Deformation failure mechanism and application of the backfill along the goaf-side retained roadway

In order to determine the rational width of backfill in the goaf-side retained roadway, the deformation failure mechanism of surrounding rock in retained roadway is studied in the use of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, etc., when the width of backfill is different. The results show that: with the increase of backfill width, the roof deformation above the backfill decreases; the outside of backfill obviously suffers from greater stress compared to the inner side of backfill; the damage firstly appears in the intersection of top backfill and roof; the plastic failure area is mainly distributed in the roof and floor of inside the roadway; 2 m wide backfill in the goaf-side retained roadway can meet the requirements of roadway deformation. Based on the original combination support of "anchor-mesh-belt-lock" in the haulage-track roadway, the study also considers the reinforced support of "anchor-mesh-belt" above the backfill, and 50 m ahead of working face, and 200 m behind the working face. This kind of support achieves a good result. The roadway deformation of field measurement shows that it can satisfy the need of the next working face.

Research on the width of filling body in gob-side entry retaining with high-water materials

To determine the filling body's width along the gob-side remained roadway which is underneath the gob,the authors analyzed the interaction mechanism between the roof and the supporting body along the remained roadway, based on the elastic thin plate theory of the stope roof. The stress state and mechanical response of the filling body along the remained roadway were studied. Specifically, firstly, the supporting pressure of the coal pillar which is on one side of the gob-side remained roadway was deduced.Also, an equation that is used to calculate the width of the balance area in the stress limit state was acquired. Then, an equation that is used to calculate the roof cutting force on one side of the supporting body was obtained. By using FLAC3D, the authors investigated the displacement field and stress field response laws of rock masses around the roadway with different filling body's widths. The results show that with the filling body's width increasing, the supporting ability of the filling body increases.Meanwhile, the rock mass displacement around the roadway and the filling body deformation decrease.The better the filling body's supporting effect is, the higher the roof cutting force will be. When the filling body's width is larger than 3.0 m, its internal bearing ability becomes stable and the filling body's deformation became non-apparent. Finally, analysis shows that the filling body's width should be 2.5 m.Furthermore, the authors conducted field tests in the supply roadway 1204, using high-water materials and acquired expected outcomes.

Wide pillar roadway retained in the deep high gas coal seam

According to the geological and mining conditions of deep high gas coal seam,this paper established the mechanical model of stope surrounding rock,and analyzed the stress distribution and deformation failure mechanism of working face and coal pillar.The research determined the arrangement mode that adjacent working faces retain wide pillar,and the reasonable support method of roadway that the combined support of roof and grouting combined together.The reasonable time of reinforced roadway was determined.Through analyzing the mechanical model of the ways of roadway supporting,this research drew the conclusions as follows:the combined support of roof and working slope improved the support strength and range of surrounding rock,optimized the support by adjusting the angle of anchor,and reached the support requirements by using cement grouting in working slope and chemical grout in roof.The technology was applied in 15104 working face of Baoan Mine,and obtained good results.

Study of mechanical principle of floor heave of roadway driving along next goaf in fully mechanized sub-level caving face

Abstract On the basis of analyzing floor strata mechanical circumstance of the roadway, the mechanical model was established. The relative displacement of roadway floor, narrow pillar floor coal mass and floor strata was calculated, the results showed that the high abutment pressure on coal mass beside the roadway was the main reason to lead to relative displacement of floor strata. And the roadway floor heave come mainly from three aspects. Firstly, the roadway floor strata is easily fractured by the stretch stress. Secondly, because the high abutment pressure is greater than the uniaxial compressive strength of floor strata, when the roadway floor strata are fractured, the coal mass floor strata at the same depth will be fractured, and broken rock will fluid into the open roadway. Thirdly, comparing with the coal mass floor, the roadway floor is relative ascending.

Stability analysis for main roof of roadway driving along next goaf

Focusing on the stability of surrounding rock around the roadway driving along next goaf with a narrow coal pillar, a mechanics model of the triangle block structure of main roof above the roadway is established, and the sliding stability coefficient K 1 and the rotation stability coefficient K 2 are proposed to describe the stability of the triangle block structure quantitatively. The structure can keep a self stability before and after the roadway excavation, at the stage of mining induced effect, the stability of the structure is lowered, and the structure may become instability with decreasing the coal strength, increasing the mining height of working face and the mining depth.

Numerical simulation and actual research on safety and suitable position of roadway driving along next goaf

In view of the stress concentration problem left by the joint coal seams mining since the reservation of the coal pillar, it was proposed that non-pillar mining technology be used in Dongrong No.2 coal mine. The numerical simulation software FLAG2D was used to draw the relationship between surrounding rock deformation of roadway driving along next goaf and the size of the coal pillar, so the safety and suitable position of roadway was determined. The distribution of lateral abutment pressure was measured by using the ZYJ-30 drilling stress gauge in the coal wall. The conclusions of the numerical simulation were verified.

Analysis on distribution law of the abutment pressure of the integrated coal beside the road-in packing for gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized caving face

The three-dimensional damage constitutive relationship of coal is established and distribution law of the abutment pressure of the integrated coal beside the road-in packing for gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized caving face under the effect of given deformation of the main roof is analyzed by the damage mechanics theory. And the relationship between distribution of the abutment pressure and thickness of coal seam is explored. The presented result is of great theoretical significance and practical value to the study on stability control of the surrounding rock of road-in packing for gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized caving face.

Test and application of hydraulic expansion bolts in a roadway under goaf with ultra-close separation

The roof of a roadway under goal with ultra-close separation consists of thin rock strata and rocks caving in upper goal. Influenced by the mining of the upper coal seam, the roof is loose and broken, and its integ- rity is poor. Resin anchored bolts cannot provide an effective anchoring force in such roof conditions. By conducting free expansion tests and field pull-out tests on a hydraulic expansion bolt, this study has ana- lyzed the influencing factors and laws of radial expansion and anchoring force changes in the rod body. This has revealed the anchoring mechanism of such bolts, and has obtained reasonable water injection pressures and suitable drilling diameters （which are 20-25 MPa and 32-35 mm respectively） for the hydraulic expansion bolt （cR28 mm） used in these tests. Based on pull-out tests at different interlayer spacing, the applicability of hydraulic expansion bolts had been verified for controlling the roof of road- ways under goal with ultra-close distance. Combined with the deformation and failure characteristics of the test roadway roof, this paper proposes a united roof-control technology based on the use of hydraulic expansion bolts and advancing intubation for the roof. Engineering practice indicated that the roof of the test roadway did not generate leaking and caving phenomenon, and the amount of roof deformation was controlled to within 150 mm. Maintenance of the roadway roof has been improved significantly, which ensures safe mining in coal seams with ultra-close separation.

Stability analysis and control technology of gob‑side entry retaining with double roadways by flling with high‑water material in gently inclined coal seam

To ameliorate the defects of insufcient support resistance of traditional roadside flling bodies for gob-side entry retaining(GER),overcome the inability to adapt to the deformation of surrounding rock,and isolate the goaf efectively,a new type of high-water material as a roadside flling body for GER technology with double roadways was proposed.The instability analysis and control technology of GER with double roadways by flling high-water material into a gently inclined coal seam were studied.The basic mechanical properties of the new high-water material were investigated through laboratory experiments,and their main advantages were identifed.The reasonable width of the roadside flling wall of a high-water material was obtained by combining ground pressure observation and theoretical calculations.The distribution characteristics of the stress and plastic zone of surrounding rock of GER after being stabilized by the disturbance of the working face were studied using numerical simulations,and the failure range of GER by flling with high-water material was revealed.Based on this,a coupling control technology of anchor cables and bolts+single props+metal mesh+anchor bolts is proposed.Through the coupling methods of arranging borehole peeping and observing the convergences of surrounding rock,the results demonstrate that GER with double roadways by flling with a 1.8-m-wide high-water material has a good control efect.The above research will play an active role in promoting the application of high-water materials in GER roadside flling.

Effect of surface retaining elements on rock stability:laboratory investigation with sand powder 3D printing

This study aims to investigate the benefcial efects of surface retaining elements (SREs) on the mechanical behaviors of bolted rock and roadway stability. 3D printing (3DP) technology is utilized to create rock analogue prismatic specimens for conducting this investigation. Uniaxial compression tests with acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation techniques have been conducted on 3DP specimens bolted with diferent SREs. The results demonstrate that the strength and modulus of elasticity of the bolted specimens show a positive correlation with the area of the SRE;the AE characteristics of the bolted specimens are higher than those of the unbolted specimen, but they decrease with an increase in SRE area, thus further improving the integrity of the bolted specimens. The reinforcement efect of SREs on the surrounding rock of roadways is further analyzed using numerical modelling and feld test. The results provide a better understanding of the role of SREs in rock bolting and the optimization of rock bolting design. Furthermore, they verify the feasibility of 3DP for rock analogues in rock mechanics tests.

近距离煤层联采巷道交错布置及支护技术研究

为解决近距离煤层联合开采时采出率低、安全性差等问题,探究巷道交错布置方式及下煤层巷道支护技术在近距离煤层联合开采中的应用,以山西晋保煤矿12#、13#煤层地质条件为研究背景,采用理论分析与FLAC3D数值模拟的研究方法,研究了巷道采用交错布置时下煤层巷道的围岩变形与矿压变化,得到巷道交错式布置时上下煤层巷道的水平错距应大于7.98 m。通过数值模拟分析矿方原始支护方案与新支护方案下煤层巷道顶板的垂直位移变化规律,确定对下煤层巷道进行锚网索联合支护的分区支护方案。结合现场实测结果表明:下煤层巷道围岩变形处于可控范围内,交错式巷道布置方式以及巷道分区支护方案较为合理,能够保证工作面的安全生产,可以为类似地质条件下近距离煤层的开挖提供借鉴。

大倾角走向长壁工作面局部充填无煤柱开采理论与技术

大倾角煤层走向长壁采场围岩结构及应力环境异化,工作面不同位置“支架-围岩”系统的构成因素及灾变模式不同,导致工作面安全事故频发、煤炭采出率较低、巷道掘进率高。通过对大倾角采场围岩采动力学行为的分析,提出了大倾角走向长壁工作面局部充填无煤柱开采技术构想,工作面走向推进过程中沿倾向对采空区下部进行局部充填,充填体既与巷旁支护作用形成沿空巷道,取消区段保护煤柱,实现大倾角煤层无煤柱开采,又增大了工作面倾向下部充填压实区长度,加强了工作面“支架-围岩”系统稳定性。根据大倾角走向长壁采场特点,优选确定了大倾角膏体局部充填工艺,设计了大倾角局部充填回采系统、采充工艺。并采用理论分析、模拟实验、数值计算等相结合的方法,分析了局部充填对大倾角走向长壁采场围岩采动力学行为的调节机制。结果表明:充填体影响基本顶岩梁的变形破坏及采场倾向下侧煤岩体承载特征,基本顶、运输巷顶板变形量及运输巷倾向下侧煤岩体所受约束均随充填长度的增大而减小;为防止采空区未充填区悬顶灾害,充填长度不应超过工作面长度的1/3。局部充填体限制了工作面下部区域顶板破断,降低覆岩关键域形成层位,形成稳定的巷帮,减小沿空留巷围岩变形量;同时工作面倾向下部充填区长度增大,中、上部围岩结构不稳定区域的长度缩小,“支架-围岩”系统稳定性提升。充填体改变了采场围岩应力传递路径,承担了部分覆岩载荷,工作面下侧支承压力及超前支承压力均随充填长度的增大而减小,工作面倾向下部充填区域的超前支承压力降幅最大,沿空巷道及工作面应力状态得到改善。大倾角走向长壁工作面局部充填无煤柱开采技术具有提高资源采出率、降低掘进率、缓解采掘接替紧张、加强工作面“支架-围岩”系统稳定性等优势。

砂质泥岩巷道顶板定向爆破不耦合装药系数优化与应用

聚能爆破技术在沿空留巷工程项目中有着重要的作用,装药结构问题一直是目前讨论的热点及难点。对于目前沿空留巷顶板超前预裂装药长度尚没有明确的指标情况下,以孟津煤矿二_2-11031工作面轨道顺槽为研究背景,提出了等长装药顶板预裂技术,为明确最优装药结构,本文通过LS-DYNA数值模拟软件建立了三维定向聚能爆破模型,改变轴向药柱的长度,以裂纹扩展长度和应力衰减速率为分析指标,通过数值模拟可知,轴向不耦合系数在1.25~1.7之间径向切缝距离约为40 cm,轴向切缝距离约为80 cm,相比轴向不耦合系数在2~3之间,切缝距离分别提高了25%和12.5%;轴向不耦合系数在1.25~3之间,应力衰减速度均小于1,能量利用最为合理;将轴向不耦合系数α=1.25~2的装药结构在孟津煤矿二_2-11031工作面轨道顺槽进行顶板定向爆破实验,对预裂爆破后的两炮孔中线进行钻孔窥视,观察到4种爆破方案,两炮孔之间沿切缝方向裂纹均已经完全贯通,裂纹光滑平整,现场应用效果良好,结合经济性、安全性两方面考虑,不耦合系数α=1.7为最优;研究结果表明等长装药结构可以代替传统的三段式装药结构。研究结果可以为今后类似的项目提供参考。

厚煤层沿空留巷变形漏风机制及多元协同防治技术

为解决厚煤层沿空留巷墙体变形机理及采空区漏风流场不清、瓦斯防治效果不佳的问题,以山西沁城煤矿20107工作面为工程背景,采用力学建模、理论分析研究了沿空留巷顶板断裂位置对应力集中及传播路径的控制作用,并指出断裂线位于留巷外侧时,可有效转移支撑应力并卸压,并提出了分段压裂切顶关键位置的计算方法。采用单元法实测,从采空区漏风量分布及留巷漏风通道两方面,揭示了沿空留巷采空区漏风流场及瓦斯浓度分布规律,进而提出了沿空留巷采空区瓦斯多元防治技术,即采用定向钻孔分段压裂切顶卸压-强化瓦斯抽采超前协同共治为主,弱化转移顶板来压避免墙体变形产生裂隙漏风的同时提高采空区瓦斯抽采效率;采用硅酸盐复合材料对已有墙体裂隙发育区(顶板交界处、插管外壁周围)进行喷涂堵漏,封堵留巷漏风通道;辅以留巷插管参数优化及控风降压,进一步减小采空区漏风及瓦斯涌出,并通过现场考察验证。研究结果表明:①20107采空区漏风以运输巷进风流正压漏入为主、回风侧以高浓瓦斯漏入沿空留巷为主,工作面倾向0~36 m区段正压漏风量332.84 m^(3)/min,占工作面总体漏入采空区风量(572.15 m^(3)/min)58.17%;留巷走向54~108 m区段留巷漏入风量408.45 m^(3)/min,占采空区总体漏入沿空留巷风量(469.01 m^(3)/min)87.09%;②优化后,裂隙带定向钻孔(压裂孔+抽采孔)平均瓦斯抽采纯量为7.46 m^(3)/min,压裂切顶后留巷墙体变形、裂隙控制大幅改善,沿空留巷平均瓦斯体积分数由原0.59%逐渐降至0.34%,实现工作面高效达产。

大采高综采工作面切顶留巷矸石帮变形控制技术研究

为解决厚煤层大采高综采工作面切顶留巷矸石帮围岩控制难题,首先利用理论分析建立了不同挡矸支护条件下矸石帮位移变化的力学公式,以此为基础提出矸石帮变形控制双策略,减弱矸石帮变形压力和增强矸石帮的抗变形能力;其次利用现场实验设计两种类别共4组挡矸支护方案,探讨不同支护方案的矸石帮控制效果,验证理论研究成果。结果表明:①增强矸石帮侧顶板支护强度,能减弱矸石帮变形压力;②增架卡兰个数、增加卡兰预紧力、增加卡兰个数、增强U型钢之间的摩擦力等能增加U型钢滑移初始滑移应力,增强矸石帮的抗变形能力;③挡矸支护控制效果为:2副卡兰+单体支柱<2副卡兰+单元支架<2副卡兰+单元支架+呛柱<3副卡兰+单元支架。该研究可为同类条件下切顶留巷矸石帮变形控制提供参考。

厚煤层柔模混凝土墙沿空巷道支护技术研究

柔模混凝土墙沿空留巷技术作为无煤柱开采的一种,现已被应用于我国神东矿区多个煤矿。为解决在留巷复用过程中沿空巷道围岩结构稳定性差、变形剧烈、支护难度大的难题,以大柳塔煤矿52605柔模混凝土墙沿空留巷工作面为工程背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测相结合的研究方法,研究了柔模混凝土墙沿空巷道的围岩变形特征,建立柔模混凝土墙沿空巷道围岩结构力学模型,得到从巷道掘进阶段至巷道复用阶段沿空巷道全生命使用周期的应力演化规律,并根据巷道不同的使用阶段提出了对应的支护方案。研究结果表明:上覆岩层作用力直接作用在直接顶与混凝土墙岩层接触位置,有利于侧向支承压力传递,巷道围岩变形较大;二次采动超前支承压力导致留巷段前方顶板发生塑性破坏,塑性破坏与底板塑性区联通,将加剧煤壁侧的破坏;现场工程实践表明对沿空巷道进行合理分时分区支护,可改善应力环境,有效控制围岩变形。

荫营煤矿采空区瓦斯运移特征及防治技术应用

以荫营煤矿地质条件为基础,对综采工作面采空区瓦斯运移特征及抽采技术进行了研究,确定了工作面瓦斯浓度推进方向与切眼方向上的运移规律,采用高抽巷抽采采空区瓦斯,并对高抽巷及钻场布置参数进行了设计。高抽巷瓦斯抽采混合量在90~109 m~3/min范围内,抽采纯量在4~7 m~3/min范围内,工作面回风隅角瓦斯浓度未超过0.5%,表明采用高抽巷技术能够有效治理采空区瓦斯。

下峪口煤矿23306下工作面回采巷道合理错距研究

近距离煤层采空区下回采巷道合理错距的确定对巷道安全高效掘进意义重大。以下峪口煤矿为工程背景,采用理论分析及现场试验的方法,对23306下进顺采空区下回采巷道合理错距进行研究。得出下峪口煤矿23306下进风顺槽合理留设错距为22 m,根据23306下进顺错距留设情况提出支护方案并根据巷道顶底板及两帮位移变化情况进行监测验证,监测发现巷道各测点顶底板及两帮的移近量均小于450 mm,大多时间内两帮的移近量小于350 mm,煤柱帮的深基点和浅基点的位移变化量基本一致,且随着巷道的掘进,未出现较大变形,说明采用22 m错距可实现围岩变形稳定,研究可为类似条件巷道安全高效生产提供经验和参考。

坚硬顶板切顶卸压技术对巷道围岩变形规律影响

针对特厚煤层坚硬顶板、宽煤柱条件下临空巷道面临的高围岩应力、大变形等问题,以老石旦煤矿16403综放工作面为工程研究背景,从宽煤柱顶板侧向破断结构角度对临空巷道大变形的影响因素进行了理论分析,采用数值模拟方法研究了对16402运输巷实施不同切顶卸压方案时,临近采空区的16403回风巷侧向顶板采动应力传递规律,并在现场施工水力压裂钻孔进行切顶卸压,实现临空巷道围岩变形控制。研究结果表明:“低位坚硬岩层悬臂梁+高位坚硬岩层砌体梁”破断结构是特厚煤层宽煤柱临空巷道大变形的主要原因,可采用切顶卸压技术破坏宽煤柱顶板侧向破断结构来控制临空巷道围岩大变形;切顶角变化可使关键块B长度发生改变,切顶角越大,则关键块B长度越小,临空侧顶板载荷向煤柱传递的程度越弱,临空巷道围岩承受的采动应力越小,切顶角为100°时临空巷道围岩垂直应力与变形量最小;在16402运输巷以切顶角100°施工水力压裂钻孔后,16403回风巷顶底板变形量较未实施切顶卸压的16402回风巷减小86.5%,两帮变形量减小87.1%,临空巷道围岩稳定性得到极大提高。

大采高工作面柔模沿空留墙掘巷技术

柔模混凝土沿空留巷技术已应用多年,在中厚煤层和薄煤层开采下均取得了较好的支护效果,但在厚煤层大采高工作面,因巷道高、巷旁支护压力大、混凝土早期强度低易受压损坏难以有效支撑顶板。大采高工作面矿压显现剧烈,巷旁维护难度大,故此提出一种新型的预浇墙柔模混凝土沿空留墙掘巷新技术,即在上工作面回采前,刷煤扩帮后提前预浇柔模混凝土墙体,提高煤帮整体支撑力的同时,解决柔模混凝土墙短期无法有效承载顶板来压的难题;待回采一定距离后,再沿墙滞后掘进下工作面回采巷道,且掘进方向与上工作面回采方向一致,缓解接续紧张,最终实现无煤柱开采。以王庄煤业3503工作面回采留设预浇墙为工程背景,建立了沿空留墙掘巷围岩结构力学模型,理论计算得出墙体力学支护参数,并通过现场应用验证了该技术的可实施性。结果表明:理论计算分析确定了墙体高宽比为5 m×1.5 m,混凝土强度C30即可满足留墙支护要求;沿墙掘进巷道总体变形量小,顶底板和两帮最大移近量仅为260 mm和125 mm,墙体最大受压18 MPa,小于墙体自身承载力;下工作面临近巷道掘进115 m后即趋于稳定。该技术应用全阶段效果良好,满足巷道使用要求,有效解决了大采高工作面沿空留巷重大技术难题,也可为相似工况无煤柱开采提供技术借鉴。