A Data Intrusion Tolerance Model Based on an Improved Evolutionary Game Theory for the Energy Internet

Malicious attacks against data are unavoidable in the interconnected,open and shared Energy Internet(EI),Intrusion tolerant techniques are critical to the data security of EI.Existing intrusion tolerant techniques suffered from problems such as low adaptability,policy lag,and difficulty in determining the degree of tolerance.To address these issues,we propose a novel adaptive intrusion tolerance model based on game theory that enjoys two-fold ideas:(1)it constructs an improved replica of the intrusion tolerance model of the dynamic equation evolution game to induce incentive weights;and (2)it combines a tournament competition model with incentive weights to obtain optimal strategies for each stage of the game process.Extensive experiments are conducted in the IEEE 39-bus system,whose results demonstrate the feasibility of the incentive weights,confirm the proposed strategy strengthens the system’s ability to tolerate aggression,and improves the dynamic adaptability and response efficiency of the aggression-tolerant system in the case of limited resources.

Effects of surround suppression on response adaptation of V1 neurons to visual stimuli

The influence of intracortical inhibition on the response adaptation of visual cortical neurons remains in debate. To clarify this issue, in the present study the influence of surround suppression evoked through the local inhibitory interneurons on the adaptation effects of neurons in the primary visual cortex （V1） were observed. Moreover, the adaptations of V1 neurons to both the high-contrast visual stimuli presented in the classical receptive field （CRF） and to the costimulation presented in the CRF and the surrounding nonclassical receptive field （nCRF） were compared. The intensities of surround suppression were modulated with different sized grating stimuli. The results showed that the response adaptation of V1 neurons decreased significantly with the increase of surround suppression and this adaptation decrease was due to the reduction of the initial response of V1 neurons to visual stimuli. However, the plateau response during adaptation showed no significant changes. These findings indicate that the adaptation effects of V1 neurons may not be directly affected by surround suppression, but may be dynamically regulated by a negative feedback network and be finely adjusted by its initial spiking response to stimulus. This adaptive regulation is not only energy efficient for the central nervous system, but also beneficially acts to maintain the homeostasis of neuronal response to long-presenting visual signals.

Cropping system innovation for coping with climatic warming in China

China is becoming the largest grain producing and carbon-emitting country in the world,with a steady increase in population and economic development.A review of Chinese experiences in ensuring food self-sufficiency and reducing carbon emission in the agricultural sector can provide a valuable reference for similar countries and regions.According to a comprehensive review of previous publications and recent field observations,China has experienced on average a larger and faster climatic warming trend than the global trend,and there are large uncertainties in precipitation change,which shows a non-significantly increasing trend.Existing evidence shows that the effects of climatic warming on major staple crop production in China could be markedly negative or positive,depending on the specific cropping region,season,and crop.However,historical data analysis and field warming experiments have shown that moderate warming,of less than2.0 °C,could benefit crop production in China overall.During the most recent warming decades,China has made successful adaptations in cropping systems,such as new cultivar breeding,cropping region adjustment,and cropping practice optimization,to exploit the positive rather than to avoid the negative effects of climatic warming on crop growth.All of these successful adaptations have greatly increased crop yield,leading to higher resource use efficiency as well as greatly increased soil organic carbon content with reduced greenhouse gas emissions.Under the warming climate,China has not only achieved great successes in crop production but also realized a large advance in greenhouse gas emission mitigation.Chinese experiences in cropping system innovation for coping with climatic warming demonstrate that food security and climatic warming mitigation can be synergized through policy,knowledge,and technological innovation.With the increasingly critical status of food security and climatic warming,further efforts should be invested in new agricultural policy,knowledge and technology creation,and popularization of climate-smart agriculture,and more financial investments should be made in field infrastructure development to increase cropping system resilience in China.

Global Optimization Method Using SLE and Adaptive RBF Based on Fuzzy Clustering

High fidelity analysis models,which are beneficial to improving the design quality,have been more and more widely utilized in the modern engineering design optimization problems.However,the high fidelity analysis models are so computationally expensive that the time required in design optimization is usually unacceptable.In order to improve the efficiency of optimization involving high fidelity analysis models,the optimization efficiency can be upgraded through applying surrogates to approximate the computationally expensive models,which can greately reduce the computation time.An efficient heuristic global optimization method using adaptive radial basis function（RBF） based on fuzzy clustering（ARFC） is proposed.In this method,a novel algorithm of maximin Latin hypercube design using successive local enumeration（SLE） is employed to obtain sample points with good performance in both space-filling and projective uniformity properties,which does a great deal of good to metamodels accuracy.RBF method is adopted for constructing the metamodels,and with the increasing the number of sample points the approximation accuracy of RBF is gradually enhanced.The fuzzy c-means clustering method is applied to identify the reduced attractive regions in the original design space.The numerical benchmark examples are used for validating the performance of ARFC.The results demonstrates that for most application examples the global optima are effectively obtained and comparison with adaptive response surface method（ARSM） proves that the proposed method can intuitively capture promising design regions and can efficiently identify the global or near-global design optimum.This method improves the efficiency and global convergence of the optimization problems,and gives a new optimization strategy for engineering design optimization problems involving computationally expensive models.

Comparison of physiological responses to oxidative and heavy metal stress in seedlings of rice paddy, Oryza sativa L.

Physiological responses on the bases of activities of antioxidant enzymes: peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase as well as estimation of total protein, lipid peroxidation and thiols in the form of protein, non\|protein, glutathione and phytochelatin measured in growing seedlings of paddy, Oryza sativa L., from day 2 to 8 were compared following treatment of seeds for 5h with oxidative agents, paraquat 5 × 10 -5 , 10 -4 , 10 -3 mol/L, H 2O 2 10 -3 , 5×10 -3 , 10 -2 mol/L, and CdCl 2 10 -5 , 10 -4 , 5×10 -3 mol/L. A significant induction of all antioxidant enzymes along with an increase in the levels of protein, lipid peroxidation and glutathione was noted in response to oxidative stress, CdCl 2 induced significant peroxidase and catalase activities but not superoxide dismutase. In a marked contrast from oxidative stress, CdCl 2 decreased glutathione reductase activity as well as glutathione levels but increased phytochelatin level. The different physiological responses thus underlined the crucial involvement of glutathione and phytochelatin in the oxidative and heavy metal\|linduced adaptive responses respectively.

Increased Levels of p53 and PARP-1 in EL-4 Cells Probably Related with the Immune Adaptive Response Induced by Low Dose Ionizing Radiation in vitro

Objective This paper is to explore the DNA repair mechanism of immune adaptive response （AR） induced by low dose radiation （LDR）, the changes of mRNA levels and protein expressions of p53, ATM, DNA-PK catalytic subunit （DNA-PKcs） and PARP-1 genes in the LDR-induced AR in EL-4 cells. Methods The apoptosis and cell cycle progression of EL-4 cells were detected by flow cytometry in 12 h after the cells received the pre-exposure of 0.075 Gy X-rays （inductive dose, D 1） and the succeeding high dose irradiation （challenge dose, D2; 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 Gy X-rays, respectively） with or without wortmannin （inhibitor of ATM and DNA-PK） and 3-aminobenzamid （inhibitor of PARP-1）. And the protein expressions and mRNA levels related to these genes were detected with flow cytometry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in 12 h after irradiation with D2. Results The mRNA and protein expressions of p53 and PARP-1 in EL-4 cells in the D1 ＋ D2 groups were much lower than those in the D2 groups, and those of PARP-1 in the 3-AB ＋ D2 and the 3-AB ＋ D1 ＋ D2 groups were much lower than those in the D2 and the D1 ＋ D2 groups. The percentage of apoptotic EL-4 cells in the 3-AB ＋ D1 ＋ D2 groups was much higher than that in the D1 ＋ D2 groups, that in the G0/G1 and the G2 ＋ M phases was much higher, and that in the S phase were much lower. Although the ATM and DNA-PKcs mRNA and protein expressions in wortmannin ＋ D1 ＋ D2 groups were much lower than those in the D1 ＋ D2 groups, there were no significant changes in the apoptosis and cell cycle progression between the wortmannin ＋ D1 ＋ D2 and the D1 ＋ D2 groups. Conclusion PARP-1 and p53 might play important roles in AR induced by LDR.

Many-lined Sun Skinks(Mabuya multifasciata) Shift Their Thermal Preferences Downwards When Fasted

We maintained adult many-lined sun skinks(Mabuya multifasciata; 12 females and 12 males) collected from Hainan(southern China) in September 2006 in two outdoor enclosures to examine the effect of feeding condition on selected body temperature(Tsel).Skinks shifted their thermal preferences when fasted.Temporal variation in Tsel was not found within each sex feeding condition combination,and neither in fed nor in fasted skinks did the mean values for Tsel differ between sexes.Body temperatures selected by fed skinks fell within the range from 30.2 to 33.9 C,and those selected by fasted skinks within the range from 25.1 to 31.8 C.Body temperatures(31.8 0.3 C) selected by fed skinks were on average 4.0 C higher than those(27.8 0.4 C) selected by fasted skinks.Fasted skinks had no difficulty in attaining higher body temperatures,but they voluntarily shift their thermal preferences downwards to save energy.This finding suggests an adaptive mechanism adopted by many-lined sun skinks to enhance their fitness during the periods when food availability is low.

Effect of Cycloheximide on the Adaptive Response Induced by Low Dose Radiation

Human lymphocytes pre-exposed to 10 mGy or 50 mGy of X-rays become less sensitive to subsequent large dose irradiation, exhibited lower rate of chromosome aberration than expected. This adaptive response could be inhibited by cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor for successive 2 h period ranging from 0.5h before to 4h after the low dose exposure, indicating that the adaptive response was directly related with the protein synthesis.

COVID-19 and gut immunomodulation

The disease coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is a severe respiratory illness that has emerged as a devastating health problem worldwide.The disease outcome is heterogeneous,and severity is likely dependent on the immunity of infected individuals and comorbidities.Although symptoms of the disease are primarily associated with respiratory problems,additional infection or failure of other vital organs are being reported.Emerging reports suggest a quite common co-existence of gastrointestinal(GI)tract symptoms in addition to respiratory symptoms in many COVID-19 patients,and some patients show just the GI symptoms.The possible cause of the GI symptoms could be due to direct infection of the epithelial cells of the gut,which is supported by the fact that(1)The intestinal epithelium expresses a high level of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 and transmembrane protease serine 2 protein that are required for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)entry into the cells;(2)About half of the severe COVID-19 patients show viral RNA in their feces and various parts of the GI tract;and(3)SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect gut epithelial cells in vitro(gut epithelial cells and organoids)and in vivo(rhesus monkey).The GI tract seems to be a site of active innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 as clinically,stool samples of COVID-19 patients possess proinflammatory cytokines(interleukin 8),calprotectin(neutrophils activity),and immunoglobulin A antibodies.In addition to direct immune activation by the virus,impairment of GI epithelium integrity can evoke immune response under the influence of systemic cytokines,hypoxia,and changes in gut microbiota(dysbiosis)due to infection of the respiratory system,which is confirmed by the observation that not all of the GI symptomatic patients are viral RNA positive.This review comprehensively summarizes the possible GI immunomodulation by SARS-CoV-2 that could lead to GI symptoms,their association with disease severity,and potential therapeutic interventions.

Plant hormesis and Shelford’s tolerance law curve

Shelford’s law of tolerance is illustrated by a bell-shaped curve depicting the relationship between environmental factor/factors’intensity and its favorability for species or populations.It is a fundamental basis of ecology when considering the regularities of environment impacts on living systems,and applies in plant biology,agriculture and forestry to manage resistance to environmental limiting factors and to enhance productivity.In recent years,the concept of hormesis has been increasingly used to study the dose-response relationships in living organisms of different complexities,including plants.This requires the need for an analysis of the relationships between the hormetic dose-response model and the classical understanding of plant reactions to environments in terms of Shelford’s law of tolerance.This paper analyses various dimensions of the relationships between the hormetic model and Shelford’s tolerance law curve under the influence of natural environmental factors on plants,which are limiting for plants both in deficiency and excess.The analysis has shown that Shelford’s curve and hormetic model do not contradict but instead complement each other.The hormetic response of plants is localized in the stress zone of the Shelford’s curve when adaptive mechanisms are disabled within the ecological optimum.At the same time,in a species range,the ecological optimum is the most favorable combination of all or at least the most important environmental factors,each of which usually deviates slightly from its optimal value.Adaptive mechanisms cannot be completely disabled in the optimum,and hormesis covers optimum and stress zones.Hormesis can modify the plant tolerance range to environmental factors by preconditioning and makes limits of plant tolerance to environmental factors flexible to a certain extent.In turn,as a result of tolerance range evolution,quantitative characteristics of hormesis(width and magnitude of hormetic zone)as well as the range of stimulating doses,may significantly differ in various plant species and even populations and intra-population groups,including plants at different development stages.Using hormetic preconditioning for managing plant resistance to environmental limiting factors provides an important perspective for increasing the productivity of woody plants in forestry.

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on neuropsychiatric disorders

Evolving data show a variable expression of clinical neurological manifestations in patients suffering with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)from early disease onset.The most frequent symptoms and signs are fatigue,dizziness,impaired consciousness,ageusia,anosmia,radicular pain,and headache,as well as others.Based on the high number of series of cases reported,there is evidence for the implication of the immune system in the pathological mechanism of COVID-19.Although the exact role of the immunological mechanism is not elucidated,two main mechanisms are suggested which implicate the direct effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in the central nervous system and neuroinflammation.In the context of neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19,neuropsychiatric disorders show an exacerbation and are described by symptoms and signs such as depression,anxiety,mood alterations,psychosis,post-traumatic stress disorder,delirium,and cognitive impairment,which appear to be common in COVID-19 survivors.A worsened score on psychopathological measures is seen in those with a history of psychiatric comorbidities.We review the neuropsychiatric manifestations associated with COVID-19 and some critical aspects of the innate and adaptive immune system involved in mental health disorders occurring in COVID-19.

Adaptive immune response during hepatitis C virus infection

Hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection affects about 170 million people worldwide and it is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.HCV is a hepatotropic non-cytopathic virus able to persist in a great percentage of infected hosts due to its ability to escape from the immune control.Liver damage and disease progression during HCV infection are driven by both viral and host factors.Specifically,adaptive immune response carries out an essential task in controllingnon-cytopathic viruses because of its ability to recognize infected cells and to destroy them by cytopathic mechanisms and to eliminate the virus by non-cytolytic machinery.HCV is able to impair this response by several means such as developing escape mutations in neutralizing antibodies and in T cell receptor viral epitope recognition sites and inducing HCV-specific cytotoxic T cell anergy and deletion.To impair HCV-specific T cell reactivity,HCV affects effector T cell regulation by modulating T helper and Treg response and by impairing the balance between positive and negative co-stimulatory molecules and between pro-and antiapoptotic proteins.In this review,the role of adaptive immune response in controlling HCV infection and the HCV mechanisms to evade this response are reviewed.

Adaptive response of resistant cancer cells to chemotherapy

Despite advances in cancer therapeutics and the integration of personalized medicine,the development of chemoresistance in many patients remains a significant contributing factor to cancer mortality.Upon treatment with chemotherapeutics,the disruption of homeostasis in cancer cells triggers the adaptive response which has emerged as a key resistance mechanism.In this review,we summarize the mechanistic studies investigating the three major components of the adaptive response,autophagy,endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress signaling,and senescence,in response to cancer chemotherapy.We will discuss the development of potential cancer therapeutic strategies in the context of these adaptive resistance mechanisms,with the goal of stimulating research that may facilitate the development of effective cancer therapy.

Dipeptide Formation from Amino Acid Monomer Induced by keV Ion Irradiation: An Implication for Physicochemical Repair by Radiation Itself

An identification of Phe dipeptide from L-phenylalanine monomers after keV nitro- gen and argon ion implantation, by using the HPLC （high performance liquid chromatography） and LC-MS（liquid chromatography mass spectrometer） methods is reported. The results showed a similar yield behavior for both ion species, namely： 1） the yield of dipeptides under alkalescent conditions was distinctly higher than that under acidic or neutral conditions; 2） for different ion species, the dose-yield curves tracked a similar trend which was called a counter-saddle curve. The dipeptide formation may implicate a recombination repair mechanism of damaged biomolecules that energetic ions have left in their wake. Accordingly a physicochemical self-repair mechanism by radiation itself for the ion-beam radiobiological effects is proposed.

Induction of adaptive response in utero by ionizing radiation:A radiation quality dependent phenomenon

Investigation on possible induction of adaptive response(AR)by high-liner energy transfer(LET)particle radiation for protection against low-LET photon radiation-induced detrimental effects has not yet been performed in utero.This study verified if an AR could be induced by high-LET particle radiation from accelerated heavy ions against low-LET X-ray radiation-induced detrimental effects on fetal mice.Total body irradiation of pregnant C57BL/6J mice were performed by delivering a priming dose ranging from 10 mGy to 320 mGy of particle radiation on gestation day 11 followed one day later by a challenge dose at 3500 mGy from X-ray radiation.The monoenergetic beams of carbon,silicon and iron with the LET values of about 15,55,and 200 KeV/μm,respectively,were examined.Significant suppression by the priming radiation of the detrimental effects(fetal death,malformation,or low body weight)was used as the endpoints for judgment of a successful AR induction on gestation day 18.Existence of AR was not observed.On the other hand,the priming dose of high-LET particle radiation,in some cases,even increased the detrimental effects induced by the challenge dose from low-LET X-ray radiation.Although existence of AR induced by high-LET radiation in cultured mammalian cells in vitro and in certain tissues of laboratory mice in vivo was demonstrated,the present study did not suggest that low dose of high-LET particle radiation could induce an AR in fetal mice in utero under the setup of our experimental system.

Effect of low-dose X-ray radiation on adaptive response in gastric cancer cell

Objective： We aimed to study the effect and mechanism of low-dose radiation （LDR） on adaptive response of gastric cancer cell. Methods： SGC7901 cells were cultured in vitro, and divided into 4 groups： control group （DO group）, low-dose radiation group （D1 group, 75 mGy）, high-dose radiation group （D2 group, 2 Gy）, low-dose plus high-dose radiation group （D1 ＋ D2 group, 75 mGy ＋ 2 Gy, the interval of low and high-close radiation being 8 h）. Cell inhibition rate was detected by cytometry and CCK8 method; the proportion of cell cycle at different times after irradiation was determined by using a flow cytometry. The ATM mRNA levels were detected by using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. Results： There was no significant different between groups DO and D1, groups D2 and D1 ＋ D2 cell inhibition rate （P 〉 0.05）. There was a significant increase G2/M arrest in groups D2 and D1 ＋ D2 than groups DO and D1 after 6 h of radiation and did not recover at 48 h （P 〈 0.05）. The ATM mRNA expression of group D2 and D1 ＋ D2 increased highly than that of group DO and D1 （P 〈 0.05）. However, differences between group D2 and D1 ＋ D2, group DO and D1 were not statistical significant （P 〉 0.05）. Conclusion： LDR cannot induce adaptive response in SGC7901 cells in vitro, which may be associated the regulation of cell cycle, and its ATM mRNA expression cannot be affected by 75 mGy X-ray radiation.

Adaptive IIR filtering based on balanced-realization

Due to low parameter sensitivity for balanced realiza- tions, balanced structure becomes a good candidate for an statespace adaptive infinite impluse response （IIR） filter. Here, using coefficients of the transfer function as the adaptive filtering parameters, a balanced adaptive IIR filtering algorithm is proposed for output-error minimization. The algorithm in the internally balanced realization guarantees that the adaptive IIR filter always minimizes the ratio of maximum-to-minimum eigenvalue of the Grammian matrices at the each iteration. Simulation results are provided to corroborate the proposed algorithm.

Detecting and adaptive responding mechanism for mobile WSN

Mobile wireless sensor network(WSN)composed by mobile terminals has a dynamic topology and can be widely used in various fields.However,the lack of centralized control,dynamic topology and limited energy supply make the network layer of mobile WSN be vulnerable to multiple attacks,such as black hole(BH),gray hole(GH),flooding attacks(FA)and rushing attacks(RU).Existing researches on intrusion attacks against mobile WSN,currently,tend to focus on targeted detection of certain types of attacks.The defense methods also have clear directionality and is unable to deal with indeterminate intrusion attacks.Therefore,this work will design an indeterminate intrusion attack oriented detecting and adaptive responding mechanism for mobile WSN.The proposed mechanism first uses a test sliding window(TSW)to improve the detecting accuracy,then constructs parameter models of confidence on attack(COA),network performance degradation(NPD)and adaptive responding behaviors list,finally adaptively responds according to the decision table,so as to improve the universality and flexibility of the detecting and adaptive responding mechanism.The simulation results show that the proposed mechanism can achieve multiple types of intrusion detecting in multiple attack scenarios,and can achieve effective response under low network consumption.

Molecular Partners of Escherichia coil Transcriptional Modulator AidB

The AidB protein is involved in the adaptive response to DNA alkylation damages in Escherichia coli. Functional proteomic experiments were designed to elucidate AidB biological functions in the presence and in the absence of methyl methanesulfonate as methylating agent. Several proteins were identified in both conditions and according to their reported biological activities, the inter-actors were grouped into three different functional categories： stress response, energetic metabolic pathways and nucleic acid metabolism. Particularly, the interaction between AidB and UvrA, a member of the UvrABCD nucleotide excision system, suggested a new interesting putative role for AidB.

Aeroengine Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Optimized Supervised Kohonen Network

To diagnose the aeroengine faults accurately,the supervised Kohonen(S-Kohonen)network is proposed for fault diagnosis.Via adding the output layer behind competitive layer,the network was modified from the unsupervised structure to the supervised structure.Meanwhile,the hybrid particle swarm optimization(H-PSO)was used to optimize the connection weights,after using adaptive inheritance mode(AIM)based on the elite strategy,and adaptive detecting response mechanism(ADRM),HPSO could guide the particles adaptively jumping out of the local solution space,and ensure obtaining the global optimal solution with higher probability.So the optimized S-Kohonen network could overcome the problems of non-identifiability for recognizing the unknown samples,and the non-uniqueness for classification results existing in traditional Kohonen(T-Kohonen)network.The comparison study on the GE90 engine borescope image texture feature recognition is carried out,the research results show that:the optimized S-Kohonen network has a strong ability of practical application in the classification fault diagnosis;the classification accuracy is higher than the common neural network model.