As the Trump administration promotes its Indo-Pacific strategy in a very high-profile manner, the position of South Asia in the US foreign strategy has been growing in importance, which has led to an elevation of rela...As the Trump administration promotes its Indo-Pacific strategy in a very high-profile manner, the position of South Asia in the US foreign strategy has been growing in importance, which has led to an elevation of relations between the US and many countries in the region. In particular, the development of US-Sri Lanka relationship is worth reviewing, not only because it sets an example of growing relations between the US and small "Indo-Pacific" countries, but also because it will bring new variables to the security situation in the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean.展开更多
Purpose: This study sought to clarify the relationship between a nurse’s exposure to elderly relatives and their perspective in using restraints on the elderly in health care situations. Methods: We approached nursin...Purpose: This study sought to clarify the relationship between a nurse’s exposure to elderly relatives and their perspective in using restraints on the elderly in health care situations. Methods: We approached nursing staff supervisors at 17 general hospital wards and explained the objectives of the study. Supervisors at 14 hospitals agreed to participate, giving us a sampling pool of 1929 nurses. We used a chi square test to compare nurses who had spent time with elderly relatives and those who had not on several variables related to using restraints on elderly patients. Results and Conclusion: This study found that nurses who live with elderly family members were significantly more likely to believe that restraints cause diseases (including chronic diseases) based on a chi square test (p < 0.05). Therefore it would be important that essential was the experiences of individuals with elderly family members when making programs of decreasing nurse’s dilemma to restraining the elderly.展开更多
Purpose: This study aimed to develop an ethical dilemma scale for nurses faced with the use of physical restraint when caring for elderly patients with dementia. Methods: We used a previously established 20-item dilem...Purpose: This study aimed to develop an ethical dilemma scale for nurses faced with the use of physical restraint when caring for elderly patients with dementia. Methods: We used a previously established 20-item dilemma scale. The objective and method of the study were explained to the head of nursing at 17 selected hospitals, and 121 nurses working in the general wards of 14 hospitals (excluding emergency department wards of psychiatry, pediatrics, obstetrics, outpatients, operating rooms and intensive care units) who agreed to participate were enrolled in 2000. Seventy-six nurses from one of the hospitals were selected after eight years (2008) to provide a comparison. Ethical considerations: The study was conducted with the approval of the ethics committee at Meiji University of Integrative Medicine. Results and discussion: Four factors were compared between 2000 and 2008: “execution of treatment and security”, “characteristic features in nursing of elderly patients with dementia”, “cooperative relationship in nursing”, and “priorities in nursing”. The cumulative contribution ratio was 65.3% (KMO = 0.77, p = 0.000) in 2000 and 72.5% (KMO = 0.78, p = 0.000) in 2008. Therefore, the scale dilemma nurse faced physical restraints to elderly patients with dementia in Japan was developed 4 facoters from 17-delremmas items of 20 items.展开更多
Given that physical restraints cause adverse effects to patients and nurses,their wide and frequent use has resulted in various clinical and ethical controversies in mental health services.The rate of physical restrai...Given that physical restraints cause adverse effects to patients and nurses,their wide and frequent use has resulted in various clinical and ethical controversies in mental health services.The rate of physical restraints is significantly higher in China than in other countries.Some western and domestic media blamed relevant institutions for compromising the basic rights of psychiatric patients.Therefore,this study aims to collect and synthesize the relevant ethical evidence and to provide corresponding guidance for the nursing practice based on the current situation of the mainland of China.This study synthesized the ethical issue according to the ethical principle of autonomy,justice,beneficence,and nonmaleficence.Given the current situation where the nursing workforce is limited and the mental health service is under-developed in China,applying physical restraints in the psychiatric inpatients to guarantee the safety of patients and nurses is crucial.In regard to respect the basic rights of psychiatric patients,it is recommended to protect the their autonomy,and eliminate the adverse effects of physical restraint.This goal would be achieved by ensuring the informed consent,providing humane care,and regulating the implementation of physical restraints.展开更多
Purpose: The aim of this study was to illuminate the connotation of “dilemma” regarding the use of physical restraint on elderly patients as represented by female nurses working in general wards at community hospita...Purpose: The aim of this study was to illuminate the connotation of “dilemma” regarding the use of physical restraint on elderly patients as represented by female nurses working in general wards at community hospitals who also live with elderly adults at home. Method: The study used the questionnaire method with an independently prepared questionnaire. Participants: The objective of the study was explained to the persons in charge of nursing in the selected 17 hospitals, and 1929. Finally, this study of participants were 524 female nurses working in general 54 wards (excluding the emergency wards of psychiatry, pediatrics, obstetrics, outpatients, operating rooms, and intensive care units) at community hospitals who also live with elderly adults at home. Results and conclusions: Cronbach’s overall coefficient for the 20 items of dilemma was high (0.78) and the factor analysis extracted four dilemma factors as having a characteristic value of 1 (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure value = 0.81) with a cumulative contribution ratio of 64.5%. The high Cronbach’s for these items (0.86, 0.88, 0.87 and 0.81) confirmed the internal consistencies. With respect to the dilemma where nurses working in general wards at community hospitals who also live with elderly adults at home are faced with the physical restraint of elderly persons, four factors in the clarification of the dilemma were extracted: accomplishment of medical-treatment and accident prevention, characteristic features in nursing for elderly patients with dementia, healthcare professional relationship in nursing for elderly patients with dementia, and priorities on the accident prevention for elderly patients with dementia. Therefore, the construction of four systems to cope with these dilemmas is suggested. These systems would enable practising nurses to: (i) institution of policies to encourage discussion between nurses and other medical staff to reach consensus on treatment;(ii) allocating elderly care specialists to wards to promote alternatives to restraints;(iii) establishment of safety standards to define nurses’ responsibilities;and (iv) institution of continuous ethical education for nurses.展开更多
The prediction of protein–protein complex structures is crucial for fundamental understanding of celluar processes and drug design. Despite significant progresses in the field, the accuracy of ab initio docking witho...The prediction of protein–protein complex structures is crucial for fundamental understanding of celluar processes and drug design. Despite significant progresses in the field, the accuracy of ab initio docking without using any experimental restraints remains relatively low. With the rapid advancement of structural biology, more and more information about binding can be derived from experimental data such as NMR experiments or chemical cross-linking. In addition, information about the residue contacts between proteins may also be derived from their sequences by using evolutionary analysis or deep learning. Here, we propose an efficient approach to incorporate interface residue restraints into protein–protein docking, which is named as HDOCKsite. Extensive evaluations on the protein–protein docking benchmark 4.0 showed that HDOCKsite significantly improved the docking performance and obtained a much higher success rate in binding mode predictions than original ab initio docking.展开更多
The aeroelastic stability of rotating beams with elastic restraints is investigated.The coupled bending-torsional Euler-Bernoulli beam and Timoshenko beam models are adopted for the structural modeling.The Greenberg a...The aeroelastic stability of rotating beams with elastic restraints is investigated.The coupled bending-torsional Euler-Bernoulli beam and Timoshenko beam models are adopted for the structural modeling.The Greenberg aerodynamic model is used to describe the unsteady aerodynamic forces.The additional centrifugal stiffness effect and elastic boundary conditions are considered in the form of potential energy.A modified Fourier series method is used to assume the displacement field function and solve the governing equation.The convergence and accuracy of the method are verified by comparison of numerical results.Then,the flutter analysis of the rotating beam structure is carried out,and the critical rotational velocity of the flutter is predicted.The results show that the elastic boundary reduces the critical flutter velocity of the rotating beam,and the elastic range of torsional spring is larger than the elastic range of linear spring.展开更多
Background: Physical Restraint (PR) has been widely used in the intensive care units, which aims to protect patients and maintain their safety. With all benefits of PR, there are many complications and risks from impr...Background: Physical Restraint (PR) has been widely used in the intensive care units, which aims to protect patients and maintain their safety. With all benefits of PR, there are many complications and risks from improper utilization. Further, no Jordanian studies have found to educate nurses regarding the proper PR utilization. Purpose: To evaluate the impact of an educational program on nurses’ knowledge, attitude and practice regarding PR use in ICUs. Methods: A pre-experiment with one-group pretest-posttest design was used among 40 ICU nurses. A self-administered questionnaire was used to evaluate nurses before the education program and two weeks after its completion. Results: After implementation of the program, nurses demonstrated a significant difference in knowledge scores between pretest (M = 10.35 ± 1.73) and posttest (M = 13.30 ± 1.47) (t = 9.92;df = 39;P = 0.000), attitudes scores (M = 27.90 ± 2.79 vs. M = 30.40 ± 2.32) (t = 4.61;df = 39;P = 0.000), and practice scores (M = 36.85 ± 1.98 vs. M = 40.52 ± 1.60) (t = 11.59;df = 39;P = 0.000). Conclusion: Service-education program can improve ICU nurses’ knowledge, and enhance their attitudes and practices towards physical restraint. Such improvement is expected to be reflected in improving the quality of care delivered to the patients, and decreasing complications of malpractice regarding physical restraint.展开更多
Post-tensioned(PT)self-centering moment frames have been developed as an alternative to typical moment-resisting frames(MRFs)for earthquake resistance.When a PT frame deforms laterally,gaps between the beams and colum...Post-tensioned(PT)self-centering moment frames have been developed as an alternative to typical moment-resisting frames(MRFs)for earthquake resistance.When a PT frame deforms laterally,gaps between the beams and columns open.However,the gaps are constrained by the columns and the slab in a real PT selfcentering building frame.This paper presents a methodology for evaluating the column restraint and beam compression force based on the column deformation and gap openings at all stories.The method is verified by cyclic tests of a full-scale,two-bay by one-story PT frame.Moreover,a sliding slab is proposed to minimize restraints on the expansion of the PT frame.Shaking table tests were conducted on a reduced-scale,two-by-two bay one-story specimen,which comprises one PT frame and two gravitational frames.The PT frame and gravitational frames are self-centering throughout the tests,responding in phase with only minor differences in peak drifts caused by expansion of the PT frame.When the specimen is excited by a simulation of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake with a peak ground acceleration of 1.87 g,the maximum interstory drift and the residual drift are 7.2%and 0.01%,respectively.展开更多
This paper presents a simplified elastic continuum method for calculating the restraint effect of isolation piles on tunneling-induced vertical ground displacement,which can consider not only the relative sliding of t...This paper presents a simplified elastic continuum method for calculating the restraint effect of isolation piles on tunneling-induced vertical ground displacement,which can consider not only the relative sliding of the pile‒soil interface but also the pile rowesoil interaction.The proposed method is verified by comparisons with existing theoretical methods,including the boundary element method and the elastic foundation method.The results reveal the restraining mechanism of the isolation piles on vertical ground displacements due to tunneling,i.e.the positive and negative restraint effects exerted by the isolation piles jointly drive the ground vertical displacement along the depth direction from the original tunneling-induced nonlinear variation situation to a relatively uniform situation.The results also indicate that the stiffness of the pile‒soil interface,including the pile shaft‒surrounding soil interface and pile tip-supporting soil interface,describes the strength of the pile‒soil interaction.The pile rows can confine the vertical ground displacement caused by the tunnel excavation to the inner side of the isolation piles and effectively prevent the vertical ground displacement from expanding further toward the outer side of the isolation piles.展开更多
Objective:To explore the effects of CUMS combined with CRS on mouse hippocampal glial cells and synaptic plasticity-related proteins. Methods: Forty mice were randomly divided into normal group (n=20) and model group ...Objective:To explore the effects of CUMS combined with CRS on mouse hippocampal glial cells and synaptic plasticity-related proteins. Methods: Forty mice were randomly divided into normal group (n=20) and model group (n=20). The model group used CUMS combined with CRS to prepare a mouse model of depression for 7 weeks. The behavioral evaluation of the mice at 3 weeks and 7 weeks after modeling was performed by sugar water preference test, open field test and tail suspension test. After the experiment, the samples were collected, and the content of TNF-a in the hippocampus of mice was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the Iba-1 and GFAP MOD values of mouse hippocampal CA1 area, CA3 area and DG area. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of Iba-1, GFAP, SYN1 and PSD-95 in the hippocampus. fluorescence quantitative PCR method was used to detect the expression of SYN1, PSD-95 mRNA in hippocampus. Results: At the 3rd week after modeling, the body weight, sugar water preference rate, total distance moved, number of standing uprights, and stay time in the central area of the mice in the model group were all lower than those in the normal group (P<0.05), and the tail suspension immobility time was longer than that in the normal group (P<0.01). After 7 weeks of modeling, the body weight, sugar water preference rate, total distance moved, number of erection times, central area residence time, and average movement speed of the mice in the model group were lower than those in the normal group (P< 0.05), the tail suspension immobility time was longer than that in the normal group (P<0.01). The contents of TNF-a in the hippocampus were higher than those in the normal group (P<0.05). The GFAP MOD value and the relative expression of GFAP protein in hippocampal CA1, CA3 and DG regions were significantly lower than those in the normal group (P<0.05). The Iba-1 MOD value and the relative expression of Iba-1 protein in hippocampal CA1, CA3 and DG regions were significantly higher than those in the normal group (P<0.05). The relative expression of SYN1 and PSD-95 protein and the relative expression of SYN1 and PSD-95 mRNA in the hippocampus were significantly lower than those in the normal group (P<0.05). Conclusion: After 3 weeks of CUMS and CRS modeling, the depression-like behavior of mice appeared, and the depression of mice was more obvious after 7 weeks of modeling. The depression mouse model made by CUMS combined with CRS method may be related to increased hippocampal inflammation, excessive activation of microglia, decreased number of astrocytes and decreased synaptic plasticity.展开更多
The Shenzhen Fair Competition Review System has experienced internal review and cross-examination since its inception.However,it is still dominated by the self-review of policy-making organs,with a lack of effective c...The Shenzhen Fair Competition Review System has experienced internal review and cross-examination since its inception.However,it is still dominated by the self-review of policy-making organs,with a lack of effective control and restraint mechanisms.In addition,insufficient compensatory effect of the external review has led to weak effectiveness of social supervision.Shenzhen is currently the pilot of an independent fair competition review system.The Fair Competition Commission can be set up as an independent review body.Then,the operational mechanism should be improved and the constraints and incentives should be set up scientifically.Last but not the least,by strengthening the social supervision network for fair competition review,the legality and rationality of a wide range of local regulations,rules,and normative documents will be reviewed,thereby regulating the behavior of policy-making organs.展开更多
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions and knowledge regarding physical restraint used among registered nurses (RNs) and nursing assistants (NAs). Method and Sample: A descriptive cross-sect...Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions and knowledge regarding physical restraint used among registered nurses (RNs) and nursing assistants (NAs). Method and Sample: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. A convenient sample was recruited from nursing staff from Palestinian and Saudi Hospitals. Perceptions of Restraint Use Questionnaire (PRUQ) were used [1]. Results: A total of 144 nursing staffs were included. Physical restraint use was perceived as more important in some circumstances than others. In the critical care unit/ICU, the most important perceived reason for physical restraint use was protecting from falling out of bed and preventing removing dressing. There were significant differences of overall score for the PRUQ among all nursing staff according to hospital, t (142) = 8.74, P = 0.001. The mean of Saudi Arabia hospitals group (M = 4.56) was higher than the mean of Palestinian hospital group (M = 3.67). At the same time, there were significant differences of overall score for the PRUQ among all nursing staff according to specialized education in geriatrics, t (40) = 3.60, P = 0.001. The mean of no specialized education in geriatrics group (M = 4.13) was higher than the mean of yes specialized education in geriatrics group (M = 3.69). Conclusion and Implications: Nursing staff showed positive attitudes towards restrains application with difference between Palestinian and Saudi Arabian nurses. Proper implementation and good awareness of the complications are prerequisite for application of physical restrains for patients.展开更多
In this paper, we first look back at China’s grain production since reform and opening up and review the main factors of grain production at different stages. Secondly we find that the improvement of the per unit yie...In this paper, we first look back at China’s grain production since reform and opening up and review the main factors of grain production at different stages. Secondly we find that the improvement of the per unit yield has become a major factor in the increase of grain production, and that corn has become a major grain production support variety; compared with the other varieties, paddy rice is most vulnerable in production; grain production has increasingly become dependant on scientific and technological progress and the role of infrastructure. Thirdly, the transformation of low-yielding fields in the future, the development of reserve land resources and acceleration of scientific and technological progress – these factors together promote China's great potential for grain production; but through adjusting variety structure to promote grain production is nearly impossible. Finally, the main constraints of China’s future grain production are as follows: reduction of arable land and water shortages is becoming increasingly constrained; agricultural comparative advantage is low; opportunity cost is high and accelerating at the same time; and the uncertainties of (1) whether the agricultural inputs by government at all levels of can significantly increase the intensity; (2) whether support of the reform of grain production and systems can achieve breakthrough; and (3) whether the risk of the development of grain production can be effectively prevented. On this basis, we draw the relevant conclusions and policy recommendations.展开更多
Throughout the vehicle crash event, the interactions between vehicle, occupant, restraint system (VOR) are complicated and highly non-linear. CAE and physical tests are the most widely used in vehicle passive safety d...Throughout the vehicle crash event, the interactions between vehicle, occupant, restraint system (VOR) are complicated and highly non-linear. CAE and physical tests are the most widely used in vehicle passive safety development, but they can only be done with the detailed 3D model or physical samples. Often some design errors and imperfections are difficult to correct at that time, and a large amount of time will be needed. A restraint system concept design approach which based on single-degree-of-freedom occupant-vehicle model (SDOF) is proposed in this paper. The interactions between the restraint system parameters and the occupant responses in a crash are studied from the view of mechanics and energy. The discrete input and the iterative algorithm method are applied to the SDOF model to get the occupant responses quickly for arbitrary excitations (impact pulse) by MATLAB. By studying the relationships between the ridedown efficiency, the restraint stiffness, and the occupant response, the design principle of the restraint stiffness aiming to reduce occupant injury level during conceptual design is represented. Higher ridedown efficiency means more occupant energy absorbed by the vehicle, but the research result shows that higher ridedown efficiency does not mean lower occupant injury level. A proper restraint system design principle depends on two aspects. On one hand,the restraint system should lead to as high ridedown efficiency as possible, and at the same time, the restraint system should maximize use of the survival space to reduce the occupant deceleration level. As an example, an optimization of a passenger vehicle restraint system is designed by the concept design method above, and the final results are validated by MADYMO, which is the most widely used software in restraint system design, and the sled test. Consequently, a guideline and method for the occupant restraint system concept design is established in this paper.展开更多
Objective: Physical restraint is frequently used in medical services,such as in mental health settings,intensive care units and nursing homes,but its nature varies in different institutions.By reviewing related litera...Objective: Physical restraint is frequently used in medical services,such as in mental health settings,intensive care units and nursing homes,but its nature varies in different institutions.By reviewing related literature,this study aims to clarify the concept of physical restraint in mental health nursing.Method: Three databases (PubMed,PsyclNFO and CINAHL) were retrieved,and Walker and Avant's concept analysis method was used to analyze the concept of physical restraint in mental health nursing.Results: Physical restraint is a coercive approach that enables the administration of necessary treatment by safely reducing the patient's physical movement.It should be the last option used by qualified personnel.Antecedents of physical restraint are improper behavior (violence and disturbance) of patients,medical assessment prior to implementation and legislation governing clinical usage.Consequences of physical restraint are alleviation of conflict,physical injury,mental trauma and invisible impact on the institution.Discussion: This study defined the characteristics of physical restraint in mental health nursing.The proposed concept analysis provided theoretical foundation for future studies.展开更多
BACKGROUND Stress-induced gastric ulcer(SGU) is one of the most common visceral complications after trauma. Restraint water-immersion stress(RWIS) can cause serious gastrointestinal dysfunction and has been widely use...BACKGROUND Stress-induced gastric ulcer(SGU) is one of the most common visceral complications after trauma. Restraint water-immersion stress(RWIS) can cause serious gastrointestinal dysfunction and has been widely used to study the pathogenesis of SGU to identify medications that can cure the disease. The mediodorsal thalamic nucleus(MD) is the centre integrating visceral and physical activity and contributes to SGU induced by RWIS. Hence, the role of the MD during RWIS needs to be studied.AIM To screen for differentially expressed proteins in the MD of the RWIS rats to further elucidate molecular mechanisms of SGU.METHODS Male Wistar rats were selected randomly and divided into two groups, namely, a control group and an RWIS group. Gastric mucosal lesions of the sacrificed rats were measured using the erosion index and the proteomic profiles of the MD were generated through isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation(iTRAQ) coupled with two-dimensional liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Additionally, iTRAQ results were verified by Western blot analysis.RESULTS A total of 2853 proteins were identified, and these included 65 dysregulated(31 upregulated and 34 downregulated) proteins(fold change ratio ≥ 1.2). Gene Ontology(GO) analysis showed that most of the upregulated proteins are primarily related to cell division, whereas most of the downregulated proteins are related to neuron morphogenesis and neurotransmitter regulation. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that the dysregulated proteins are mainly involved in the neurological disease signalling pathways. Furthermore, our results indicated that glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta might be related to the central mechanismthrough which RWIS gives rise to SGU.CONCLUSION Quantitative proteomic analysis elucidated the molecular targets associated with the production of SGU and provides insights into the role of the MD. The underlying molecular mechanisms need to be further dissected.展开更多
文摘As the Trump administration promotes its Indo-Pacific strategy in a very high-profile manner, the position of South Asia in the US foreign strategy has been growing in importance, which has led to an elevation of relations between the US and many countries in the region. In particular, the development of US-Sri Lanka relationship is worth reviewing, not only because it sets an example of growing relations between the US and small "Indo-Pacific" countries, but also because it will bring new variables to the security situation in the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean.
文摘Purpose: This study sought to clarify the relationship between a nurse’s exposure to elderly relatives and their perspective in using restraints on the elderly in health care situations. Methods: We approached nursing staff supervisors at 17 general hospital wards and explained the objectives of the study. Supervisors at 14 hospitals agreed to participate, giving us a sampling pool of 1929 nurses. We used a chi square test to compare nurses who had spent time with elderly relatives and those who had not on several variables related to using restraints on elderly patients. Results and Conclusion: This study found that nurses who live with elderly family members were significantly more likely to believe that restraints cause diseases (including chronic diseases) based on a chi square test (p < 0.05). Therefore it would be important that essential was the experiences of individuals with elderly family members when making programs of decreasing nurse’s dilemma to restraining the elderly.
文摘Purpose: This study aimed to develop an ethical dilemma scale for nurses faced with the use of physical restraint when caring for elderly patients with dementia. Methods: We used a previously established 20-item dilemma scale. The objective and method of the study were explained to the head of nursing at 17 selected hospitals, and 121 nurses working in the general wards of 14 hospitals (excluding emergency department wards of psychiatry, pediatrics, obstetrics, outpatients, operating rooms and intensive care units) who agreed to participate were enrolled in 2000. Seventy-six nurses from one of the hospitals were selected after eight years (2008) to provide a comparison. Ethical considerations: The study was conducted with the approval of the ethics committee at Meiji University of Integrative Medicine. Results and discussion: Four factors were compared between 2000 and 2008: “execution of treatment and security”, “characteristic features in nursing of elderly patients with dementia”, “cooperative relationship in nursing”, and “priorities in nursing”. The cumulative contribution ratio was 65.3% (KMO = 0.77, p = 0.000) in 2000 and 72.5% (KMO = 0.78, p = 0.000) in 2008. Therefore, the scale dilemma nurse faced physical restraints to elderly patients with dementia in Japan was developed 4 facoters from 17-delremmas items of 20 items.
基金funded by the grant of the Scientific Research Project of the Twelfth Five-year Plan Internal Medicine of the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Grant Number:GBH2014-HL07).
文摘Given that physical restraints cause adverse effects to patients and nurses,their wide and frequent use has resulted in various clinical and ethical controversies in mental health services.The rate of physical restraints is significantly higher in China than in other countries.Some western and domestic media blamed relevant institutions for compromising the basic rights of psychiatric patients.Therefore,this study aims to collect and synthesize the relevant ethical evidence and to provide corresponding guidance for the nursing practice based on the current situation of the mainland of China.This study synthesized the ethical issue according to the ethical principle of autonomy,justice,beneficence,and nonmaleficence.Given the current situation where the nursing workforce is limited and the mental health service is under-developed in China,applying physical restraints in the psychiatric inpatients to guarantee the safety of patients and nurses is crucial.In regard to respect the basic rights of psychiatric patients,it is recommended to protect the their autonomy,and eliminate the adverse effects of physical restraint.This goal would be achieved by ensuring the informed consent,providing humane care,and regulating the implementation of physical restraints.
文摘Purpose: The aim of this study was to illuminate the connotation of “dilemma” regarding the use of physical restraint on elderly patients as represented by female nurses working in general wards at community hospitals who also live with elderly adults at home. Method: The study used the questionnaire method with an independently prepared questionnaire. Participants: The objective of the study was explained to the persons in charge of nursing in the selected 17 hospitals, and 1929. Finally, this study of participants were 524 female nurses working in general 54 wards (excluding the emergency wards of psychiatry, pediatrics, obstetrics, outpatients, operating rooms, and intensive care units) at community hospitals who also live with elderly adults at home. Results and conclusions: Cronbach’s overall coefficient for the 20 items of dilemma was high (0.78) and the factor analysis extracted four dilemma factors as having a characteristic value of 1 (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure value = 0.81) with a cumulative contribution ratio of 64.5%. The high Cronbach’s for these items (0.86, 0.88, 0.87 and 0.81) confirmed the internal consistencies. With respect to the dilemma where nurses working in general wards at community hospitals who also live with elderly adults at home are faced with the physical restraint of elderly persons, four factors in the clarification of the dilemma were extracted: accomplishment of medical-treatment and accident prevention, characteristic features in nursing for elderly patients with dementia, healthcare professional relationship in nursing for elderly patients with dementia, and priorities on the accident prevention for elderly patients with dementia. Therefore, the construction of four systems to cope with these dilemmas is suggested. These systems would enable practising nurses to: (i) institution of policies to encourage discussion between nurses and other medical staff to reach consensus on treatment;(ii) allocating elderly care specialists to wards to promote alternatives to restraints;(iii) establishment of safety standards to define nurses’ responsibilities;and (iv) institution of continuous ethical education for nurses.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31670724)the Startup Grant of Huazhong University of Science and Technology。
文摘The prediction of protein–protein complex structures is crucial for fundamental understanding of celluar processes and drug design. Despite significant progresses in the field, the accuracy of ab initio docking without using any experimental restraints remains relatively low. With the rapid advancement of structural biology, more and more information about binding can be derived from experimental data such as NMR experiments or chemical cross-linking. In addition, information about the residue contacts between proteins may also be derived from their sequences by using evolutionary analysis or deep learning. Here, we propose an efficient approach to incorporate interface residue restraints into protein–protein docking, which is named as HDOCKsite. Extensive evaluations on the protein–protein docking benchmark 4.0 showed that HDOCKsite significantly improved the docking performance and obtained a much higher success rate in binding mode predictions than original ab initio docking.
基金Project supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.11925205)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51921003 and 51805250)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(No.BK20180429)。
文摘The aeroelastic stability of rotating beams with elastic restraints is investigated.The coupled bending-torsional Euler-Bernoulli beam and Timoshenko beam models are adopted for the structural modeling.The Greenberg aerodynamic model is used to describe the unsteady aerodynamic forces.The additional centrifugal stiffness effect and elastic boundary conditions are considered in the form of potential energy.A modified Fourier series method is used to assume the displacement field function and solve the governing equation.The convergence and accuracy of the method are verified by comparison of numerical results.Then,the flutter analysis of the rotating beam structure is carried out,and the critical rotational velocity of the flutter is predicted.The results show that the elastic boundary reduces the critical flutter velocity of the rotating beam,and the elastic range of torsional spring is larger than the elastic range of linear spring.
文摘Background: Physical Restraint (PR) has been widely used in the intensive care units, which aims to protect patients and maintain their safety. With all benefits of PR, there are many complications and risks from improper utilization. Further, no Jordanian studies have found to educate nurses regarding the proper PR utilization. Purpose: To evaluate the impact of an educational program on nurses’ knowledge, attitude and practice regarding PR use in ICUs. Methods: A pre-experiment with one-group pretest-posttest design was used among 40 ICU nurses. A self-administered questionnaire was used to evaluate nurses before the education program and two weeks after its completion. Results: After implementation of the program, nurses demonstrated a significant difference in knowledge scores between pretest (M = 10.35 ± 1.73) and posttest (M = 13.30 ± 1.47) (t = 9.92;df = 39;P = 0.000), attitudes scores (M = 27.90 ± 2.79 vs. M = 30.40 ± 2.32) (t = 4.61;df = 39;P = 0.000), and practice scores (M = 36.85 ± 1.98 vs. M = 40.52 ± 1.60) (t = 11.59;df = 39;P = 0.000). Conclusion: Service-education program can improve ICU nurses’ knowledge, and enhance their attitudes and practices towards physical restraint. Such improvement is expected to be reflected in improving the quality of care delivered to the patients, and decreasing complications of malpractice regarding physical restraint.
基金The test programs were supported by the Science Council and Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering(NCREE),Taiwan.
文摘Post-tensioned(PT)self-centering moment frames have been developed as an alternative to typical moment-resisting frames(MRFs)for earthquake resistance.When a PT frame deforms laterally,gaps between the beams and columns open.However,the gaps are constrained by the columns and the slab in a real PT selfcentering building frame.This paper presents a methodology for evaluating the column restraint and beam compression force based on the column deformation and gap openings at all stories.The method is verified by cyclic tests of a full-scale,two-bay by one-story PT frame.Moreover,a sliding slab is proposed to minimize restraints on the expansion of the PT frame.Shaking table tests were conducted on a reduced-scale,two-by-two bay one-story specimen,which comprises one PT frame and two gravitational frames.The PT frame and gravitational frames are self-centering throughout the tests,responding in phase with only minor differences in peak drifts caused by expansion of the PT frame.When the specimen is excited by a simulation of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake with a peak ground acceleration of 1.87 g,the maximum interstory drift and the residual drift are 7.2%and 0.01%,respectively.
基金support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52108376 and 51908371)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2022T150436).
文摘This paper presents a simplified elastic continuum method for calculating the restraint effect of isolation piles on tunneling-induced vertical ground displacement,which can consider not only the relative sliding of the pile‒soil interface but also the pile rowesoil interaction.The proposed method is verified by comparisons with existing theoretical methods,including the boundary element method and the elastic foundation method.The results reveal the restraining mechanism of the isolation piles on vertical ground displacements due to tunneling,i.e.the positive and negative restraint effects exerted by the isolation piles jointly drive the ground vertical displacement along the depth direction from the original tunneling-induced nonlinear variation situation to a relatively uniform situation.The results also indicate that the stiffness of the pile‒soil interface,including the pile shaft‒surrounding soil interface and pile tip-supporting soil interface,describes the strength of the pile‒soil interaction.The pile rows can confine the vertical ground displacement caused by the tunnel excavation to the inner side of the isolation piles and effectively prevent the vertical ground displacement from expanding further toward the outer side of the isolation piles.
基金Qinghai Provincial Key R&D and Transformation Plan (No.2021?SF?C21)。
文摘Objective:To explore the effects of CUMS combined with CRS on mouse hippocampal glial cells and synaptic plasticity-related proteins. Methods: Forty mice were randomly divided into normal group (n=20) and model group (n=20). The model group used CUMS combined with CRS to prepare a mouse model of depression for 7 weeks. The behavioral evaluation of the mice at 3 weeks and 7 weeks after modeling was performed by sugar water preference test, open field test and tail suspension test. After the experiment, the samples were collected, and the content of TNF-a in the hippocampus of mice was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the Iba-1 and GFAP MOD values of mouse hippocampal CA1 area, CA3 area and DG area. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of Iba-1, GFAP, SYN1 and PSD-95 in the hippocampus. fluorescence quantitative PCR method was used to detect the expression of SYN1, PSD-95 mRNA in hippocampus. Results: At the 3rd week after modeling, the body weight, sugar water preference rate, total distance moved, number of standing uprights, and stay time in the central area of the mice in the model group were all lower than those in the normal group (P<0.05), and the tail suspension immobility time was longer than that in the normal group (P<0.01). After 7 weeks of modeling, the body weight, sugar water preference rate, total distance moved, number of erection times, central area residence time, and average movement speed of the mice in the model group were lower than those in the normal group (P< 0.05), the tail suspension immobility time was longer than that in the normal group (P<0.01). The contents of TNF-a in the hippocampus were higher than those in the normal group (P<0.05). The GFAP MOD value and the relative expression of GFAP protein in hippocampal CA1, CA3 and DG regions were significantly lower than those in the normal group (P<0.05). The Iba-1 MOD value and the relative expression of Iba-1 protein in hippocampal CA1, CA3 and DG regions were significantly higher than those in the normal group (P<0.05). The relative expression of SYN1 and PSD-95 protein and the relative expression of SYN1 and PSD-95 mRNA in the hippocampus were significantly lower than those in the normal group (P<0.05). Conclusion: After 3 weeks of CUMS and CRS modeling, the depression-like behavior of mice appeared, and the depression of mice was more obvious after 7 weeks of modeling. The depression mouse model made by CUMS combined with CRS method may be related to increased hippocampal inflammation, excessive activation of microglia, decreased number of astrocytes and decreased synaptic plasticity.
基金a phase research result of the 2022 Shenzhen Philosophy and Social Planning Project“Research on the Innovation of Shenzhen Fair Competition Review System”(SZ2022D014).
文摘The Shenzhen Fair Competition Review System has experienced internal review and cross-examination since its inception.However,it is still dominated by the self-review of policy-making organs,with a lack of effective control and restraint mechanisms.In addition,insufficient compensatory effect of the external review has led to weak effectiveness of social supervision.Shenzhen is currently the pilot of an independent fair competition review system.The Fair Competition Commission can be set up as an independent review body.Then,the operational mechanism should be improved and the constraints and incentives should be set up scientifically.Last but not the least,by strengthening the social supervision network for fair competition review,the legality and rationality of a wide range of local regulations,rules,and normative documents will be reviewed,thereby regulating the behavior of policy-making organs.
文摘Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions and knowledge regarding physical restraint used among registered nurses (RNs) and nursing assistants (NAs). Method and Sample: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. A convenient sample was recruited from nursing staff from Palestinian and Saudi Hospitals. Perceptions of Restraint Use Questionnaire (PRUQ) were used [1]. Results: A total of 144 nursing staffs were included. Physical restraint use was perceived as more important in some circumstances than others. In the critical care unit/ICU, the most important perceived reason for physical restraint use was protecting from falling out of bed and preventing removing dressing. There were significant differences of overall score for the PRUQ among all nursing staff according to hospital, t (142) = 8.74, P = 0.001. The mean of Saudi Arabia hospitals group (M = 4.56) was higher than the mean of Palestinian hospital group (M = 3.67). At the same time, there were significant differences of overall score for the PRUQ among all nursing staff according to specialized education in geriatrics, t (40) = 3.60, P = 0.001. The mean of no specialized education in geriatrics group (M = 4.13) was higher than the mean of yes specialized education in geriatrics group (M = 3.69). Conclusion and Implications: Nursing staff showed positive attitudes towards restrains application with difference between Palestinian and Saudi Arabian nurses. Proper implementation and good awareness of the complications are prerequisite for application of physical restrains for patients.
文摘In this paper, we first look back at China’s grain production since reform and opening up and review the main factors of grain production at different stages. Secondly we find that the improvement of the per unit yield has become a major factor in the increase of grain production, and that corn has become a major grain production support variety; compared with the other varieties, paddy rice is most vulnerable in production; grain production has increasingly become dependant on scientific and technological progress and the role of infrastructure. Thirdly, the transformation of low-yielding fields in the future, the development of reserve land resources and acceleration of scientific and technological progress – these factors together promote China's great potential for grain production; but through adjusting variety structure to promote grain production is nearly impossible. Finally, the main constraints of China’s future grain production are as follows: reduction of arable land and water shortages is becoming increasingly constrained; agricultural comparative advantage is low; opportunity cost is high and accelerating at the same time; and the uncertainties of (1) whether the agricultural inputs by government at all levels of can significantly increase the intensity; (2) whether support of the reform of grain production and systems can achieve breakthrough; and (3) whether the risk of the development of grain production can be effectively prevented. On this basis, we draw the relevant conclusions and policy recommendations.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51075180)Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Vehicle NVH and Safety Technology of China (Grant No.NVHSKL-201013)
文摘Throughout the vehicle crash event, the interactions between vehicle, occupant, restraint system (VOR) are complicated and highly non-linear. CAE and physical tests are the most widely used in vehicle passive safety development, but they can only be done with the detailed 3D model or physical samples. Often some design errors and imperfections are difficult to correct at that time, and a large amount of time will be needed. A restraint system concept design approach which based on single-degree-of-freedom occupant-vehicle model (SDOF) is proposed in this paper. The interactions between the restraint system parameters and the occupant responses in a crash are studied from the view of mechanics and energy. The discrete input and the iterative algorithm method are applied to the SDOF model to get the occupant responses quickly for arbitrary excitations (impact pulse) by MATLAB. By studying the relationships between the ridedown efficiency, the restraint stiffness, and the occupant response, the design principle of the restraint stiffness aiming to reduce occupant injury level during conceptual design is represented. Higher ridedown efficiency means more occupant energy absorbed by the vehicle, but the research result shows that higher ridedown efficiency does not mean lower occupant injury level. A proper restraint system design principle depends on two aspects. On one hand,the restraint system should lead to as high ridedown efficiency as possible, and at the same time, the restraint system should maximize use of the survival space to reduce the occupant deceleration level. As an example, an optimization of a passenger vehicle restraint system is designed by the concept design method above, and the final results are validated by MADYMO, which is the most widely used software in restraint system design, and the sled test. Consequently, a guideline and method for the occupant restraint system concept design is established in this paper.
基金We acknowledge this paper was supported by the program of Key Specialty of TCM Nursing of Guangzhou City,which aims to enrich theoretical content of mental health nursing
文摘Objective: Physical restraint is frequently used in medical services,such as in mental health settings,intensive care units and nursing homes,but its nature varies in different institutions.By reviewing related literature,this study aims to clarify the concept of physical restraint in mental health nursing.Method: Three databases (PubMed,PsyclNFO and CINAHL) were retrieved,and Walker and Avant's concept analysis method was used to analyze the concept of physical restraint in mental health nursing.Results: Physical restraint is a coercive approach that enables the administration of necessary treatment by safely reducing the patient's physical movement.It should be the last option used by qualified personnel.Antecedents of physical restraint are improper behavior (violence and disturbance) of patients,medical assessment prior to implementation and legislation governing clinical usage.Consequences of physical restraint are alleviation of conflict,physical injury,mental trauma and invisible impact on the institution.Discussion: This study defined the characteristics of physical restraint in mental health nursing.The proposed concept analysis provided theoretical foundation for future studies.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31501861Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China,No.ZR2015CM013
文摘BACKGROUND Stress-induced gastric ulcer(SGU) is one of the most common visceral complications after trauma. Restraint water-immersion stress(RWIS) can cause serious gastrointestinal dysfunction and has been widely used to study the pathogenesis of SGU to identify medications that can cure the disease. The mediodorsal thalamic nucleus(MD) is the centre integrating visceral and physical activity and contributes to SGU induced by RWIS. Hence, the role of the MD during RWIS needs to be studied.AIM To screen for differentially expressed proteins in the MD of the RWIS rats to further elucidate molecular mechanisms of SGU.METHODS Male Wistar rats were selected randomly and divided into two groups, namely, a control group and an RWIS group. Gastric mucosal lesions of the sacrificed rats were measured using the erosion index and the proteomic profiles of the MD were generated through isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation(iTRAQ) coupled with two-dimensional liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Additionally, iTRAQ results were verified by Western blot analysis.RESULTS A total of 2853 proteins were identified, and these included 65 dysregulated(31 upregulated and 34 downregulated) proteins(fold change ratio ≥ 1.2). Gene Ontology(GO) analysis showed that most of the upregulated proteins are primarily related to cell division, whereas most of the downregulated proteins are related to neuron morphogenesis and neurotransmitter regulation. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that the dysregulated proteins are mainly involved in the neurological disease signalling pathways. Furthermore, our results indicated that glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta might be related to the central mechanismthrough which RWIS gives rise to SGU.CONCLUSION Quantitative proteomic analysis elucidated the molecular targets associated with the production of SGU and provides insights into the role of the MD. The underlying molecular mechanisms need to be further dissected.