Real-time Meaning in Communication and the Analysis of the Meaning of Referring Expressions

Based on a review of the theories on meaning in the field of philosophy, semantics and pragmatics, this paper suggests that language meaning, subject to constant change in real communication,is a concept different from relatively static sense and reference which are mutual inter-dependent to each other. Sense and reference constitute the personal images of any given words.Three sources of meaning are elaborated: the dictionary sense, the personal images of any given words, and the dynamic context.A combination of traditional semantic meaning and dynamic pragmatic meaning analysis is suggested through examining the meaning derivation process in the cases of the use of referring expressions in definite, indefinite descriptions, and incomplete sentences.

ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ANALOG MULTIUSER DETECTION IN ULTRA-WIDEBAND TRANSMITTED-REFERENCE SYSTEM

The detection performance is evaluated for our proposed analog multiuser receiver in Ultra-WideBand (UWB) transmitted-reference system. In the presence of dense multipath and multi-access signals,the performance analysis is difficult due to the complicated waveform of received impulse. We develop an approach to analyze the steady-state Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise (SINR) of the detector output. The multipath-spread impulse is fitted to an exponentially decaying profile in the analysis. A closed-form expression of steady-state SINR is further deduced for the proposed Least Minimum Square (LMS) detector. The analysis is validated by simulations in Line-Of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) channel respectively. Based on the theoretical results,the multipath delay spread is employed to determine the optimal width of the integration window of the detector.

The Role of Context in Interpreting Word Meaning

Meaning is a central topic in semantics,but it exists in context.Context plays an important role in interpreting word meaning. It will be analyzed as follows:(1) Context determines the referents of deictic words;(2) Context eliminates word ambiguity;(3) Context provides clues for interference of word meaning.

Extended intrinsic mean spin tensor for turbulence modelling in non-inertial frame of reference

We investigate the role of extended intrinsic mean spin tensor introduced in this work for turbulence modelling in a non-inertial frame of reference. It is described by the Euclidean group of transformations and, in particular, its significance and importance in the approach of the algebraic Reynolds stress modelling, such as in a nonlinear K-ε model. To this end and for illustration of the effect of extended intrinsic spin tensor on turbulence modelling, we examine several recently developed nonlinear K-ε models and compare their performance in predicting the homogeneous turbulent shear flow in a rotating frame of reference with LES data. Our results and analysis indicate that, only if the deficiencies of these models and the like be well understood and properly corrected, may in the near future, more sophisticated nonlinear K-ε models be developed to better predict complex turbulent flows in a non-inertial frame of reference.

Noise cancellation of a multi-reference full-wave magnetic resonance sounding signal based on a modified sigmoid variable step size least mean square algorithm

Nano-volt magnetic resonance sounding(MRS) signals are sufficiently weak so that during the actual measurement, they are affected by environmental electromagnetic noise, leading to inaccuracy of the extracted characteristic parameters and hindering effective inverse interpretation. Considering the complexity and non-homogeneous spatial distribution of environmental noise and based on the theory of adaptive noise cancellation, a model system for noise cancellation using multi-reference coils was constructed to receive MRS signals. The feasibility of this system with theoretical calculation and experiments was analyzed and a modified sigmoid variable step size least mean square(SVSLMS) algorithm for noise cancellation was presented. The simulation results show that, the multi-reference coil method performs better than the single one on both signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) improvement and signal waveform optimization after filtering, under the condition of different noise correlations in the reference coils and primary detecting coils and different SNRs. In particular, when the noise correlation is poor and the SNR<0, the SNR can be improved by more than 8 dB after filtering with multi-reference coils. And the average fitting errors for initial amplitude and relaxation time are within 5%. Compared with the normalized least mean square(NLMS) algorithm and multichannel Wiener filter and processing field test data, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified.

基于第十三代国际地磁参考场模型在中国区域特征分析与研究

根据最新的第十三代国际地磁参考场模型(IGRF13),计算了2015—2020年中国区域地磁场模型七要素长期变化速率,并在此基础上分析我国区域地磁场长期变化特征。通过分析计算我国28个地磁台的IGRF13模型值与实际地磁场的长期变化速率、差值及均方误差,结果显示:IGRF13模型所显示的地磁场长期变化与我国区域地磁场实际观测变化基本一致,但在局部区域也存在差异,IGRF13模型能够体现中国区域地磁场的特征。应用IGRF13模型数据时需要考虑局部区域与台站实际观测数据的误差。

从心灵的意向性到语言的意向性——齐硕姆语言的意向性首要性思想研究

作为布伦塔诺思想的继承人之一,齐硕姆阐发捍卫布氏理论的主要贡献在于将意向性理论引入分析哲学,使其成为语言哲学研究的中心领域。他提出语言的意向性首要性原则,认为说话者的意向性是决定语言意义的根本因素。他的意向性指称理论解决了以往的指称理论所面临的名称和说话的意义有时不能对应或指称失败的难题,而他的意向性的“归属分析法”则解决了以往的语义“命题分析法”所导致的专名的谬误问题。但是他的理论过于强调意向性的作用,事实上主体的意向性只有借助于语词本身的意义才能传递和理解,失去了这种语言基础,意向性无法表达出来,也无法理解和传递。

命题主义指称论解决空名难题的策略

命题主义指称论运用紧缩主义的方法论分析指称,以命题成分间的指称关系限定名称的指称。命题主义指称论创新性地给出了一种理解语言与世界之间指称关系的方法,这为解决空名难题提供了一种新的策略。空名难题是指空名是否有意义、空名语句是否表达命题、空名语句的真值判定等相关问题。从命题主义指称论的观点看,空名的意义在于其具有的基础可接受性,空名语句表达命题,空名语句的真值判定依赖于以意义为核心的等值模式。命题主义指称论弥补了间隙命题论解决空名难题的语义学策略存在的不足。

基于均值出力的风电调峰成本量化方法

随着大规模风电的快速发展,电力系统的调峰服务需求越来越多,调峰服务的成本也随之增加。合理的计算由风电引发的调峰服务费用是激发常规机组提供调峰服务的前提。为此,提出了风电引发的调峰成本计算方法——风电均值出力参考法,该方法将某时段内风电电量平均分配到各个调度时段得到风电均值出力线,并进一步得到计算调峰成本的参考场景。以此为基准,可直观地计算和体现具体场景中风电出力曲线是否给系统造成了额外的调峰成本。采用所提方法对一个含风电场的5火电机组系统进行了测试,结果验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性。

改进平均间隙法在某电厂沉降观测中的应用研究

用于检验基准网稳定性的平均间隙法在寻找不稳定点时存在过程复杂、计算量大、检验对象受平差基准影响等不足。为解决这些问题,提出一种结合密度峰聚类的改进平均间隙法,并应用于某火电厂沉降监测。应用情况表明,与传统平均间隙法相比,改进平均间隙法能够正确检验出不稳定点,计算复杂度低,检验效率更高,结果的可靠性更高。

REFERENCE在外贸英语与日常英语中的意义区别

The essay analyzes the similarities of the meaning of "reference" in daily English and in trade.Attention is paid to the special meaning of this word.

数词的模糊和虚指——以“两”和"a couple of"的模糊性为例

通过分析数词"两"和"a couple of"的模糊性、语用范围以及组合性特征,来揭示数词的模糊和虚指的区别性特征。

Estimating van Genuchten Model Parameters of Undisturbed Soils Using an Integral Method

The van Genuchten model is the most widely used soil water retention curve (SWRC) model. Two undisturbed soils (clay and loam) were used to evaluate the accuracy of the integral method to estimate van Genuchten model parameters and to determine SWRCs of undisturbed soils. SWRCs calculated by the integral method were compared with those measured by a high speed centrifuge technique. The accuracy of the calculated results was evaluated graphically, as well as by root mean square error (RMSE), normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) and Willmott’s index of agreement (l). The results obtained from the integral method were quite similar to those by the centrifuge technique. The RMSEs (4.61 × 10-5 for Eum-Orthic Anthrosol and 2.74 × 10-4 for Los-Orthic Entisol) and NRMSEs (1.56 × 10-4 for Eum-Orthic Anthrosol and 1.45 × 10-3 for Los-Orthic Entisol) were relatively small. The l values were 0.973 and 0.943 for Eum-Orthic Anthrosol and Los-Orthic Entisol, respectively, indicating a good agreement between the integral method values and the centrifuge values. Therefore, the integral method could be used to estimate SWRCs of undisturbed clay and loam soils.

DRUGS FOR CLEARING HEAT OF DEFICIENCY TYPE—Selected from A Practical English—Chinese Library of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Drugs whose principal effects are toremove the stagnation of sputum are calledexpectorants;drugs which alleviate coughand asthma are called antitussives andantiasthmatics rospectively.As mostexpectorants also have the effect of relievingcough and asthma,and antitussives andantiasthmatics have the effect of resolvingsputum,they are generally referred to

The Expected Value of a Fuzzy Number

Conjunction of two probability laws can give rise to a possibility law. Using two probability densities over two disjoint ranges, we can define the fuzzy mean of a fuzzy variable with the help of means two random variables in two disjoint spaces.

Classical regression equations of spirometric parameters are not applicable for diagnosing spirometric abnormalities in adipotic adults

The prevalence of overweighing and obese adults (defined as "adipotic" adults),has markedly increased over the world. A remarkable increase in the adipotic population urgently needs developing the regression equations for predicting spirometric parameters (SPs), which are specifically applicable to adipotic adults.Unfortunately, however, the reliable equations suitable for adipotic adults have not been reported to date. Recently, Yamaguchi et al have proposed the quantitative method to estimate the effects of adiposity on deciding the SPs incorporating with age-specific contributions of various explanatory,independent variables such as age (A), standing height (H), body weight (BW),and fat fraction of body mass(F). Extending the method proposed by Yamaguchi et al, we attempted to elaborate the novel regression equations applicable for diagnosing the spirometric abnormality in adipotic adults. For accomplishing this purpose, never-smoking, adipotic adults with body mass index (BMI) over 25 kg/m^2 and no respiratory illness were recruited from the general population in Japan (n = 3696, including men: 1890 and women: 1806). Introducing the four explanatory variables of A, H, BW, and F, gender-specific and age-dependent regression equations that allowed for prescribing the SPs in adipotic adults were constructed. Comparing the results obtained for non-adipotic adults (i.e., those with normal BMI), the negative or positive impact of height on SPs was preserved in adipotic adults, as well. However, the negative impact of age on SPs was blunted in adipotic men and the positive effect of BW on SPs was impeded in adipotic men and women. The fat fraction of body mass-elicited negative impact on SPs vanished in adipotic women. These results indicate that the regression equations of SPs for adipotic adults differ significantly from those for nonadipotic adults, leading to the conclusion that the regression equations for nonadipotic adults should not be used while judging the spirometric abnormalities in adipotic adults.

事实与价值二分法的有效性及其限度

事实与价值二分法是价值研究的基本准则,这一准则强调事实与价值有根本的区别,既不能把价值命题还原为事实命题,也不能从事实命题推论出价值命题。事实命题和价值命题在语词构成和表达内容上有重要的差异,事实命题由有指称的描述用语构成,内容是陈述世界状态,而价值命题则包含至少一个没有指称的评价用语或规范用语,内容是表达对事物的评价或对行动的规范,依据这种差异可以论证和支持事实与价值二分法。不过事实与价值二分法有其条件和限度,只有限定在事实命题和价值命题不存在蕴涵关系的意义上才具有有效性。尽管从事实命题不能演绎地推论出价值命题,但是事实命题仍然可以作为提出和论证价值命题的支持性理由,因而事实和价值之间的界限并不是无法跨越的鸿沟。

高层建筑测压风洞试验校准与不确定性的量化

高层建筑风洞试验可靠性常基于多家机构的CAARC标准高层建筑风洞试验结果进行对比检验,然而其风洞试验结果的不确定性难以量化。本研究对D类地貌下缩尺比为1∶400的CAARC标准高层建筑进行刚性模型测压风洞试验,首先研究了风洞试验参考位置对试验结果的影响,结果表明测压试验的参考位置宜选择受湍流影响较小的模型上方风洞顶部;其次,研究了采样次数对平均和极值风压系数的影响规律,为获得较稳定的极值风压系数,建议最小试验采样次数15次;最后,利用试验结果与国内外多家研究机构的结果进行对比分析,验证了本研究风洞试验的可靠性,量化了试验结果的不确定性,结果表明本研究高层建筑风洞试验的风压系数建模不确定性偏差为0.98,变异系数为0.14。

基于信息熵和改进KMC的点云简化算法

为了保持点云的细节几何特征,针对数据点分布散乱的点云数据模型,提出一种基于信息熵和改进K均值聚类的点云简化算法。首先,定义点云局部区域的曲率信息熵,并根据信息熵删除非特征点,从而实现点云初始简化;然后,采用一种基于KD-树的改进KMC算法进一步实现点云精简化,从而实现点云的最终精确简化。实验采用公共点云和文物点云数据模型验证本算法,结果表明该算法比包围盒简化法、随机采样法、聚类简化法以及曲率简化法的简化精度有明显提高,能够较好地保留原始点云的细节几何特征,具有良好的简化效果。因此,基于信息熵和改进KMC的简化算法是一种有效的点云简化算法。