Problems of Marine Ecological and Environmental Compensations of Oil Spill in China

In recent years, the frequent occurrences of marine oil spills have already become one of the major reasons threatening the marine ecological safety of China. In the event of oil spill, oth-er than taking the necessary emergent measures aiming specifically at the damage to the marine ecology and environment, using legal means to assure that the damage liabilities are borne by the respon-sible persons to protect the national interests are also very neces-sary. This paper advances five recommendations regarding the development of a system for ecological legal compensations from the standpoint of the current status of legislation and execution of the laws on compensation of oil spill polluting marine ecosystem. These five recommendations include: determination of the status of juristic action in marine ecological and environmental compen-sations in accordance with the laws, determination of plaintiff of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of the four basic principles in the le-gal actions of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of assessment technical standard of marine ecological and environmental damages in ac-cordance with the laws, and determination of the scope of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws.

Remedies for loss and damage caused by climate change from the dimension of climate justice

Adverse consequences to the ecological system and human health caused by impacts potentially attributable to climate change have already drawn great and widespread concern of many scientists and international organizations.However,we still have a hard time determining exactly the impact of climate change on the environment or the damage that climate change inflicts on countries comprising small islands or low-lying lands in light of today's science and technology.The progress for dealing with the issue of loss and damage has been struggling for a long time from the beginning to the present.In this paper,the author begins by summarizing talks on the concept and the positions of commentators.The author is proposing that the development of future climate negotiations and rule-making process be based on global climate justice as a standard for measuring value.Also,the author proposes that a holistic view of climate justice be established.Generally,three aspects of climate justice can be derived.First,the dimension of human rights protection shows that protection of fundamental human rights is a logical precondition if small-island and low-lying countries are able to achieve climate justice.Second,the definite and traditional concepts of distributive justice and corrective justice hold the view that the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities should be upheld as a basic standard of allocating rights and duties associated with climate change.Third,climate justice requires that any state follow the "no-harm principle," which is regarded as an international customary rule.According to the principle,the obligation of states to prevent the use of their territory for causing trans-boundary harm to the environment shall be a violation of state responsibility,which incurs international punishment.Then we put forward three remedial approaches in light of climate justice,including the approach of State Responsibility(SR) based on the principles and rules of international human rights law and international environmental law.Based on clear rules,the judge can determine whether the damaging behavior or the damage perpetrated by a state party constitutes a state responsibility.The International Environmental Regulation(IEB),which means solving the problems within the framework established by the Conventions on Climate Change,takes advantage of the market mechanisms and incentives such as fund and insurance support system to relieve or compensate the loss and damage.International Environmental Dispute Settlement Mechanism(IEDSM),which includes the means such as consultations,negotiations,nonmandatory ways and international arbitration,international judicial ways to solve these disputes,functions as a procedural safeguard.As an active promoter of global climate governance,China should no doubt stand by the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibility(CBDR) and take it as a basis for negotiations,actively strengthen the work of South-South cooperation,fulfill her international climate commitments without reservation,vigorously develop a low-carbon economy,and actively promote international negotiations on the subject of loss and damage.

New Normal of Environmental Protection: Our Responsibility and Action

It has become the hot topic of new normal for environmental protection to ＂ impel ecological civilization and create new way of environ- mental protection＂. In this paper, based on current severe environmental protection situation, new idea of ＂government taking the stage, research department writing a play,enterprise acting in an opera and the masses supervising＂ and action plan of ＂government having the right but can not be impulsive, research department having the talent and should discharge their duties, enterprise having the money but should keep law, and the mas- ses having the enthusiasm to strengthen supervision＂ for environmental protection are proposed,which aims to contribute ideas and exert efforts for impelling ecological civilization and environmental protection.

Analysis on the System of Compensation for Eco-environmental Damage

The eco-environmental damage compensation system is not only an important part of the central government's Overall Plan for the Reform of Ecological Civilization System and special plan,but also a blank point and weak link in the construction of eco-environmental protection system.From the construction of ecological civilization system,the fragility of ecological environment and the history of past damage,the comparative analysis of relevant laws and regulations,and the connotation of the concept of ecological environment,this paper expounds the importance,urgency and necessity of the reform of eco-environmental damage compensation system and the technical complexity of damage compensation judgment.In accordance with the local legislation and practical cases in the reform of eco-environmental damage compensation system in Shaanxi Province,this paper puts forward legislative and policy suggestions to accelerate the reform of eco-environmental damage compensation system.

Composition of fish species in the Bering and Chukchi Seas and their responses to changes in the ecological environment

Based on trawl surveys in the Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea during the 2010 Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition, fish biodiversity characteristics, such as fish composition, dominant species, biodiversity, and faunal characteristics were conducted. We also discussed the responses of fishes to the quick changes in Arctic climate. The results showed that a total of 41 species in 14 families were recorded in these waters. The dominant species were Hippoglossoides robustus, Boreogadus saida, Myoxocephalus scorpius, Lumpenus fabricii, and Artediellus scaber. There were 35 coldwater species, accounting for 85.37%, and six cold temperate species, occupying 14.63%. The habitat types of fish could be grouped as follows： 35 species of demersal fishes, five benthopelagic fishes, and one pelagic fish. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index （H＇） （range between 0 and 2.18, 1.21 on average） was not high, and descended from south to north. Climate change has caused some fishes to shift along their latitudinal and longitudinal distribution around the Arctic and Subarctic areas, and this could lead to the decline of Arctic fishery resources.

Oil Spill Model Operational Application in Damage Assessment and Case Study of Validation

Oil spill modeling is an important technical measure to evaluate the impact of oil spills scientifically. Because of the great uncertainty in its early development, simulation results have not been used as the basis of judgments for environmental compensation cases. Despite this, scientific research institutes in many countries, including China, are still devoted to the research and development of oil spill models and their applications in environmental damage assessment, which makes it possible to apply them in the judicial arbitration of damages claims. The relevant regulations on the Chinese compensation fund for oil pollution damage from ships and the judicial authentication of environmental damage have also accredited such kind of modeling applications. In order to enhance the applicability of oil spill model further, it is necessary to expand its damage assessment function, and to test, calibrate and verify the accuracy of the evaluation. To this end, the author adopts the self-developed 3-dimentionaloil spill model—CWCM to simulate the “Tasman Sea” oil spill accident. By comparing the simulation results of tidal current field, wind field, oil spill trajectory with those observed, the model coding and parameter selection are corrected, and it is realized that the simulation being basically consistent with the measured results. In addition, the results of the scale reduced simulation test of oil spill weathering are applied verifying and perfecting the weathering model of CWCM. The technical requirements and process for operational application of oil spill model in judicial arbitration are also put forward. In view of the rapid simulation function, the operational updating program for oil spill weathering model, coupled current model and dynamic update wind field diagnostic model are put forward in order to further improve the operational evaluation function and evaluation efficiency of oil spill model.

Review on the Theory of Ecological Environment Damage Assessment

In the rapid industrialization and urbanization of China,the damage of ecological environment hinders the people's pursuit of good environmental quality.As a technical means of ecological environment protection,the assessment of ecological environment damage has been attached great importance by all walks of life.However,there are still some problems in the current practice of environmental damage assessment.Therefore,based on the understanding of ecological environment damage assessment and related concepts,this study systematically studies the theory of ecological environment damage assessment.Based on the research,it can be seen that the assessment of ecological environment damage is the inevitable product of social and economic development and the promotion of environmental protection awareness,and ecological environment damage belongs to the subordinate concept of"environmental damage".The assessment of ecological environment damage includes the assessment of ecological damage and environmental damage,paying attention to the interests of human society and the unclaimed pure environment and pure ecological damage.The assessment of ecological environmental damage determines the goal and direction for the construction of environmental damage compensation system.This study enriches the theory of environmental damage assessment and provides theoretical reference and method basis for environmental damage assessment.

宁波都市区城市群的生态环境问题与森林应对策略

2021年中欧双方联合开展了中欧绿色城镇化的城市森林应对关键技术研究项目,我国宁波都市区是长三角区域内的重要发展极核之一,其城市群建设也是该研究项目的典型案例。文章在总结宁波都市区“小城镇点状发展-大都市主导发展-城镇化高速发展”的发展历程的基础上,从区域尺度综合分析城市组团之间生态空间、森林质量与景观风貌、外来入侵植物、河流水系生态廊道、城乡居民生态福祉、平原村庄风貌等9个方面的生态环境问题,最后提出群域区生态共建共享共治、中心区生态空间查漏补缺、核心区生态服务能力提升和绿水青山变金山银山挖潜4方面的森林应对策略,以推进长三角区域生态协同、助力美丽杭州湾建设、构建宁波都市区生态安全共同体。

论自然资源国家所有权损害赔偿制度

自然资源国家所有权的规定在《中华人民共和国宪法》《中华人民共和国民法典》,以及自然资源各单行法中都有体现,是构成自然资源国家所有权损害赔偿的法益基础。《中华人民共和国种子法》《中华人民共和国畜牧法》等条款中规定国家对自然资源享有主权,主权当然应包括所有权的内容。因自然资源种类差异,在其国家所有权受损时赔偿救济规范和结果不尽相同。因自然资源国家所有权的传统行政、民事、刑事等救济方面均存在不足,环境公益诉讼又不足以涵盖自然资源国家所有权损害救济的范围。需从山水林田湖草沙系统化治理的角度,对自然资源国家所有权兼具公私属性予以认识,并进行相关利益衡平考量。对于自然资源国家所有权损害提起生态环境损害赔偿已有规定,并出现了一批相关司法案例。生态环境损害赔偿制度体现和公权和私权的结合,海洋自然资源和生态损害公益诉讼奠定了基调,自然资源国家所有权损害可直接适用生态环境损害赔偿制度。在适用生态环境损害赔偿诉讼程序时可与环境公益诉讼合并审理,有利于节约立法、执法和司法成本,是最优选。

公私益界分下生态环境侵害惩罚性赔偿的适用研究

在生态环境侵害领域,我国存在并行的三种制度,分别是私益类的一般环境侵权制度和公益类的生态环境损害赔偿制度以及环境民事公益诉讼制度。借助于对环境权本质的探讨,公益类的生态环境侵害问题亦有在民法体系中寻求解决路径的合理性。而惩罚性赔偿作为具备多重功能的民事法律制度,能够助力生态环境侵害制度体系实现其特殊的生态功能及社会效果。同时基于对其适用于公益类案件中理论争议的回应,惩罚性赔偿应作为公私益生态环境侵害问题中的共同规则。但公私益生态环境侵害案件的差异不可忽视,确有必要在公私益区分下对惩罚性赔偿的适用要件进行不同解释,以合理限制公益类生态环境侵害惩罚性赔偿的适用。具体而言,相较于私益类生态环境侵害,公益类生态环境侵害惩罚性赔偿的行为加重要件应采狭义理解;主观加重要件不应纳入“重大过失”。在结果加重要件上,无论公益类还是私益类,都应重新审视对“严重后果”的要求。

生态环境损害民事责任中劳务代偿的证成及其展开

劳务代偿的适用并不遵循修复责任的归责要件,且无法实现等值重建或更换受损生态环境的目标,其性质应为“以金钱给付为内容的责任承担方式的执行(履行)方式”,而非环境司法普遍认为的替代性修复方式,故劳务抵偿的对象不以修复费用为限。其适用范围应明确为“自然人应当承担生态环境损害民事责任,同时量化的损害数额不大且该责任人家庭经济困难无力履行金钱给付义务”的案件。将劳务代偿作为生效裁判的执行方式,宜采用修改司法解释或发布指导性案例的模式明晰其适用条件、折抵标准、经济状况证明责任分配规则等,同时需要探索建立劳务代偿执行方案制定和实施的协作机制,充分发挥行政机关的专业优势,促成责任依法、全面履行。

生态环境损害修复与补偿机制研究

生态环境权是神圣不可侵犯的人格权。生态修复是对受损的生态系统进行全面整治,需要完善环境区域生态损害协同治理制度,划定生态保护红线实施源头治理制度。区域生态环境协同治理的实质,是对人心的约束和对法律的调整。要构建完善的生态环境损害修复机制,就要构建生态环境部门履职责任清单机制,为生态环境修复目标的实现提供法律依据,始终坚持以生态修复为重心的修复责任理念,构建生态环境修复的法律责任体系。需要完善生态环境损害的补偿机制,生态保护补偿是调节环境损害、保护生态环境主体之间利益关系的制度安排。生态修复责任是救济生态环境损害的主要方式,必须建立流域多元化横向生态补偿长效机制,扩大流域生态补偿规模需要遵循生态补偿制度和规则。实施生态损害修复工程需要遵循生态系统的内在规律,把握生态修复的系统性、完整性和原真性内涵,不断提升生态修复和环境治理能力的现代化水平。

论环境领域刑事诉权与民事公益诉权的协调

严重的环境损害行为是刑事诉权和民事公益诉权共同的适用对象,但我国立法并未明确规定两诉权同时行使时的关系如何处理,实践中呈现出环境民事公益诉讼附从于刑事诉讼,后者却疏离前者的现象。这是由于环境民事公益诉讼在客体范围、主体资格、诉求实现方面,与刑事诉权具有高度的亲缘性,但在办案时限、诉权成本、财产刑执行方面又与刑事诉权不相协调。因此,应当在立足两诉权适用对象具有同一性的基础上,以优先修复受损的生态环境为导向,在刑事办案过程中实行公益损害审查的法定化模式,从批捕或介入侦查环节开始即可启动民事公益诉权,遵循“附带为原则,不附带为例外”的要求,与法院的审判权良性互动,实现两诉权的有效协调。

环境行政处罚对象在租赁关系中的确认

在环境行政执法实践中,处罚对象适格是行政处罚成立与否的重要前提。然而,由租赁关系引起责任主体的变化,致使行政机关在认定环境行政处罚对象时陷入困境。损害担责原则是我国环境法的基本原则,它由污染者负担原则演变而来,其责任范围涵盖环境民事、行政和刑事领域。行政执法机关以损害担责原则来确认环境行政处罚对象,符合违法行为人承担行政责任的一般原则。在租赁关系中,当事人约定环境责任的条款有效,但不能改变行政公法责任的承担主体,行政执法机关确认环境行政处罚对象应遵循:对履行环保义务存在有效约定的,由协议约定的一方或第三方履行,但是,确认环境行政处罚对象应以实际违法行为人为准,并坚持损害担责原则和处罚法定原则的路径。此外,基于环境行政法律规范的特别规定,在执法实践中还需要区分污染/破坏环境类违法行为、环境管理制度类违法行为,并结合租赁标的对被处罚对象的确认进行类型化分析。

生态环境修复责任承担方式的司法实践样态及其创新转化

生态环境修复责任承担方式关系到环境资源审判的高质量发展,是有效落实修复法律责任、实现受损生态环境救济的有效途径。鉴于生态环境修复的困难性,传统单一的法律责任承担方式往往难以实现及时、充分、有效的救济,这就为生态环境修复责任承担方式的多元化拓展提供了空间。在我国司法实践中,各地法院通过司法能动性的发挥,创新性适用生态环境修复责任承担方式,从而不断为我国环境资源审判提供绿色裁判新样态。通过对相关立法实践与典型案例的分析,可以发现我国生态环境修复责任方式呈现出“修复优先”的理念趋向,环境司法实践借助行为责任承担方式的类型化区分与创新性转化,来确保生态环境修复责任的多元化适用。

电力企业建设施工环境合规问题研究——以电力企业中的光伏产业为切入点

随着国家对生态环境的重视,光伏能源作为清洁、可再生资源取得了极大发展。但电力企业在光伏施工建设中存在诸多破坏生态环境的问题。光伏企业上游电池板生产过程缺少防护措施,忽视生产污染;光伏企业建设施工全过程未进行合理环评,忽视建设施工带来的环境污染;光伏设备寿命到期后回收机制不健全,导致污染扩散;发展过速导致光伏企业准入资质不统一,生产条件未达标的企业准入使生态受到破坏。为解决上述问题,应以合规建设为契机,构筑一种长效的电力企业环境合规机制。首先在政策层面,通过对企业进行严格的行业准入条件限制和技术升级,从而减少环境污染的可能性;其次,在企业内部建立职业化环境合规监管人员制度,从而对企业的日常经营进行监管,防止出现环境污染风险;最后,通过对企业赋加环境污染责任,以环境污染保证金和全过程建设生产环评制度对企业进行合规监管,从而改良减少生态污染,为构建人与自然生命共同体贡献力量。

生态环境损害救济的路径调适及入典规则安排

目前我国生态环境损害救济路径包括以行政命令、行政处罚为主的行政执法路径,政府部门提起的政府索赔路径,以及环境民事公益诉讼路径。多路径并存的制度体系并非井然有序,存在法理基础逻辑障碍、制度衔接不畅、相关主体角色错位等困境。构建途径畅通的生态环境损害救济路径,持续改善环境治理,是当前促进我国生态环境保护与治理现代化的重要课题。法典化塑造的特定背景中,生态环境损害救济路径仍面临入典规则如何安排的新挑战。厘清生态环境损害救济路径中行政执法、政府索赔与环境民事公益诉讼的关系,尊重行政执法的首次判断权,以行政执法为首要选择,政府索赔次之,而环境民事公益诉讼作为补充。为保证路径内部逻辑一贯,并处理好路径之间的衔接,必须类型化区分生态环境损害赔偿路径,最大程度发挥制度合力。

生态环境标准“入法”反思——基于71例生态环境损害判例的实证分析

在司法实践中,生态环境标准被纳入《中华人民共和国民法典》第一千二百三十四条、第一千二百三十五条之“国家规定”,用于生态环境损害案件的审理,国家和地方生态环境标准均有适用,主要包括污染物排放标准和生态环境质量标准。在违反生态环境标准的同时,需要造成生态环境损害,才会被认定为违反“国家规定”。生态环境标准对事实认定和法律适用产生多重影响,为深入理解这一现象,以卢曼的系统沟通理论为分析框架,基于71例生态环境损害判例,阐释由生态环境标准引起的各个系统间的互动过程,发挥法律系统相较于其他社会子系统“观察之观察”的优势。目前,生态环境标准“入法”存在生态环境标准适用的矛盾与空白导致生态环境损害赔偿不足或过度赔偿,欠缺环境公共利益与其他公共利益综合考量,过于依赖虚拟治理成本计算生态环境损害赔偿数额的问题。针对这些问题,提出以下建议:明确划定纳入“国家规定”之生态环境标准的边界及其划分标准,以确保标准的统一性和可操作性;通过完善程序和实体规则,在生态环境标准的司法适用中促进“事实”与价值的有机融合,平衡多种价值冲突;改进生态环境损害鉴定、评估及其司法适用的方法和流程,同时适时更新质量较高的生态环境标准及司法解释。

Value evaluation of ecological risk of marine chemical spills

The environmental risk of chemical spills near coastal zones threatens abundant marine ecological resources. By appraising the ecological damage value of the environmental risk of marine chemical spills, we can facilitate decision-making for the development of a coastal zone and establishment of economic policy on coastal zone management. In this study, the ecological effect of the environmental risk of a chemical spill in the Haicang chemical industrial park in Xiamen was identified, after which its impact was forecasted and its ecological damage value was assessed. The information generated in this study will be useful in future studies evaluating marine ecological compensation based on environmental risk analysis.

海洋生态损害和管理政策响应:生态生产函数构建与补偿政策设计

识别影响人类福利的海洋生态系统结构、过程、功能的关键因子及其关系,建立紧密联系生态变化和人类福利的海洋环境管理政策并对海洋生态损害行为进行针对性调控,有助于实现海洋生态系统服务供给可持续,实现人与自然的和谐共生目标。通过构建联接生态投入和服务产出的生态生产函数,刻画海洋生态受损和人类福利变化间的关系;筛选海洋生态损害表征要素并进一步解析受损要素特征;分别从货币补偿和生态修复双层面设计海洋生态管理响应方式。研究结论有助于搭建从损害要素到补偿政策的因果链条,从而为海洋生态损害的责任认定、货币补偿与生态修复方案选择提供标准化、业务化的技术支持。