Pricing decision of green supply chain under the game competition of duopolistic retailers

In order to evaluate the impact of green production introduced by the manufacturer and study the competitive strategy between two retailers,four strategic models among diverse retailers,i.e.,Cournot,Stackelberg and two cases of collusion,are constructed.The optimal decision is obtained by the game theory and numerical analysis.The results indicate that the manufacturer's marginal profitability is no less than that of the two retailers.However,due to the manufacturer's green cost,the downstream profitability of the supply chain may exceed the upstream manufacturer's profitability.The retailers'Cournot behavior causes the manufacturer to acquire the highest profitability and set the highest green level.However,there is an opposite result in collusion.Two retailers will choose Cournot pricing when the consumer's green sensitivity is higher than a threshold.When consumers are more sensitive to the price difference of products,retailers prefer collusion,and then choose the Stackelberg behavior.Manufacturers'profitability will increase as competition among retailers intensifies.Proper competition allows two duopolistic retailers to acquire a higher profitability.

Impacts of competition and nitrogen addition on plant stoichiometry and non-structural carbohydrates in two larch species

Previous research has shown that competition between plants can have differential effects on leaf stoichiometry and non-structural carbohydrate(NSC)in different environments.However,little attention has been given to understanding these effects on non-photosynthetic organs,particularly of deciduous tree species.Here we assess the impact of competition on below and aboveground biomass,stoichiometry,nutrient composition and NSC in pure and mixed forests of two Larch species,Larix kaempferi and L.olgensis under nitrogen(N)addition.Nitrogen enrichment did not result in stronger intraspecific competition for both species and L.olgensis benefited from the presence of L.kaempferi under different N levels.Stems kept relatively stable C/N compared to roots and branches in response to competition,while N addition imposed stronger impacts on N/P of different organs rather than competition.In contrast to stable C concentrations,starch and soluble sugar concentrations were more easily impacted by competition and the addition of nitrogen.Competition forced L.kaempferi and L.olgensis to allocate more carbon into storage by increasing their starch concentration and starch/soluble sugar of stems under competition.However,no significant differences in stoichiometry and NSC concentration between intra-and interspecific competition were found.NSC and nutrient pools of L.kaempferi stems,branches and coarse roots consistently declined due to competition regardless of N addition.Coarse and fine roots of L.kaempferi accumulated more N when in competition with L.olgensis than with a conspecific neighbor under N addition.Our results show that NSC was more sensitive to competition relative to stoichiometric traits(N and P)of non-photosynthetic organs.

Analysis of the Competition in China＇s Supermarket Sector

China＇s supermarket sector has been growing with a high rate for ten years. Relying on the advantages of new formats and adapting to the economic change of China, several China＇s supermarket companies have replaced the traditional department stores to become the leading player in retail industry of China. Although the interesting phenomenon shows that although these supermarket companies have the inherent problems of shortage of capital and weaknesses in management, their expansion is more emphasized on sizes and speeds. Being weak in management and over squeezing ,margin from suppliers that might lead their position to be vulnerable. Their market share is taken by different competitors, more notably by foreign giant retailers. Competition will become more fierce and complex. Merging, making joint ventures with foreign investors, expanding into chain and fuU-format retailer, hunting for skillful people would be the key strategic options to keep the sector＇s growth.

Organizational Learning （OL） as a Competitive Advantage

This paper1 addresses different theoretical frameworks of organizational learning （OL） from two aspects： from the perspective of individuals to organizations and from the perspective of organizations to individuals. The most significant finding is intended to highlight the guidelines for each of researchers＇ concentrated cluster and to demonstrate that different researchers present different guidelines for processes, individual skills, and changes in the environment, teamwork, and competitiveness. The insight, gained by considering OL as a process, is not routine It allows one to create, acquire, and transfer knowledge. This will always be limited to the internal capabilities developed during the course of the timeline and will identify skills and competencies generated in accordance with the requirements presented by different environments. OL is associated with both the change in organizational behaviors and the creation of a knowledge base.

STUDIES ON THE DYNAMIC COMPETITIVE ADSORPTION OF ORGANIC VAPORS ON THE ACTIVATED CARBON FIBERS ACTIVATED WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID

The dynamic competitive adsorption behaviors of different binary organic vapor mixtures on ACF-Ps under different operation conditions were investigated by gas chromatography in this paper. The studied mixtures included benzene/toluene, toluene/xylene, benzene/isopropylbenzene, ethyl acetate/toluene and benzene/ethyl acetate. Experimental results show that various ACF-Ps, as with ACF-W, can remove both vapors in binary vapor mixtures with over 99% of removal efficiency before the breakthrough point of the more weakly adsorbed vapor. In dynamic competitive adsorption, the more weakly adsorbed vapor not only penetrates early, but also will be displaced and desorbed consequently by stronger adsorbate and therefore produces a rolling up in the breakthrough curve. The ACF-Ps prepared at different temperatures have somewhat different adsorption selectivity. The feed concentration ratio of vapors, the length/diameter ratio and the thick of bed have effect on competitive adsorption. The competitive adsorption ability of a vapor is mainly related to its boiling point. Usually, the higher the boiling point, the stronger the vapor adsorbed on ACF-P.

Flexible Tropism of the Enterprises＇ Organization in Uncertain Competitive Environment

With the rapid development of the computer network, communication technology and the economic globalization, the competition environment faced by the enterprises has been more and more complicated. While the interactive competition becomes more and more fierce, it has been more and more difficult for enterprises to keep sustainable advantages in competition. In this paper the author mainly discusses the severe challenge of the new competition conditions to the traditional hierarchical structure and the reason why flexible organization will be the inevitable strategy selection of the enterprises.

Positioning for the Development of New Rural Financial Organizations

Based on regional differences,differences in the content and scale of economic activities,we analyze different levels of rural financial needs in China,using the system analysis method.Different types of financial need subject have characteristics of diversity and hierarchy in terms of financial needs,in need of different credit patterns and credit mechanisms for satisfaction.Based on this,we position the differentiated development of new rural financial organizations as follows:village and town banks should be established in the central and west regions and counties with the proportion of primary industry higher than the national average,to actively innovate upon loan types,support maintenance-oriented farmers, market-oriented farmers and small and medium-sized agriculture-related enterprises;loan companies and small loan companies can be established in the regions with the potential for development,lacking collaboration between economy and finance,to constantly explore the loan types and innovate upon the loan patterns for self-employed households,micro-enterprises and farmers;it is appropriate to establish rural credit union in the poverty-stricken areas with sluggish economic development and relatively isolated remote areas,to provide services for farmers and micro-enterprises, especially impoverished farmers,provide the business such as deposits,loans,and settlement for members,actively carry out business consulting services for members'poverty alleviation and income increase.

Spatial organization of multiple plant species in arid ecosystems:linking patterns and processes

Spatial organization of multiple plant species that appears as a non-random distribution of vegetative patches is one of the mostly observed spatial patterns in arid ecosystems. Yet understanding of ecological processes allowing this spatial pattern to emerge through interspecific interactions is still lacking. With a proposed conceptual model involving interspecific trade-offs between species competitive ability and colonization ability, we have argued that within patch abundance dynamics regulated by the mechanisms of competition are strongly influenced by the between patches colonization dynamics that are maintained via this trade-offs and it holds a positive, intraspecific occupancy-abundance relationship, in which increased patch occupancy increases species density within inhabiting patches. In a constant environment, while local abundance dynamics approach toward a stable equilibrium point, a fixed spatial arrangement of species can be retained through this coupled dynamics. However, in fluctuating environments where existence of such stable equilibriums is highly uncertain, it may involve continuous transitions from one community state to another as species re-organized themselves over space through the rapid changes in local species abundances. While some of the inhabiting patches are destroyed exogenously or endogenously, or species responses to increasing environmental fluctuations vary increasingly with time, discontinuous transitions into an abrupt, irreversible state of the community dynamics may occur, as with this effect the inherent positive relationship between occupancy and abundance of species is no longer maintained.

Measuring the Degree of Innovation in Retail and Services Micro and Small Enterprises

Micro and small enterprises （MSEs） are considered the most dynamic and flexible arrangement of activity. In the economy, the foundation and development of these features is important for the creation of the so-called ＂normal＂ economic environment. The main objective of this research is to present a research model of innovation in MSEs to analyse： first, the degree of innovation of MSEs, and second, how the innovation is handled by existing MSEs as a result of its business environment. The research made is based on a sample of 550 MSEs distributed over six cities across the Brazilian State of Piaui. The data were collected using the Innovation Radar application, which is owned by the SEBRAE Local Innovation Agents program. Statistical techniques of descriptive, exploratory, and inferential nature were used for corresponding data treatment and results validation. The results obtained suggest that MSEs have innovation capacity between the ＂Little Innovative＂ and ＂Occasional Innovative＂ range, and also that the average and the distribution of innovation levels are similar amongst MSEs analyzed.

竞争环境下网络零售商线下渠道策略研究

网络零售商是否选择开设线下渠道是其面临的重要决策问题.本文考虑竞争环境下网络零售商是否开设线下渠道问题,重点关注其是否开设线下展厅及是否提供产品销售策略.为此,首先分别考虑两个零售商不提供展厅策略、同时提供展厅策略、同时提供展厅策略并销售产品三种情形,并进一步考虑仅有一个零售商开设展厅策略的情形,建立相应的决策模型.研究发现:(1)零售商是否提供展厅策略与市场中具有较高旅行成本的消费者比例、市场竞争程度及展厅建设成本具有显著的关联性;(2)当零售商提供展厅策略时,其是否进行产品销售与线下渠道的消费者比例具有显著的关联性;(3)产品退货率高低与消费者交叉展厅行为对零售商是否提供展厅策略具有一定的影响.本文的研究对电商企业及网络零售商的渠道选择决策提供了科学的决策依据.

市场竞争对慈善组织运营效率的影响效果研究

选取2016—2021年慈善基金会年度报告为样本数据来源,实证研究慈善行业市场竞争对慈善组织运营效率的影响及其作用机制。研究结果显示,市场竞争显著提高了慈善基金会运营效率。影响机制的检验结果表明:信息透明度、自媒体监督渠道、理事会议次数、员工专职数在其中发挥中介作用。根据上述研究结论,目前在我国吸收社会力量投资慈善组织和提升行业市场竞争度对发展我国慈善事业具有十分重要的意义。

WTO国有企业相关问题:局限、趋势及对策

国有经济已经成为世界经济的重要组成部分,在全球范围内形成了不容小觑的竞争力量。为避免国有企业利用自身优势扭曲国际贸易,世界贸易组织采取“利益接受者”与“利益提供者”两种范式对国有企业相关问题作出规定,形成国有企业的基本规则框架,但相应规则存在适用范围有限、约束色彩较弱及界定标准不清等缺陷,为确保国有企业公平贸易及合规经营带来法律障碍。新一代国际经贸相关规则以竞争中立原则为导向,具有扩展国有企业非歧视义务、强化商业考虑要求及透明度要求、发展非商业援助条款及确立例外与过渡条款的趋势,一定程度上反映了多边贸易体系关于国有企业问题的改革方向。中国应以相应趋势为导向,通过参与国有企业规则谈判、争取例外与过渡条款、深化国有企业混合所有制改革及完善国有企业信息披露义务等方法,应对国有企业规则变革。

住区商业空间“精明更新”:业态竞合协同与空间流态组构

在空间生产动能衰减的存量更新时期和通讯、物流技术加剧城市人口与要素流动的信息时代,按传统功能主义、计划思维配建的住区商业空间面临巨大的功能重组和空间重构挑战,需通过低成本、低扰动、高适应性的更新理论指导其空间提质增效实践。为此,从“人本响应”和“时空统筹”角度,探索建构基于业态生命周期竞合协同和经营载体流态组构的住区商业空间“精明更新”方法。该方法以“供需适配、周期演替、竞合协同”为导向目标,以“尺度传导、情境驱动、流态组构”为行动路径,以4类商业业态(餐饮服务、日用零售、生活服务、休闲娱乐)、3阶业态周期(初创、发展、成熟)、两重空间尺度(住区、商铺)、7项空间因子(商业空间配比、业态类型配比、业态周期配比、店面规模、店面区位、店铺拼组方式、主辅空间配比)为解析因子,通过对样本调研,识别揭示了住区商业业态/空间的供需适配、周期演化和竞合协同机理,并据此总结出“专零互补、摊店互促、多业联动”三种住区商业复业情境及其时空间更新响应策略,以为该类城市空间的提质增效提供理论参考。

我国体育社会组织培养竞技体育后备人才探析

运用文献资料、专家访谈、实地考察等方法,分析社会组织培养竞技体育后备人才的价值、困境,并提出培养路径。价值:缓解主体间行业壁垒,拓宽多元主体培养途径,有效发挥社会治理优势。困境:委托购买培养行为尚未规范,社会组织承接能力有待加强,受益主体需求尚未得到满足,监管主体职能仍然有待提升。路径:完善购买机制,规范委托购买流程;强化承接能力,持续提升服务水平;以需求目标为导向,满足受益主体需求;规范行业标准,构建多维监管体系;秉承共建共治,建立多元共享机制。

多元介孔MOFs:通过调节表面亲水/疏水性实现酶固定化的多功能平台

作为高效的生物催化剂,酶在食品加工、医药制造、化学工业和能源开发等众多领域发挥着重要作用.然而,游离状态的酶由于存在稳定性差、易失活、难以回收利用及不适用于连续化生产等问题,限制了其广泛应用.为了解决上述难题,人们探索发展了固定化酶技术.固定化酶不仅保留了原有的催化活性,而且在稳定性方面有了显著提升,从而极大地提高了酶的利用效率.随着固定化酶材料和酶工程领域的不断发展,固定化酶技术为酶的应用开辟了更广阔的前景.沸石-咪唑骨架材料-8(ZIF-8)作为一种金属-有机骨架(MOFs)材料,因其独特的结构特性而被广泛用作酶固定化载体.然而,ZIF-8的微孔结构和固有的疏水性,以及前体物2-甲基咪唑(2-MeIm)的质子化现象,常常影响固定化酶的活性.为克服这些限制,本文采用多元配体竞争和孔隙工程相结合的策略,设计并制备了一种具有可调节亲水/疏水表面的新型多元介孔MOFs(mMOFs),并用作酶固定化载体.在mMOFs的制备过程中,采用亲水性和配位能力更强的3-甲基-1H-1,2,4-三唑(3-MTZ)和5-甲基四唑(5-MTA)配体,以部分替代传统的2-MeIm配体.随后,这些多元配体(包括2-MeIm,3-MTZ和5-MTA)与七水硫酸锌结合,在甲醇溶液中通过自凝聚作用形成透明的胶体溶液,进而完全溶解在水中.在此过程中,七水硫酸锌发挥了软模板的作用,引导介孔的形成,从而成功制备出新型多元介孔mMOFs.接着,利用这些mMOFs作为酶固定化的载体,固定了辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)和葡萄糖氧化酶(GOx),并详细研究了其催化性能.结果表明,与传统的ZIF-8载体相比,以mMOFs为载体的固定化酶展现出了更高的酶活性和稳定性.催化性能提升主要归因于mMOFs的亲水性和介孔结构改善了酶和底物间的传质,同时2-MeIm的质子化效应减弱也为酶提供了优良的微环境,稳定了酶的构象.综上,本文采用多元配体竞争与孔隙工程相结合的策略,成功构建了一种具有可调节亲水/疏水表面的新型多元介孔mMOFs,并用于酶固定化,所得固定化酶表现出较好的催化性能.通过深入的研究,揭示了该固定化酶表现出良好催化性能的作用机制,为可控设计制备性能优越的、以MOFs为载体的固定化酶提供了新思路,并为进一步拓宽MOFs材料的应用范围提供了参考.

政府补贴下考虑零售商竞争的供应链决策研究

为研究政府补贴制造商生产成本下零售商竞争对供应链决策的影响,考虑政府补贴率和零售商竞争强度两个因素,建立3种供应链决策模型,分析政府补贴系数和零售商竞争强度对供应链决策的影响。结果表明,零售商竞争会使零售价格提高,而不影响制造商的批发价,竞争越激烈,供应链各成员的定价和利润越低。在3种供应链决策模型下,竞争强度和政府补贴对制造商利润的影响程度最高。

L-赖氨酸功能化纤维素对模拟苹果汁中铅的吸附特性研究

本研究采用微米级微晶纤维素(microcrystalline cellulose,MCC)和纳米级纤维素纤维(cellulose nanofiber,CNF)为基质,L-赖氨酸为接枝单体,制备了L-赖氨酸功能化纤维素基铅吸附剂,探究吸附剂在果汁中的吸附性能及果汁中糖类与有机酸对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,以单一铅体系为目标溶液,L-赖氨酸功能化高碘酸钠氧化的微晶纤维素(L-lysine functionalized sodium periodate-oxidized MCC,L-g-POCM)与L-赖氨酸功能化四甲基哌啶体系氧化的纳米纤维素纤维(L-lysine functionalized TEMPO-oxidized CNF,L-g-TOCF)对铅(20 mg L^(-1))有较好的吸附效果,吸附效率分别高达77.36%和96.16%。偏中性的糖类对吸附效果的影响属于较弱的竞争吸附,高酸性的有机酸则属于较强的竞争吸附,且L-g-TOCF受影响程度较小。在pH小于4时,L-g-TOCF的吸附性能被抑制,低至7.54%,而在pH大于4时,最高可达92.18%,因此,L-g-TOCF在低酸类果汁的重金属去除中有良好的前景。

“有组织创新”与大国科技博弈

从“有组织创新”的内涵出发,剖析美国在国防科技领域为应对大国博弈,实施有组织的科研或有组织的创新的具体举措,提出优化“有组织创新”的几点建议,包括:要进一步统一思想;要健全组织推动“有组织创新”;更好地确定科技发展的方向;进一步汇聚创新资源;带动社会融资;发挥好国防部门的先导作用;等等。

价格敏感性突变下零售商竞争时供应链的协调应对策略

针对含有两个竞争零售商的供应链遭受价格敏感性突变时的应对策略进行研究,基于Stackelberg博弈构建了零售商竞争时的供应链应急模型。研究结果表明,当价格敏感性变化不是很大时,仅通过调整产品的零售价格以及横向调配零售商的供货量,就能实现供应链的最优应对;当价格敏感性变化较大时,则需要同时调整生产计划。同时,设计了Groves批发价契约实现分权供应链的协调应对,数值算例显示应急策略是有效的,而且供应商作为协调者有动力采取该应急策略。此外,当生产成本可变时,产品的替代性是不容忽视的因素,尤其是在价格敏感性降低时,对于扩大市场份额具有重要作用。

批发零售业水平对物流业竞争力的空间影响

物流业与批发零售业同为我国基础支柱产业,在国民经济发展过程中起到不可或缺的推动作用。物流业作为商品流通的支撑服务,是连接各个经济部门的纽带,其发展水平直接影响到商品的流通效率、流通成本和流通质量,进而影响到国家经济的整体效益。批发零售业作为国民经济中的第三产业,直接面向消费者,是连接生产者和消费者的桥梁,其发展水平不仅关系到消费者的消费水平和生活质量,同时对物流业的发展有着深远的影响。因此,研究我国批发零售业水平对物流业竞争力的空间影响,对促进批发零售业和物流业的发展具有重要意义。本文基于我国2011—2020年物流业与批发零售业的省际面板数据,运用熵权TOPSIS法量化我国物流业竞争力与批发零售业水平,利用空间杜宾模型实证检验批发零售业水平对物流业竞争力的空间效应,并将我国省份分为东、中、西部三个地区进行区域异质性分析,同时引入地理距离矩阵和经济距离矩阵作为空间权重矩阵,以此检验模型的稳健性。研究发现:全局空间自相关检验结果呈现我国物流业竞争力的空间集聚程度较高且波动上升的特征,局部空间自相关检验说明了中、东部地区大部分省份呈现“高—高”集聚态势,西部地区大部分省份呈现“低—低”集聚态势;在以Rook邻近矩阵、地理距离矩阵和经济距离矩阵为空间权重矩阵时,批发零售业水平对本省份的物流业竞争力均呈显著正向影响,对邻近省份物流业竞争力的影响同样显著为正,说明我国批发零售业水平对物流业竞争力具有显著的正向直接效应与空间溢出效应,即发展本省份的批发零售业水平,不仅能提高本省份的物流业竞争力,而且能提高周边省份的物流业竞争力;批发零售业水平对物流业竞争力的空间效应存在地区差异性,虽然我国东、中、西部三个地区的批发零售业水平对物流业竞争力的直接效应与空间溢出效应均显著为正,但受地理位置和发展程度等因素影响,其促进效应呈现“东—中—西”递减的趋势。根据以上发现,从促进区域间物流业联动、重视批发零售业发展和坚持地区协调发展战略三个方面对我国批发零售业水平和物流业竞争力的提升提出相关建议。