法律规范的特别规定,在执法实践中还需要区分污染/破坏环境类违法行为、环境管理制度类违法行为,并结合租赁标的对被处罚对象的确认进行类型化分析。

论环境领域刑事诉权与民事公益诉权的协调

严重的环境损害行为是刑事诉权和民事公益诉权共同的适用对象,但我国立法并未明确规定两诉权同时行使时的关系如何处理,实践中呈现出环境民事公益诉讼附从于刑事诉讼,后者却疏离前者的现象。这是由于环境民事公益诉讼在客体范围、主体资格、诉求实现方面,与刑事诉权具有高度的亲缘性,但在办案时限、诉权成本、财产刑执行方面又与刑事诉权不相协调。因此,应当在立足两诉权适用对象具有同一性的基础上,以优先修复受损的生态环境为导向,在刑事办案过程中实行公益损害审查的法定化模式,从批捕或介入侦查环节开始即可启动民事公益诉权,遵循“附带为原则,不附带为例外”的要求,与法院的审判权良性互动,实现两诉权的有效协调。

电力企业建设施工环境合规问题研究——以电力企业中的光伏产业为切入点

随着国家对生态环境的重视,光伏能源作为清洁、可再生资源取得了极大发展。但电力企业在光伏施工建设中存在诸多破坏生态环境的问题。光伏企业上游电池板生产过程缺少防护措施,忽视生产污染;光伏企业建设施工全过程未进行合理环评,忽视建设施工带来的环境污染;光伏设备寿命到期后回收机制不健全,导致污染扩散;发展过速导致光伏企业准入资质不统一,生产条件未达标的企业准入使生态受到破坏。为解决上述问题,应以合规建设为契机,构筑一种长效的电力企业环境合规机制。首先在政策层面,通过对企业进行严格的行业准入条件限制和技术升级,从而减少环境污染的可能性;其次,在企业内部建立职业化环境合规监管人员制度,从而对企业的日常经营进行监管,防止出现环境污染风险;最后,通过对企业赋加环境污染责任,以环境污染保证金和全过程建设生产环评制度对企业进行合规监管,从而改良减少生态污染,为构建人与自然生命共同体贡献力量。

生态环境损害救济的路径调适及入典规则安排

目前我国生态环境损害救济路径包括以行政命令、行政处罚为主的行政执法路径,政府部门提起的政府索赔路径,以及环境民事公益诉讼路径。多路径并存的制度体系并非井然有序,存在法理基础逻辑障碍、制度衔接不畅、相关主体角色错位等困境。构建途径畅通的生态环境损害救济路径,持续改善环境治理,是当前促进我国生态环境保护与治理现代化的重要课题。法典化塑造的特定背景中,生态环境损害救济路径仍面临入典规则如何安排的新挑战。厘清生态环境损害救济路径中行政执法、政府索赔与环境民事公益诉讼的关系,尊重行政执法的首次判断权,以行政执法为首要选择,政府索赔次之,而环境民事公益诉讼作为补充。为保证路径内部逻辑一贯,并处理好路径之间的衔接,必须类型化区分生态环境损害赔偿路径,最大程度发挥制度合力。

生态环境标准“入法”反思——基于71例生态环境损害判例的实证分析

在司法实践中,生态环境标准被纳入《中华人民共和国民法典》第一千二百三十四条、第一千二百三十五条之“国家规定”,用于生态环境损害案件的审理,国家和地方生态环境标准均有适用,主要包括污染物排放标准和生态环境质量标准。在违反生态环境标准的同时,需要造成生态环境损害,才会被认定为违反“国家规定”。生态环境标准对事实认定和法律适用产生多重影响,为深入理解这一现象,以卢曼的系统沟通理论为分析框架,基于71例生态环境损害判例,阐释由生态环境标准引起的各个系统间的互动过程,发挥法律系统相较于其他社会子系统“观察之观察”的优势。目前,生态环境标准“入法”存在生态环境标准适用的矛盾与空白导致生态环境损害赔偿不足或过度赔偿,欠缺环境公共利益与其他公共利益综合考量,过于依赖虚拟治理成本计算生态环境损害赔偿数额的问题。针对这些问题,提出以下建议:明确划定纳入“国家规定”之生态环境标准的边界及其划分标准,以确保标准的统一性和可操作性;通过完善程序和实体规则,在生态环境标准的司法适用中促进“事实”与价值的有机融合,平衡多种价值冲突;改进生态环境损害鉴定、评估及其司法适用的方法和流程,同时适时更新质量较高的生态环境标准及司法解释。

火炬树在北美和中国空间分布差异对比及防范入侵措施

火炬树原产于北美洲东部,引进中国后主要栽培于贫瘠土壤上,用于植树造林和保持水土。然而其入侵性和扩散能力较强,管控不当将会严重破坏侵入地生态系统的多样性。采用了GIS和MaxEnt模型相结合的方法,模拟了火炬树在北美和中国地区的适宜分布区域,分析了主要环境影响因素,并利用ROC曲线验证模型结果的准确度。研究结果表明:火炬树在北美和中国的适宜分布区域都主要集中在30°-40°N气候相对湿润地带;影响MaxEnt模型预测结果的关键环境因子都是气候因子;预测模型的AUC值都大于9。但两个地区的部分环境因子的阈值范围存在明显差异,说明在入侵中国后火炬树的气候空间和生态位发生了较大变化,对中国本地的生态系统构成一定威胁。可为防疫监测和林业部门的工作提供参考依据,有助于其制定早期预警和监管措施,从而有效防治中国地区火炬树的入侵和保护生物多样性。

论生态环境损害赔偿诉讼与环境民事公益诉讼之衔接

生态环境损害赔偿诉讼的模糊属性及其与环境民事公益诉讼功能界分不清,是导致生态环境损害赔偿诉讼制度与环境民事公益诉讼制度衔接陷入困境的重要原因。为此,在分析两种诉讼制度内容的基础上,明确二者属于本质趋同、功能不同的两种诉讼制度。就救济生态环境损害问题而言,应在功能主义研究范式的指引下,以生态环境损害发生的不同阶段为依据,将两种诉讼制度功能进行合理调整,明确将环境民事公益诉讼制度的功能界定为“事前预防”,将生态环境损害赔偿诉讼制度的功能定位为“事后损害填补”,以此纾解两种诉讼制度在衔接适用方面的困顿。鉴于“生态环境”与“自然资源”属于包含与被包含的关系,同一破坏行为在导致生态环境遭受损害的同时,往往也会对自然资源造成损害。因此,文章根据救济对象的不同,就生态环境损害赔偿诉讼与自然资源损害赔偿诉讼的衔接问题进行简要说明。

黔东南民族文化生态保护区非物质文化遗产的生态响应和环境秩序

以黔东南民族文化生态保护区为例,运用地理学相关空间分析方法以及线性扩散接连分析法,对非物质文化遗产(非遗)生态要素进行分析。主要结论有:①黔东南非遗分布具亲山性、亲水性特点,3个区域的文化-生态要素各有不同;②非遗的环境依赖程度因文化类型不同而存在差异,其中制作、营造、医药、生产以及饮食酿制类非遗的生态依赖最明显;③非遗具有一定的生态脆弱性,生物多样性减少、土壤侵蚀、水质污染、气候变化等问题会影响到文化保护与传承;④非遗一方面依赖生态,一方面也因生态作用而扮演了建构、维系地方环境秩序的角色,直接表现为非遗推动跨县、跨海拔、跨地形地貌的生产分工与合作,在促进民族交流中具有积极作用。

企业破产视域下生态环境损害赔偿利益实现路径探究

生态环境损害赔偿利益的实现取决于责任主体的实际履行能力,有必要从企业破产角度审视生态环境损害赔偿利益的实现路径。现行破产法清偿顺位下,作为公益债权的生态环境损害赔偿之债不仅不具备优先性,反而应归入劣后债权,这就意味着企业一旦破产,环境保护利益将会落空。为此,文章认为应贯彻环境保护与经济发展相协调的理念,在整个环境诉讼过程中充分运用磋商机制,针对企业困境程度采取差异化司法处置措施,并适度提高生态环境损害赔偿债权在破产中的清偿顺位,全面实施环境侵权责任强制保险制度,探索在破产管理人协会层面建立破产企业环境保护基金制度。

替代性修复的规范定位与适用完善

替代性修复是我国环境司法领域生态修复责任方式的创新,区别于直接修复的手段,以实现受损生态环境及其服务功能总量恢复与动态平衡为目的。作为全面修复理念的制度延展与革新,替代性修复在目前司法实践中存在适用范围不清、适用方式不明、适用保障机制不健全等问题。厘清替代性修复的适用逻辑,规范其体系定位,对指导我国司法适用实践,完善生态修复责任体系的系统性建构具有关键性意义。须廓清替代性修复的适用范围以纾解适用争议,厘定适用方式以明确具体适用规则,加快完善适用保障机制,以推动我国环境司法事业专业化发展。

“双碳”目标下气候变化诉讼的路径选择

气候司法是实现“双碳”目标的重要保障。基于温室气体排放影响的全球性、累积性、科学不确定性,可以推导出气候变化诉讼目的的公益性、手段的风险预防性及其诉讼路径选择的政策性。在中国现有环境司法框架中,环境侵权诉讼对气候稳定权益的公益性定位出现偏离,生态环境损害赔偿制度对于尚未造成环境污染和生态破坏的情形力所不逮。环境公益诉讼着眼于环境公益,制度初创即将“具有损害社会公共利益重大风险”的行为纳入救济范畴,是构建我国气候变化诉讼制度的适宜载体。构建中国特色的气候变化诉讼制度,还应从优化责任承担方式、贯彻风险预防原则、适度扩大受案范围等方面予以必要调适。

检察机关在生态环境损害赔偿制度中的角色定位研究

在生态环境损害赔偿制度中,检察机关基于其特殊的功能定位,既可以以原告身份提起环境行政公益诉讼,监督作为赔偿权利人的行政机关索赔;也可以以支持起诉的方式参与生态环境损害赔偿诉讼,发挥其他主体不具备的职能优势。当前,由于检察机关支持起诉与法律监督的适用边界缺乏明确具体的规范依据,导致检察机关在司法实践中面临角色困境。生态环境损害赔偿是一种新型行政执法方式。从协商行政理论出发,作为监督机关的检察机关,只有在行政机关穷尽行政手段索赔无效的情况下,才能启动支持起诉程序;检察机关亦可适时提起环境行政公益诉讼,以诉讼方式对赔偿权利人依法履职进行监督。结合我国生态环境损害赔偿制度实施现状,对检察机关依法履职的依据和路径进行细化考量,可以进一步强化检察机关的法律监督职能,促进实现人与自然和谐共生的“中国式现代化”。