Determination of Physical, Mechanical and Fire Retardancy Properties of Innovative Particleboard Made from Corn Stalk (Zea mays L.) Particles

The demand for particleboard is increasing along with economic and population growth.However,two major barriers to the manufacture of particleboard are a shortage of raw materials(woodchips)and the emission of formaldehyde from conventional adhesives.Agricultural by-products such as corn stalks contain an abundance of renewable lignocellulosic fiber.This study evaluates the effect of citric acid as a natural adhesive and fire retardant addition on the physical,mechanical,and fire retardancy properties of particleboards fabricated from corn stalks.A cost-effective and inorganic salt,calcium carbonate,was tested to enhance the fire retardancy.Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate was also considered as a comparative control.Particleboards with the addition of calcium carbonate was pretreated with sodium chloride.The particleboards were pressed for 10 min at 200℃.Japanese Industrial Standard JIS A 5908:2022 was used as the benchmark for the physical and mechanical tests.Fire retardancy was dynamically tested by simulating a Bushfire Attack Level of 19 kW/m^(2).The particleboard with 25 wt%citric acid had superior mechanical properties and complied with the JIS A 5908 standard for Type 13 base particleboard.Particleboard with the addition of calcium carbonate(5%and 10%)showed significantly delayed pyrolysis time.

Superior Mechanical Behavior and Flame Retardancy FRP via a Distribution Controllable 1D/2D Hybrid Nanoclay Synergistic Toughening Strategy

The incorporation of commercial flame retardants into fiber-reinforced polymer(FRP)composites has been proposed as a potential solution to improve the latter’s poor flame resistance.However,this approach often poses a challenge,as it can adversely affect the mechanical properties of the FRP.Thus,balancing the need for improved flame resistance with the preservation of mechanical integrity remains a complex issue in FRP research.Addressing this critical concern,this study introduces a novel additive system featuring a combination of one-dimensional(1D)hollow tubular structured halloysite nanotubes(HNTs)and two-dimensional(2D)polygonal flake-shaped nano kaolinite(NKN).By employing a 1D/2D hybrid kaolinite nanoclay system,this research aims to simultaneously improve the flame retardancy and mechanical properties.This innovative approach offers several advantages.During combustion and pyrolysis processes,the 1D/2D hybrid kaolinite nanoclay system proves effective in reducing heat release and volatile leaching.Furthermore,the system facilitates the formation of reinforcing skeletons through a crosslinking mechanism during pyrolysis,resulting in the development of a compact char layer.This char layer acts as a protective barrier,enhancing the material’s resistance to heat and flames.In terms of mechanical properties,the multilayered polygonal flake-shaped 2D NKN plays a crucial role by impeding the formation of cracks that typically arise from vulnerable areas,such as adhesive phase particles.Simultaneously,the 1D HNT bridges these cracks within the matrix,ensuring the structural integrity of the composite material.In an optimal scenario,the homogeneously distributed 1D/2D hybrid kaolinite nanoclays exhibit remarkable results,with a 51.0%improvement in mode II fracture toughness(GIIC),indicating increased resistance to crack propagation.In addition,there is a 34.5%reduction in total heat release,signifying improved flame retardancy.This study represents a significant step forward in the field of composite materials.The innovative use of hybrid low-dimensional nanomaterials offers a promising avenue for the development of multifunctional composites.By carefully designing and incorporating these nanoclays,researchers can potentially create a new generation of FRP composites that excel in both flame resistance and mechanical strength.

Characterization of Flame Retardancy and Oil-Water Separation Capacity of Superhydrophobic Silylated Melamine Sponges

A silylated melamine sponge(SMS)was prepared by two simple steps,namely,immersion and dehydration of a melamine sponge coated with methyltrichlorosilane.The silylated structure of SMS was characterized by FT-IR(Fourier-transform infrared)spectroscopy,SEM(Scanning electron microscopy)and in terms of water contact angles.Its oil-water absorption and separation capacities were measured by FT-IR and UV-visible spectrophoto-metry.The experimental results have shown that oligomeric silanol covalently bonds by Si-N onto the surface of melamine sponge skeletons.SMS has shown superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle exceeding 150°±1°,a better separation efficiency with regard to diesel oil(by 99.31%(wt/wt%)in oil-water mixture and even up to 99.99%(wt/wt%)for diesel oil in its saturated aqueous solution.Moreover,SMS inherited the intrinsicflame retardancy of the melamine sponge.In general,SMS has shown superhydrophobicity,high porosity,excellent selectivity,remarkable recyclability,and better absorption capacity for various oils and organic solvents,and a high separation efficiency for oil in saturated aqueous solutions.

An Approach to the Flame Retardancy of EVA Copolymer by Plasma Treatmentc2

An attempt was made in the paper aiming at imparting flame retardancy to polymers by plasma grafting technique Based on EVA copolymers with different VA contents the author tried to use the Ar plasma followed by grafting with/without subsequent saponification and metal ion exchange expediting the charring of polymers upon heationg Characterization of the flammability of the plasma treated EVA copolymers grafted with acrylic monomers(MAA,AA and AAm)indicates that this approach turns out to be a promising way and worthy doing whatever in research and/or applications

钢壳沉管隧道耐火极限标准与防火保护技术研究——以深中通道沉管隧道为例

为提高我国超大断面钢壳沉管隧道火灾防控水平,以深中通道海底沉管隧道为例,采用热力耦合模拟和材性试验等方法开展钢壳沉管隧道耐火极限标准研究,考虑到龙骨、拼缝等防火构造薄弱环节,进行管节结构和管节接头耐火试验,并提出相应的防火保护技术方案。主要结论如下:1)管节结构的耐火极限标准为火灾时,应将结构内侧钢壳最高温度控制在300℃以内;2)OMEGA橡胶管节接头的耐火极限标准为OMEGA橡胶超过70℃的时间小于2 h,超过100℃的时间小于1 h,且最高温度不得超过150℃;3)GINA橡胶管节接头的耐火极限标准为GINA橡胶超过100℃的时间小于1 h,且最高温度不得超过150℃;4)管节结构可采用35 mm单层防火板L型拼缝,对接面涂热膨胀胶;5)管节接头可采用35 mm防火板+50 mm陶瓷纤维毯双层防火保护体系,龙骨自由端取500 mm,拼缝处采用防火胶封堵。

Preparation and Flame Retardancy of Polyurethane/POSS Nanocomposites

Polyurethane/polyhedral oligomeric sisesquioxane （PU/POSS） nanocomposites were syn- thesized via polymerization utilizing the compatibility between POSS nanopartieles and 4J-diphenyl methylene diisocyanate. Scanning electron microscope images and Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed that POSS nanoparticles were dispersed in PU matrix. Thermal gravimetric analysis was employed to investigate the thermal decomposition be- havior of PU/POSS nanocomposites at elevated temperatures. Then fire performance was evaluated by limiting oxygen index, underwriters laboratories 94 testing and char residue morphology. These results showed that the addition of POSS promoted the formation of char residues which were covered on the surface of polymer composites, leading to the ira-provement of thermal stability and flame retardancy.

耐火材料热化学反应典型应用技术发展

高温工业的发展,与耐火材料的发展密切相关,其技术进步无一例外地都依赖于优质耐火材料的研发。耐火材料在制备及应用过程中,都和热化学反应息息相关。本文首先简要介绍了耐火材料的发展历程,其次以二氧化硅质、莫来石质耐火材料为例,介绍了上述耐火材料制备中的热化学反应过程;以莫来石-碳化硅、方镁石-尖晶石、镁碳质耐火材料为例,介绍了上述耐火材料在服役过程中的热化学侵蚀反应行为,并给出了热化学模拟在耐火材料与熔渣/气相反应中的应用情况;以氧化铝-碳质过滤器为例,介绍了其应用过程中的吸附夹杂机理。最后介绍了常用的耐火材料煅烧设备。

水性饰面型防火涂料的制备及其耐火性能研究

[目的]配方对防火涂料的性能有很大影响。[方法]以苯丙乳液和硅溶胶作为基料,聚磷酸铵、季戊四醇和三聚氰胺作为阻燃体系,二氧化钛作为颜填料,六偏磷酸钠作为分散剂,磷酸三丁酯作为消泡剂,羧甲基纤维素作为增稠剂,研制了一种适用于钢结构的水性饰面型复合膨胀防火涂料。利用模拟大板燃烧试验考察了各组分的质量分数对涂料性能的影响,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)对防火涂层燃烧后的微观结构进行表征。[结果]最佳配方为:苯丙乳液20.0%,硅溶胶4.0%,聚磷酸铵27.0%,季戊四醇22.0%,三聚氰胺21.0%,颜填料4.0%,助剂2.0%。此时涂料的耐燃时间长达57 min,燃烧后形成的炭层致密。[结论]该涂料具有良好的防火阻燃效果。

耐火材料标准化工程应用型人才培养模式探索与实践

标准化是材料产业提质增效的重要措施,标准化工程应用型人才稀缺是制约材料行业标准化工作推进的主要原因。本文基于耐火材料行业发展趋势及武汉科技大学在耐火材料行业中的特殊地位,分析了我国标准化工程应用型人才培养现状,结合新发展形势下耐火材料行业对标准化人才的需求,从课程体系设计、实践平台建设及师资队伍培养等方面探索标准化工程应用型人才培养模式,以实现耐火材料专业教学与标准化教育的有机融合,为标准化促进耐火材料行业发展提供强大支撑。

波形钢腹板-钢底板组合箱梁耐火性能及影响因素

为研究波形钢腹板-钢底板组合箱梁在火灾作用下的挠变规律及耐火极限,本研究以一试验梁为研究背景,采用有限元软件ANSYS建立波形钢腹板-钢底板组合箱梁数值模型开展热-力耦合分析,研究不同升温曲线、受火区域、荷载比及高跨比等因数对其耐火性能的影响。结果表明:组合箱梁钢腹板和混凝土顶板沿梁高方向存在明显的温度梯度且受火时间越长温度梯度越明显;波形钢腹板-钢底板组合箱梁跨中挠度时程曲线主要分为两个阶段,前期为缓慢增长阶段,平均增长速率1.5 mm/min,后期为快速增长阶段,平均增长速率5 mm/min;组合箱梁在HC火灾作用下的耐火极限最短,在相同荷载比作用下较ISO834标准升温曲线作用下的耐火极限下降了71.8%;组合箱梁受火区域越大,耐火极限越小,且受火区域越靠近跨中截面,耐火极限越小;荷载比对组合箱梁的抗火性能有较大影响,荷载比由0.2增长到0.4时,组合箱梁的耐火极限降低了40.4%;高跨比越大的组合箱梁,虽然受火前期的耐火性能有明显的提高,但是后期随着温度的不断升高其耐火极限反而小于高跨比小的组合箱梁,且随着组合箱梁的高跨比从0.088增长到0.147,其耐火极限降低了23.1%。研究成果可为波形钢腹板-钢底板组合箱梁的防火设计提供一定的参考。

建筑结构用高强抗震耐火H型钢组织性能研究

采用TEM、金相显微镜、EBSD等分析手段,研究建筑结构用高强抗震耐火H型钢的微观组织对其强度、韧性及高温强度的影响。结果表明,在合理的化学成分设计前提下,不需要控轧控冷手段,热轧后试验钢获得空冷贝氏体和铁素体两相组织。观察600℃保温3小时后的组织发现,在铁素体内部有纳米级相间析出物存在,析出物的行间距约在24~34 nm之间。热轧建筑结构用高强抗震耐火H型钢的屈服强度≥500 MPa,延伸率≥22%,屈强比≤0.85,-20℃冲击功≥34 J,600℃保温3小时后屈服强度≥310 MPa。

油罐区电缆槽盒耐火性能测试方法研究

为提升油罐区电缆槽盒耐火性能测试的准确性和效率,提出一种以绝缘电阻作为判定指标的电缆槽盒耐火性能快速测试方法,并以试验的方式验证该方法的有效性和电缆槽盒的耐火性能。结果表明:测量电缆绝缘电阻值可以准确反映电缆槽盒在火灾时的失效过程,以107Ω作为电缆绝缘电阻失效判定指标可以准确反映电缆槽盒的耐火极限。

波形钢腹板-钢底板组合箱梁耐火极限与设计

研究目的:近年来交通量的增加,由车辆碰撞或易燃物品运输车辆引起的桥梁火灾时有发生,不容忽视。为了解火灾下波形钢腹板-钢底板组合箱梁的火灾响应,采用ANSYS建立三维热-力耦合分析模型,分析火灾下组合箱梁温度场分布状态与抗弯承载力衰变规律,研究不同受火场景对组合箱梁耐火极限的影响,提出抗火设计方法。研究结论:(1)火灾下组合箱梁截面抗弯承载力呈三阶段发展;不同受火范围下跨中挠度随受火时间延长均呈两阶段发展;随着受火长度的增加,组合箱梁挠度增长幅度越大,受火初期受热弯曲效应作用越显著;(2)与抗力准则相比,采用挠度破坏准则判定组合箱梁的耐火极限较安全;(3)在组合箱梁底板增设不同类型的加劲肋形式,均可提高组合箱梁的耐火极限,当加劲肋材料用量相同时,与增设通长加劲肋相比,增设底板局部加劲肋对组合箱梁的耐火极限改善效果更好;(4)本研究成果可为波形钢腹板-钢底板组合箱梁的耐火极限理论分析与抗火设计提供参考。

Non-covalently Functionalized Graphene Oxide-Based Coating to Enhance Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of PVA Film

The synergistic effect of conventional flame-retardant elements and graphene has received extensive attention in the development of a new class of flame retardants. Compared to covalent modification, the noncovalent strategy is simpler and expeditious and entirely preserves the original quality of graphene. Thus, non-covalently functionalized graphene oxide(FGO) with a phosphorus–nitrogen compound was successfully prepared via a one-pot process in this study. Polyethyleneimine and FGO were alternatively deposited on the surface of a poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) film via layer-by-layer assembly driven by electrostatic interaction, imparting excellent flame retardancy to the coated PVA film. The multilayer FGO-based coating formed a protective shield encapsulating the PVA matrix, effectively blocking the transfer of heat and mass during combustion. The coated PVA has a higher initial decomposition temperature of about 260 °C and a nearly 60% reduction in total heat release than neat PVA does. Our results may have a promising prospect for flame-retardant polymers.

THERMAL DEGRADATION AND FLAME RETARDANCY OF CALCIUM ALGINATE FIBERS

Calcium alginate fibers were prepared by wet spinning of sodium alginate into a coagulating bath containing calcium chloride.The thermal degradation and flame retardancy of calcium alginate fibers were investigated with thermal gravimetry(TG),X-ray diffraction(XRD),limiting oxygen index(LOI) and cone calorimeter(CONE).The results show that calcium alginate fibers are inherently flame retardant with a LOI value of 34,and the heat release rate(HRR),total heat release(THR),CO and CO_2 concentrations during com...

民用建筑电线电缆阻燃耐火性能应用研究

通过分析比对不同电线电缆阻燃耐火性能分类及试验标准,提出设计标准中阻燃类别选择存在的问题及建议。建筑物发生火灾的严重程度与建筑规模功能用途密切相关,不同建筑物的消防用电设备所需连续供电的时间也不同,消防设备配电及控制线路应满足建筑火灾延续时间内能连续供电的要求,电线电缆耐火性能的选择应与之相适应。

Elastic Aerogels of Cellulose Nanofibers@Metal–Organic Frameworks for Thermal Insulation and Fire Retardancy

Metal–organic frameworks(MOFs)with high microporosity and relatively high thermal stability are potential thermal insulation and flame-retardant materials.However,the difficulties in processing and shaping MOFs have largely hampered their applications in these areas.This study outlines the fabrication of hybrid CNF@MOF aerogels by a stepwise assembly approach involving the coating and cross-linking of cellulose nanofibers(CNFs)with continuous nanolayers of MOFs.The cross-linking gives the aerogels high mechanical strength but superelasticity(80%maximum recoverable strain,high specific compression modulus of^200 MPa cm3 g−1,and specific stress of^100 MPa cm3 g−1).The resultant lightweight aerogels have a cellular network structure and hierarchical porosity,which render the aerogels with relatively low thermal conductivity of^40 mW m−1 K−1.The hydrophobic,thermally stable MOF nanolayers wrapped around the CNFs result in good moisture resistance and fire retardancy.This study demonstrates that MOFs can be used as efficient thermal insulation and flame-retardant materials.It presents a pathway for the design of thermally insulating,superelastic fire-retardant nanocomposites based on MOFs and nanocellulose.

Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resin/β-cyclodextrin@Resorcinol Bisdiphenylphosphate Inclusion Composites

In order to improve the efficiency of β-CD,the inclusion complex of β-CD and resorcinol bisdiphenylphosphate (RDP) (β-CD@RDP) was prepared,which β-CD was as the host component and RDP was as the guest.The structure and thermal stability property of β-CD@RDP was also characterized.EP/β-CD@RDP composites were prepared by adding β-CD@RDP into EP matrix.The results of thermogravimetric test showed that the flame retardant systems could effectively increase the corresponding temperature of EP matrix to reach the maximum thermal decomposition rate,and exhibited good char-forming property.When the amount of β-CD@RDP in EP was 20wt%,the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of EP was increased to 26.5% from 19.8%,and the vertical burning test (UL-94) reached V-1 level.The cone calorimeter test indicated that 20wt% loading in EP could reduce the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and the total heat release (THR) of EP by 94.7% and 93.4% respectively,and the peak of smoke production rate (PSPR) and the total smoke production (TSP) was reduced by 16.7% and 22.2%,respectively.Therefore,the addition of β-CD@RDP could reduce the fire risk of EP effectively.

Synergistic effect of MXene on the flame retardancy and thermal degradation of intumescent flame retardant biodegradable poly(lactic acid)composites

The effect of Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets on the intumescent flame retardant(IFR)poly(lactic acid)(PLA)composites was investigated among a series of PLA/IFR/MXene,which were prepared by melt blending 0-2.0 wt%MXene,10.0 wt%-12.0 wt%IFR and PLA together.The results of limiting oxygen index(LOI)and vertical burning(UL-94)discover that the combination of 0.5 wt%MXene and 11.5 wt%IFR synergistically improves the fire safety of PLA to reach UL-94 V-0 rating with LOI value of 33.0%.The PLA/IFR/MXene composites perform an obvious reduction in peak of heat release rate(HRR)in cone calorimeter tests(CCTs).Furthermore,the carbon residues after CCTs were characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM),laser Raman spectroscopy(LRS),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).It is demonstrated that both the titanium composition of the MXene structure and the characteristics of the two-dimensional material enhance the PLA/IFR/MXene composite materials’ability to produce a dense barrier layer to resist burnout during thermal degradation.

Flame retardancy and its mechanism of polymers flame retarded by DBDPE/Sb_2O_3

The flammability characterization and thermal composition of polymers flame retarded by decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) were studied by cone calorimeter and thermogravimetry (TG). The results show that ABS/DBDPE/Sb2O3 has the similar flammability parameters and thermal composition curves to ABS/DBDPO/Sb2O3. It suggests that DBDPE/Sb2O3 has the similar flame retardant behavior to DBDPO/Sb2O3. The heat release rate (HRR) and the effect heat combustion (EHC) curves of polymers flame retarded by DBDPE/Sb2O3 all decrease, but the mass loss rate (MLR) curve slightly increase. It shows that the decrease of HRR is not due to the increase of char formation ratio but the generation of incombustible gases. The major flame retardant mechanism of DBDPE/Sb2O3 is gas phase flame retardant mechanism. Increasing content of Sb2O3 in DBDPE/Sb2O3 can improve the flame retardant property and thermal stability of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Sb2O3 has a good synergistic effect with DBDPE.