TRIP Steel Retained Austenite Transformation under Cyclic V-bending Deformation

To investigate the transformation behavior of TRIP steel retained austenite under cyclic load, cyclic V-bending deformation of low carbon Si-Mn TRIP600 was studied by experiment and finite element in this paper. The results showed that, under cyclic V-bending deformation, retained austenite in TRIP steel transformed into martensite gradually with the increasing of bending times, and for the symmetrical characteristic, upper surface and lower surface presented the same transformation tendency. From the first to the fourth V-bending deformatiort, retained austenite volume fraction decreased nearly linearly and then attained saturation step by step. Compressive stress state was helpful for martensite transformation than tension stress state with V-bending deformation, and strain magnitude was the determining factor for retaining anstenite martensitic transformation. With the increasing of bending times effective stress increased and the relationship between maximum effective stress and bending times was nearly linear. Effective stress and effective strain distribution were non-uniform, the maximum effective stress and effective strain were present in the center of the samples. The relationships between retained austenite and V-bending times, and retained austenite with effective strain were set up as Eqs.（1）-（5）. The relationship was typical quadric function, decreased linearly for the initial deformation and attained saturation finally.

TRANSFORMATION OF RETAINED AUSTENITE IN CARBURIZED CASE DURING FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

The morphology of the retained austenite in the carburized case of 20CrNiMo steel and its transformation during fatigue crack propagation through the case were investigated by using X-ray and TEM analysis.In the carburized case both film and block shaped retained austenite were found.Due to the crystallographic orientation relationship at the interface,the fatigue crack is inclined to pass through the block shaped retained austenite and thereby stim- ulates its strain-induced martensitie transformation.During the process of the fatigue frac- ture,most of the retained austenite structures on the crack path are transformed into the martensite,and the untranaformed parts on the fracture surface remain less than 6%.The transformation of the retained austenite,which is restrieted mainly within the plastic zone,oc- curs only during the proeess of fracture,and is independent of the magnitudes of the external stress,stress ratio and cyclic number.The volume expansion accompanying the transforma- tion creates an additional residual displacement of about 0.44μm on fracture surfaces,which is equivalent to the magnitude of the plasticity-induced residual displacement.The phase transformation induced fatigue crack closure is believed to be an important factor affecting the fatigue crack behaviors in the high carbon laver of the carburized case.

Physical Simulation of Thermally Induced Martensite Formation from Retained Austenite in TRIP Steels

The present work analyses the total free energy of the material during the martensitic transformation. A general expression for the martensite fraction as a function of temperature is derived, assuming that the nonchemical free energyis proportional to the volume of martensite. This expression indicates that the temperature-dependent martensitefraction can be predicted once the characteristic transformation temperatures and the relation between the chemicalfree energy and temperature of the martensite and austenite are known. An advantage of this development is thatthe proposed equation is valid for all types of relations between the chemical free energy and temperature. Thissimulation is successfully applied to the martensitic transformation upon further cooling of retained austenite in alow-alloyed TRIP steel, in which the relation between chemical free energy and temperature is quadratic and thefraction is determined from a thermo-magnetic measurement.

Effect of Austenite Pre-deformation on Isothermal Martensite Transformation in an Fe-20.5Ni-4.8Mn Alloy

With electron microscopy the investigation on isothermal martensite transformation in an Fe20.5Ni-4.8Mn alloy has been carried out to clarify the effect of austenite state on the transformation, by applying pre-deformation to austenite before isothermal holding. Under the condition without pre-deformation, the isothermal martensite products are lath martensite with {111}fhabit planes. Dislocations in austenite seem to contribute to nucleation of martensite, and in this nascent Stage austenite substructure has no obvious effect on martensite growth. The consequent thickening of martensite laths is apparently influenced by local austenite states, resulting in the changes in orientation, morphology as well as substructure of martensite lath. The kinetics of isothermal martensite transformation is controlled by intedece dislocation determined nucleation of martensite in primary stage, but to a larger extent, by the austenite accommodation for the shape strain of martensite in the thickening Stage

Stability of Retained Austenite Through a Combined Intercritical Annealing and Quenching and Partitioning(IAQP) Treatment

Intercritical annealing（IA） at various temperatures followed by quenching and partitioning（IAQP） treatments was conducted on a cold-rolled Fe-0.2C-1.42Si-l.87Mn（wt%） sheet steel.Optimized microstructure and enhanced mechanical properties were achieved through appropriate adjustment of IA temperatures.The steel which was annealed at1,033 K for 600 s,then quenched to 573 K and partitioned at 693 K for 20 min,designated as 1033 QP steel,exhibits maximum 16.3 vol% retained austenite（RA） with good mechanical properties（ultimate tensile strength 886 MPa and total elongation 27%）.It was found that the thermal and mechanical stabilities of RA are mainly influenced by the combined effect of its average carbon content and amount of adjacent martensite.Furthermore,the transformation-induced plasticity effect increased the peak n-values observed at the second stage of the work hardening of IAQP steels.

Mechanical and Transformation Behaviors of a C-Mn-Si-Al-Cr TRIP Steel under Stress

Transformation induced plasticity （TRIP） steels combine high strength and excellent ductility, making them suited for application in crash-relevant parts in the automotive industry. However, the high Si contents in the conventional TRIP steel will generate surface defects on the hot rolled strip, which is difficult to process in continuous galvanizing lines. In order to solve the above problem the TRIP steel with the addition of Al replacing majority of Si was designed. In the present paper, the volume fraction of various phases in a C-Mn-Si-Al-Cr TRIP steel was determined by metallographic examination and X-ray diffraction analysis, and the multi-phase microstructures were characterized using an atomic force microscope based on their height difference. Tensile tests were performed at different temperatures ranging from -40℃ to 90℃. The results show that transition temperature Ms^σ in the present TRIP steel cannot be determined due to its lower volume fraction of retained austenite, different from the conventional TRIP steel. While the yield stress and tensile strength at different temperatures are higher than those of the conventional TRIP steel, which is attributed to the addition of Cr. In order to evaluate the effect of martensitic transformation on the total elongation, the sample without retained austenite obtained by quenching in liquid nitrogen was carried out under tensile test. The results indicate that the elongation of the original sample containing 9% retained austenite is about 20% higher than that of the sample quenched in liquid nitrogen, which demonstrates that the retained austenite plays an important role in improving the elongation of the TRIP steel.

Correlation of isothermal bainite transformation and austenite stability in quenching and partitioning steels

The possible decomposition of metastable austenite during the partitioning process in the high end quenching and partitioning （Q＆P） steels is somewhat neglected by most researchers. The effects of primary martensite and alloying elements including manganese, cobalt and aluminum on the isothermal decomposition of austenite during typical Q＆P process were studied by dilatometry. The transformation kinetics was studied systematically and resulting microstruc tures were discussed in details. The results suggested that the primary martensite decreased the incubation period of isothermal decomposition by accelerating the nucleation process owing to dislocations especially on phase and grain boundaries. This effect can be eliminated by a flash heating which recovered dislocations. Co addition significantly promoted the bainite transformation during partitioning while A1 and Mn suppressed the isothermal bainite transformation. The bainite transformation played an important role in carbon distribution during partitioning, and hence the amount and stability of austenite upon final quenching. The bainite transformation during partitioning is an important factor in optimizing the microstructure in Q＆P steels.

低碳硅-锰系Q＆P钢的热处理工艺及实验室研究

在GLEEBLE3800热模拟机上模拟了低碳Si．Mn系Q＆P（Quenching and Partitioning）钢的控冷热处理工艺。结果表明，Q＆P钢具有高的抗拉强度（σb=1050MPa）和良好的塑性（δ=25％）。采用扫描和透射电镜进行了组织观察与分析，发现其组织主要由板条马氏体和8％～15％的残留奥氏体组成，残留奥氏体呈膜状。利用XRD技术对残留奥氏体进行了定量分析并用扫描电镜进行了断口观察。结果表明，拉伸试样纤维区为比较典型的韧窝状形貌，体现出良好的韧性断裂特征，残留奥氏体在组织中起到了相变诱发塑性的作用。

冷轧TRIP钢中残余奥氏体的热稳定性

为了研究冷轧TRIP钢中残余奥氏体的热稳定性,利用差示扫描量热法(Differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)分析0.25C-1.78Mn-1.23Al-0.54Cu-0.33Ni冷轧相变诱导塑性(Transformation induced plasticity,TRIP)钢中残余奥氏体的热分解,采用Kissinger方法测量残余奥氏体热的分解温度和激活能。发现TRIP钢中残余奥氏体热分解温度要高于普通淬火钢。利用Johnson-Mehl-Avrami(JMA)方程获得动力学参数n与A,预测TRIP钢贝氏体区等温过程中残余奥氏体转变动力学。结果表明,残余奥氏体在420℃等温时,显示出较高的稳定性,即使等温600 s也仍有90%的奥氏体不发生分解。X射线衍射结果还表明,420℃等温时,由JMA方程预测的残余奥氏体量与实际值吻合较好。

微纳结构超高强度钢的现状与发展

微纳结构超高强度钢是兼具高强度、高塑性和高韧性的一类重要高性能钢铁结构材料。超细马氏体、贝氏体组织对于其强度起了决定性作用,对塑性和韧性起决定作用的为残留奥氏体。因此,如何通过调整化学成分和热处理工艺等手段调控残留奥氏体微结构,来实现精细组织结构和优良综合力学性能,成为新一代钢铁材料研究领域重要的课题。首先从钢铁材料强韧化机制出发,指出微观组织的精细化及硬相与软相的合理调控,是发展新一代钢铁材料的重要途径。然后针对近年来发展起来的超级贝氏体钢、Q&P钢、Q-P-T钢等具有微纳组织结构的超高强度钢,从合金设计、热处理工艺及组织结构与力学性能、磨损性能和疲劳性能的关系等方面进行综述与分析,最后指出微纳结构超高强度钢有待进一步深入研究与开发的问题。

60Si2CrVA钢的低温贝氏体组织

用热膨胀法测定了 60Si2CrVA钢的相变点Ac1、Ac3和Ms,并用模拟热处理炉对试样进行了 1000℃保温 30min的奥氏体化、250℃(稍高于Ms点)×72h的低温等温转变处理。采用光学显微镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射仪对处理后 60Si2CrVA钢的组织和相组成进行了研究。结果表明, 60Si2CrVA钢热处理后得到由板条状贝氏体铁素体和薄膜状残留奥氏体组成、硬度为 463HV30的低温贝氏体组织,残留奥氏体的体积分数为 13. 7%,而不是传统的下贝氏体组织。

等温淬火温度对含铌TRIP钢组织和力学性能的影响

利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射等方法研究了0.15C-1.46Si-1.56Mn-0.06Nb冷轧TRIP钢板等温淬火温度对组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢最佳的临界热处理工艺:在840℃两相区保温180 s,再快速冷却到420℃并在该温度保温240 s,进行贝氏体等温转变处理。采用这种热处理工艺,试验钢的微观组织为铁素体+贝氏体+残留奥氏体,其中铁素体占72%,贝氏体占20%,残留奥氏体占8%,可获得较佳的相变诱发塑性和较好的强韧性配合,其强塑积可达到2.5×104MPa.%,提高或降低贝氏体等温淬火温度都会降低强塑积。结果还表明,在840℃,适当的延长热处理时间可以提高残留奥氏体体积分数及残留奥氏体的碳含量,有助于提高材料的强塑积。

一步淬火分配钢的工艺设计与微观组织演变

设计并研究了低碳硅锰系淬火分配（Q＆P）钢的热处理工艺.利用SEM,TEM和XRD观察并分析了实验钢的微观结构和相组成.理论计算结果显示：Fe-0.21C二元合金的最佳淬火温度为290℃,最大残余奥氏体含量（摩尔分数）为17.9%.工艺模拟结果表明：实验钢残余奥氏体体积分数为6.7%-17.2%,残余奥氏体平均碳质量分数为1.02%-1.48%.残余奥氏体与相邻马氏体板条间晶体学位向符合K-S关系或N-W关系.实验所涉工艺中均存在新鲜马氏体的生成.随着配分时间的延长,残余奥氏体含量先增加后减少,残余奥氏体平均碳含量不断增加,最佳配分时间为50 s.配分后期马氏体板条中出现的碳化物导致了残余奥氏体的减少.

无硅TRIP钢力学性能的研究

无硅TRIP钢采用临界区加热等温淬火热处理,获得铁素体,贝氏体及大量稳定残余奥氏体的三相组织·通过对其显微组织观察,断口形貌分析,与高硅TRIP钢力学性能的相互比较,探讨了无硅TRIP钢相变诱发塑性的行为·结果表明:无硅TRIP钢在拉伸变形过程中,应变诱导相变,相变诱发塑性;其拉伸断口形貌呈韧性断口特征;经790℃加热在400℃等温5min时,抗拉强度达到754MPa,延伸率达到36%,综合性能(强塑积)达到27144MPa%的最高值·

疲劳断裂过程中渗碳层残余奥氏体的转变

研究了20CrNiMo钢微氮渗碳层中残余奥氏体的形态,及其在疲劳断裂过程中的转变和作用。结果表明:渗碳层残余奥氏体有薄膜状和块状两种形态,由于界面取向的影响,疲劳裂纹更易于穿过块状奥氏体,促使其发生应变诱发马氏体相变。在疲劳断裂过程中,裂纹面附近的残余奥氏体大部分转变成马氏体,这种转变是在断裂瞬间发生的,与疲劳力学条件无关。转变所引起的体积膨胀增强了裂纹闭合效应。相变诱发闭合是渗碳表层高碳区疲劳裂纹扩张行为的主要因素之一。

热处理对微纳结构低温贝氏体钢组织与力学性能的影响

设计了一步和两步贝氏体等温转变工艺及贝氏体等温转变＋深冷处理工艺,通过电子背散射衍射（EBSD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射分析（XRD）和拉伸实验等方法,对比分析了不同热处理工艺对低温贝氏体钢微观组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明：与一步贝氏体转变相比,两步贝氏体转变和深冷处理工艺均可有效细化块状残留奥氏体,降低残留奥氏体体积分数,减小平均有效晶粒尺寸;深冷处理工艺可以进一步提高试验钢的硬度,冲击韧性相应有所下降;两步贝氏体工艺的贝氏体铁素体板条平均尺寸更小,具有更多的薄膜状残留奥氏体,获得了最佳的综合力学性能。

合金元素V对高碳铬轴承钢组织和性能的影响

通过扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、XRD技术、EBSD分析、动态相变规律研究以及力学性能测试,研究了不同热处理工艺及合金元素V的加入对高碳铬轴承钢GCr15的显微组织和性能的影响。结果表明,强碳化物形成元素V添加后,动态CCT曲线向右下方移动,抑制了二次碳化物的析出和珠光体转变,Ms点降低;添加V后,淬回火处理和贝氏体等温淬火处理后强度、硬度和冲击韧性均有不同程度提高;通过添加合金元素V,可以消除淬回火处理过程中出现的淬火微裂纹,提高性能;V的添加还能降低热处理后残留奥氏体含量,提高工件尺寸稳定性;尽管,添加V会很小程度的抑制贝氏体转变,考虑到V对性能的贡献,综合考虑认为,高碳铬轴承钢中添加V利大于弊。

基于动态相变热轧TRIP钢塑性断裂的实验研究

通过热模拟压缩实验,研究了基于动态相变热轧C-Mn-Al-Si系TRIP钢塑性断裂后不同部位的组织。结果表明,实验钢组织中尺寸较大的残留奥氏体,在塑性过程中很快就会发生马氏体相变,从而导致孔洞或裂纹的起源或萌生;而且,裂纹的起源和扩展与组织的铁素体/残留奥氏体(马氏体)密切相关。减小残留奥氏体的晶粒尺寸,提高残留奥氏体的稳定性,不让其在形变初期快速转变为马氏体,有利于TRIP钢强度及塑性的提高。

冷冲模钢深冷处理时的相变

本文主要通过 X 射线衍射实验,研究冷冲模钢(Cr12、Cr12MoV)深冷处理时的相变.研究指出,深冷处理不仅使残余奥氏体转变为马氏理体,还使碳从马氏体和残余奥氏体中脱溶,以碳化物形式析出.深冷处理提高了钢的硬度和耐磨性,从而提高了模具的使用寿命.

GJW50合金的等温马氏体转变及其对性能的影响

通过对GJW50合金（配料成分为wt％：50WC、0．25C、0.50Cr、0．25Mo，余量为Fe）1020℃＋200℃等温淬火态与1020℃淬火＋200℃回火态组织形态与断口形貌的观察、残余奥氏体量与力学性能的测定，探讨了等温马氏作的形成机制，并研究了马氏体等温淬火对该合金强韧性的影响。结果表明，在200℃等温过程中剩余奥氏作中先析出ε碳化物，尔后形成细晶马氏体。1020℃＋200℃等温淬火态的残余奥氏作量显著多于1020℃淬火＋200℃回火态；前者的HRC，σbb与ak值均高于后者，但kIC值略低于后者。