A Model Study of Three-Dimensional Wind Field Analysis from Dual-Doppler Radar Data

A three-dimensional wind field analysis sollware based on the Beigng-Gucheng dual-Doppler weather radar system has been built, and evaluated by using the numerical cloud model producing storm flow and hydrometeor fields. The effects of observation noise and the spatial distribution of wind field analysis error are also investigated.

QUALITY CONTROL OF SINGLE DOPPLER RADAR DATA AND RETRIEVAL OF HORIZONTAL WIND FOR A LANDING TYPHOON

The removal of noise and velocity ambiguity and retrieval and verification of horizontal wind field is a prerequisite to make the best and fullest use of Doppler radar measurements. This approach was applied to the Doppler radar data collected during August 2005 for a landing typhoon Matsa (0509) in Yantai, Shangdong Province, and the verified result shows that the quality control for this dataset was successful. The horizontal wind field was retrieved and then verified by studying the characteristics of the radar radial velocity and large-scale wind field and the vertical cross section of the radial velocity determined with the typhoon center as the circle center and comparing it with satellite imagery. The results show that the meso- and small-scale systems in Matsa and its horizontal and vertical structure could be clearly retrieved using the dataset collected by single Doppler radar, and a shear or a convergence was corresponding with a band of severe storm around Matsa. At the same time, the retrieved wind field from single Doppler radar is proved to be a reliable and high-resolution dataset in analyzing the inner meso-scale structure of Matsa. It is also proved that the method for removing the velocity ambiguity could be an effective approach for preliminary quality control of the Doppler radar data, and the VAP method could also be a reasonable solution for the analysis of mesoscale wind field.

WIND SHEAR IDENTIFICATION WITH THE RETRIEVED WIND OF DOPPLER WEATHER RADAR

Wind shear reflects that the wind field is not uniform, which is one of the primary factors which make the retrieval of the wind field difficult. Based on volume velocity process(VVP) wind field retrieval technique, the intensity of wind shear is identified in this paper. After analyzing the traditional techniques that rely on the difference of radial velocity to identify wind shear, a fixed difference among radial velocities that may cause false identification in a uniform wind field was found. Because of the non-uniformity in wind shear areas, the difference of retrieved results between surrounding analysis volumes can be used as a measurement to show how strong the wind shear is. According to the analysis of a severe convective weather process that occurred in Guangzhou, it can be found that the areas of wind shear appeared with the strength significantly larger than in other regions and the magnitude generally larger than4.5 m/(s·km). Besides, by comparing the variation of wind shear strength during the convection, it can be found that new cells will be more likely to generate when the strength is above 3.0 m/(s·km). Therefore, the analysis of strong wind shear's movement and development is helpful to forecasting severe convections.

Kinematic Features of a Bow Echo in Southern China Observed with Doppler Radar

A bow echo is a type of mesoscale convective phenomenon that often induces extreme weather and appears with strong reflectivity on radar images. A strong bow echo that developed from a supercell was observed over Foshan City in southern China on 17 April 2011. The intense gusty winds and showers caused huge losses of property and severely affected human lives. This paper presents an analysis of this strong meso- n-scale convective system based on Doppler radar observations. The isolated bow echo exhibited a horizontal scale of about 80 km in terms of reflectivity above 40 dBZ, and a life span of 8 hours. The system originated from the merging of a couple of weakly organized cells in a shear line, and developed into an arch shape as it moved through the shear zone. Sufficient surface moisture supply ensured the convective instability and development of the bow echo. The low-altitude winds retrieved from single Doppler radar observations showed an obvious rear-inflow jet along the notch area. Different from the conventional definition, no book- end anticyclone was observed throughout the life cycle. Very strong slantwise updrafts and downdrafts were recognizable from the retrieved winds, even though the spatial scale of the bow echo was small. Strong winds and induced damage on the surface are considered to have been caused by the mid-level rear-inflow jet and intense convective downdrafts.

ERROR COMPARISON OF WIND FIELD RETRIEVAL FROM SINGLE AND DUAL-DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS

The error distributions of the wind fields retrieved from single and dual-Doppler radar observations are given in this paper.The results indicate that the error of dual-Doppler retrieval depends on the position in the scan region of the dual-Doppler radar.The error of single-Doppler retrieval by using velocity azimuth processing(VAP)technique de- pends on the angle between the directions of wind and the radar beam.Generally,the winds retrieved from single Doppl- er radar are close to those retrieved from dual-Doppler radar.But,the error distribution of the single-Doppler retrieval is different from the dual-Doppler retrieval.We simulate the retrievals of single Doppler observation by the use of the output wind data from a 3-D numerical model of severe convection.The comparison of the simulated single-and dual-Doppler retrievals shows that the VAP may be a suitable technique for the operational analysis of mesoscale wind fields.It can also be used as a supplement to wind field retrieval in the field experiment.

GNSS海洋反射信号接收机设计与分析

针对全球导航定位系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)海洋反射信号遥感技术的需求,文章设计了一种GNSS海洋反射信号接收机,用以对GNSS直射信号和反射信号进行接收。多普勒延迟映射结构是GNSS海洋反射信号接收机中的关键部件,采用直射信号通道闭环、反射信号通道开环的方式,反射信号通道利用直射信号通道获得的扩频码和多普勒频率,在半个C/A码片时间内进行相关积分,得到反射信号的相关峰波形。由于海面反射的GNSS信号是多个不同反射信号的集合,合成码的相关波形和直射信号不同,其位置和形状包含了海洋学参数信息,通过此相关函数波形即可解算出海面风场信息。GNSS海洋反射信号接收机技术可以为海洋环境监测、基础测绘、灾害监测等领域提供技术支持。

RETRIEVAL OF HORIZONTAL WIND PERTURBATION FIELDS FROM SIMULATED SINGLE DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS

The application of the single Doppler radar dataset analysis is usually confined to the assumption that the actual wind is linearly distributed or uniform locally.Following some dynamic features of convective weather,a conceptual model of moderate complexity is constructed,wherewith a horizontal wind perturbation field is retrieved directly from the single Doppler radar measurements.The numerical experiments are based on a 3-D cloud model-generated convective cell,whose radial velocity component is taken as the radar observations that are put into the closed equations based on the conceptual model to retrieve the horizontal wind perturbation field.After the initial field is properly treated,the retrieval equation is solved in terms of the 2-D FFT technique and the sensitivity to noise is examined. Finally,contrast analysis is done of the retrieved and the cloud model output wind fields,indicating the usefulness of the approach proposed in this paper.

Numerical Research on Effects Upon Precipitation Forecast of Doppler-Radar Estimated Precipitation and Retrieved Wind Field Under Different Model Initial Schemes

On the basis of the joint estimated 1-h precipitation from Changde, Jingzhou, and Yichang Doppler radars as well as Wuhan digital radar, and the retrieved wind fields from Yichang and Jingzhou Doppler radars, a series of numerical experiments with an advanced regional η-coordinate model （AREM） under different model initial schemes, i.e., Grapes-3DVAR, Barnes objective analysis, and Barnes-3DVAR, are carried out for a torrential rain process occurring along the Yangtze River in the 24-h period from 2000 BT 22 July 2002 to investigate the effects of the Doppler-radar estimated rainfall and retrieved winds on the rainfall forecast. The main results are as follows： （1） The simulations are obviously different under three initial schemes with the same data source （the radiosounding and T213L31 analysis）. On the whole, Barnes-3DVAR, which combines the advantages of the Barnes objective analysis and the Grapes-3DVAR method, gives the best simulations： well-simulated rain band and clear mesoscale structures, as well as their location and intensity close to observations. （2） Both Barnes-3DVAR and Grapes-3DVAR schemes are able to assimilate the Doppler-radar estimated rainfall and retrieved winds, but differences in simulation results are very large, with Barnes-3DVAR＇s simulation much better than Grapes-3DVAR＇s. （3） Under Grapes- 3DVAR scheme, the simulation of 24-h rainfall is improved obviously when assimilating the Doppler-radar estimated precipitation into the model in compared with the control experiment; but it becomes a little worse when assimilating the Doppler-radar retrieved winds into the model, and it becomes worse obviously when assimilating the Doppler-radar estimated precipitation as well as retrieved winds into the model. However, the simulation is different under Barnes-3DVAR scheme. The simulation is improved to a certain degree no matter assimilating the estimated precipitation or retrieved winds, or both of them. The result is the best when assimilating both of them into the model. And （4） Barnes-3DVAR is a new and efficient initial scheme for assimilating the radar estimated rainfall and retrieved winds.

单Doppler雷达IVAP风场反演试验

单Doppler雷达风场反演技术对于扩大Doppler雷达在中尺度气象监测和预报中的应用范围具有重要的作用。通过采用“给定方位角内风场均匀假定”提出积分速度—方位处理技术IVAP(IntegratingVelocity-AzimuthProcessing),克服了VAP技术在单多普勒雷达风场反演中对Doppler速度小尺度脉动过分敏感的缺点,及VAD(Velocity-AzimuthDisplay,速度-方位显示)技术只能反演平均风矢量问题。利用2001-08-05上海特大暴雨时虹桥机场Doppler雷达速度资料进行中尺度风场反演试验。对均匀风方位角区间分别取9°,18°,45°和90°的反演结果的比较表明,采用较小的方位角区间可以反演出与这次暴雨有关的气旋式环流和中尺度辐合线。利用地面站实测风记录及风廓线数据对IVAP反演风的质量进行了评估。结果表明,反演风的风向和地面实测风的风向有很好的相关性,反演方位角区间越大,相关性越好。与20个时次同高度上风廓线仪探测的风速数据的对比表明,IVAP技术反演出的风速和它们也有很好的相关性,两者u、v分量均方误差在2m/s左右。由于IVAP技术风场反演无需事先对Doppler雷达原始的速度资料进行人为的滤波或平滑处理,所以具有较强的客观性,便于在气象雷达预报业务中应用。

由单Doppler雷达资料反演水平风场的简单共轭函数方法的改进方案

该文改进了Ｑｉｕ和Ｘｕ（１９９２）提出的由单个Ｄｏｐｐｌｅｒ雷达探测的资料反演水平风场的简单共轭（ｓｉｍｐｌｅａｄｊｏｉｎｔ）函数方法．其基本做法是将控制方程中的状态变量改用其时间距平量代替，并加入—待反演的方程误差项．利用１９８８年夏季在美国丹佛机场所作的一次下击暴流的双Ｄｏｐｐｌｅｒ雷达观测试验资料对新方法作了检验，结果表明其对反演结果的改善是显著的．

高密度雷达网风场反演的优化方法及其应用效果检验

高质量多普勒天气雷达三维风场反演产品是研究和预报中小尺度天气系统不可或缺的资料。现有的天气雷达三维变分风场反演方法(3DVAR)主要基于单部或数部雷达进行小范围风场反演,利用多部雷达资料进行而大范围风场反演计算量大、程序运行速度慢,不利于业务有效开展。利用广东省11部S波段多普勒天气雷达和27部X波段相控阵天气雷达,在3DVAR方法的基础上,结合双雷达风场反演方法提出了一种能够获得高质量大范围风场结果的优化方法(D-3DVAR)。优化过程共分三步:①基于天气系统位置确定风场反演区域从而减少雷达数量;②通过计算雷达网在双雷达风场反演贡献比例减少雷达数量;③在双雷达风场反演过程中每个格点仅选取最优的两个径向速度进行风场反演计算,其余径向速度不参与后续的风场反演,每进行一步优化后进行风场反演的结果记为优化1—3。以2022年5月13日广东沿海地区一次飑线过程为例,应用D-3DVAR方法对雷达网风场进行反演,并对反演结果进行对比检验。结果表明,三步优化的风场反演方法能够得到大湾区大范围的双多普勒雷达风场反演结果,在2km高度能够较好覆盖大湾区陆地区域,在4km高度能够覆盖海岸线内大部分区域。相较优化1,优化2和优化3的风场反演程序运行速度提高了3倍,优化3与优化1的风场反演结果基本特征一致,风速误差基本小于1.7m·s^(-1),风向误差基本小于10°;但优化3的风场反演结果更能突出中小尺度天气系统风场强上升气流和垂直涡旋特征。

中低纬度系统相互作用过程的中尺度风场分析

以山东济南和滨州两部S波段多普勒雷达的观测数据为基础,采用直接合成的方法,反演台风“利奇马”和西风槽相遇引发极端降水过程的中尺度系统三维风场。(1)冷暖空气交汇产生的切变线长时间维持是西风槽与台风相互作用过程中产生极端降水的关键,暖空气先进后退,表现为东南气流和西北气流先后越过雷达站,垂直方向出现复合切变;(2)最强上升运动出现在对流单体回波梯度最大的区域,最大下沉运动出现在回波顶下风方,中低层回波中心均为弱风速区;(3)发展中的对流单体各层均有气旋式入流,成熟的对流单体高层出流有反气旋式出流;(4)风垂直切变是雨团降水增幅的主要影响因素,成熟期的雨团具有低质心对流单体风暴的结构形态,垂直运动达到最强。

Coherent Doppler lidar wind retrieval for a typhoon based on the genetic simulated annealing algorithm

A method of spectrum estimation based on the genetic simulated annealing(GSA)algorithm is proposed,which is applied to retrieve the three-dimensional wind field of typhoon Nangka observed by our research group.Compared to the genetic algorithm(GA),the GSA algorithm not only extends the detection range and guarantees the accuracy of retrieval results but also demonstrates a faster retrieval speed.Experimental results indicate that both the GA and GSA algorithms can enhance the detection range by 35%more than the least squares method.However,the convergence speed of the GSA algorithm is 17 times faster than that of the GA,which is more beneficial for real-time data processing.

基于风向线性变化假定的单Doppler雷达风场IVAP反演技术

IVAP和扩展VAP技术是在常用的VAD和VAP技术基础上发展起来的单Doppler雷达风场反演技术。在IVAP和扩展VAP技术基础上,进一步改进IVAP技术,将IVAP技术反演假定从局地均匀扩展到局地风速均匀、风向随方位角线性变化,进而提高IVAP技术的反演能力。使用涡旋流场试验表明,改进后的IVAP技术对于风速稳定,而风向变化的风场的反演能力有明显提高。由于改进后的IVAP技术保持了IVAP技术反演时可不对原始资料进行平滑预处理,对于小尺度扰动具有滤波作用,其应用更为广泛。

ASSIMILATION METHOD FOR RETRIEVING HORIZONTAL WIND FIELD FROM SINGLE-DOPPLER DATA

Doppler weather radar can provide the wind information such as the radial velocity,and has become one of the most powerful means for studies of severe mesoscale and microscale weather systems.Usually the radar observation provides only plane position indicator(PPI)scanning data and range height indicator(RHI)scanning data.and this makes some retrieval methods using three-dimensional volume scanning data impractical in operation.In order to use these data more efficiently,a plane assimilation retrieval(PAR)method is developed using data assimilation technique on the PPI scanning plane.The PAR method is tested with the observation data of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS)Doppler weather radar and the result is encouraging.

Study on the Variational Assimilation Technique for the Retrieval of Wind Fields from Doppler Radar Data

This paper introduces a variational assimilation technique for the retrieval of wind fields from Doppler radar data. The assimilated information included both the radial velocity （RV） and the movement of radar echo. In this assimilation technique, the key is transforming the movement of radar echo to a new radar measuring variable- ＂apparent velocity＂ （AV）. Thus, the information of wind is added, and the indeterminacy of recovering two-dimensional wind only by AV was overcome effectively by combining RV with AV. By means of CMA GRAPES-3Dvar and CINRAD data, some experiments were performed. The results show that the method of retrieval of wind fields is useful in obtaining the construction of the weather system.

Improvement of the Integrating Velocity-Azimuth Process Single-Doppler Radar Wind-Retrieval Method

Among the single-Doppler radar wind analysis methods,the velocity-azimuth display（VAD）,velocityazimuth process（VAP）,and uniform wind（UW） methods are widely used because of their simplicity.A general form of the VAD,VAP,and UW methods is the integrating VAP（IVAP） method,which is based on the azimuth uniform-wind assumption.In this study,the IVAP method is improved by applying the method along natural coordinates. The natural coordinates can be chosen to ensure that the tangential and radial winds are uniform,thereby ensuring the validity of the basic assumption that underlies the IVAP method.The winds at each point of the natural coordinates are retrieved on the osculating circle,in which the IVAP method is employed. The results of the experiments show that retrieval of the wind field using single-Doppler radar data depends not only on the retrieval technique,but also on the characteristic pattern of the wind field.If we know the characteristic pattern of the wind field,we can retrieve the wind field using the IVAP method in the chosen natural coordinates,with higher precision.

An Integrating VAP Method for Single-Doppler Radar Wind Retrieval

Some traditional methods, such as the velocity-azimuth display （VAD） and the velocity-azimuth processing （VAP）, have been widely used to retrieve the 3-D wind field from single-Doppler radar data because of their relative conceptual and practical simplicity. The advantage of VAD is that it is not affected by small-scale perturbations of the radial wind along the azimuth, to which the VAP method is very sensitive. Nevertheless, the spatial resolution of the VAD method is very poor compared to the VAP method. We show, in this study, that these two retrieval methods are actually related with each other and they are two special applications of a retrieval function based on the azimuthal uniform-wind assumption for a given azimuthal interval [01,02]. When using this retrieval function to retrieve wind fields, the azimuthal interval used in retrieval can be adjusted according to the requirement of smoothness or resolution. The larger （smaller） the azimuthal interval is, the coarser （finer） the horizontal resolution of retrieved wind field is, and the more insensitive （sensitive） the retrieval method is to small-scale perturbations. Because the full information within the azimuthal interval [01,02], instead of the information at two terminal points only, i.e., azimuths 01 and 02, is used to retrieve the wind fields, this method is referred to as the integrating VAP （IVAP） method, wherein the horizontal wind field is retrieved by using the Doppler velocity over the part of circumference, delimited by the given azimuthal interval times the scan radius. By contrast, the VAP method uses only the velocities at two terminal points of the given azimuthal interval. Therefore, the IVAP method has a filtering function, and the filtering rate can be controlled by adjusting the azimuthal interval. The filter such as that used in the pre-processing of the VAP method is no longer necessary for the IVAP method. When the retrieval azimuthal interval is as large as a whole circumference, the IVAP becomes the VAD. On the other hand, if only two neighboring azimuthal data are used, the IVAP becomes the VAP. The frequency response function of IVAP indicates that the IVAP method can filter out shortwaves, and a larger azimuthal interval leads to stronger filtering ability, therefore a smoother retrieved wind field. The shortwave filter function of the IVAP method is tested by an ideal experiment wherein the radar observations are artificially created by a uniform flow superposed with random disturbances. The VAP and IVAP methods are used in wind retrieval, respectively, and give different results for different azimuthal intervals （i.e., 6°, 12°, 24°, and 48°）. Because the VAP method is sensitive to small disturbances, the retrieved winds have larger errors for all different azimuthal intervals. However, the retrieved wind by the IVAP method has smaller errors when the azimuthal interval is larger due to its shortwave filter function. An experiment for an idealized linear wind field is also carried out to demonstrate the effect of the retrieval azimuthal interval on the IVAP method. The results show that a short interval gives the retrieval close to the ＂true＂ wind field with a linear distribution. When increasing the interval, the retrieval is smoothed and can represent only the mean wind field.

利用双偏振参量估计降水粒子下落末速度及三维风场反演的应用

降水系统三维风场反演的关键问题之一是准确地估算降水粒子下落末速度(W_(t)),为了探究双偏振雷达估计W_(t)的能力,利用广东省龙门地区的雨滴谱数据,建立了W_(t)与S和X波段双偏振雷达观测量的关系,并且将其应用于广州和韶关两部雷达的风场反演。对华南地区2019年4月发生的一次飑线过程进行风场反演试验,分析讨论了此次飑线过程的风场结构配置,并探索了利用不同方法估算的W_(t)在反演出的风场结构上的差异。结果表明:S和X波段雷达通过回波强度(Z H)和差分反射率(Z DR)估算W_(t),其函数形式为幂函数和一次函数,通过Z DR估算的W_(t)均方根误差相较利用Z H估算的W_(t)均方根误差更小、相关系数更大,因此通过Z DR估算的W_(t)的效果更好。此次飑线过程主要从西北向东南方向发展,风场主要是西风和西南风,在飑线前部弓状回波区域内存在明显的辐合区,垂直结构是低层辐合、高层辐散。对比利用不同方法估算W_(t)得到的三维风场,其水平风场变化主要集中在±1 m·s^(-1)的范围,水平经向风速的变化(Δu)主要是正值,水平纬向风速的变化(Δv)主要是负值,垂直方向上风速的变化(Δw)集中在±0.15 m·s^(-1)内,主要是正值,低层Δu、Δv、Δw较高层小。研究结果为降水系统三维风场反演及垂直速度反演提供了参考依据。

2022年3月14日江西及周边地区冰雹回波特征分析

为更好地开展对江西冰雹天气的监测预警工作,使用MICAPS数据、自动站数据、雷达拼图数据、雷达PUP产品数据、双多普勒雷达反演风场数据、冰雹灾情照片视频和微信冰雹信息反馈等资料,采用天气学、雷达气象学等原理与方法,对2022年3月14日江西及周边省份冰雹回波特征进行分析,结果表明:3月14日,江西及周边省份多地出现冰雹,20个区域站出现≥17.2 m·s^(-1)的大风,24个区域站出现≥50.0 mm的降水,且雷暴大风和冷空气大风混合出现。200 hPa高空出流区、500 hPa南支槽和风速切变、850 hPa低涡和切变线、地面辐合线和西南倒槽是冰雹天气主要系统;南昌订正后较大的CAPE、较强逆温层、中层干区和低层湿区为冰雹天气发生提供了环境条件。冰雹以超级单体回波为主,有时孤立存在,有时存在于回波群、回波带之中;回波强度≥60 dBz,强回波面积最小≥18 km^(2),最大≥180 km^(2);30~60 dBz强回波梯度距离≤6 km,具有明显的云砧前伸回波;冰雹回波生命史多数在2 h以上。在冰雹回波识别中,垂直积分液态水含量(VIL)是一个很重要的特征。江西冰雹单部雷达VIL在35~60 kg·m^(-2),雷达拼图上VIL为35~50 kg·m^(-2)。在冰雹回波2.5 km CAPPI图上,冰雹回波强度均≥60 dBz,最大可达65 dBz;在双多普勒雷达反演风场上多数回波中心具有中涡旋结构、侧面辐合风场、南北风场辐合等特征;有些个例风场比较凌乱。上述分析结果为江西冰雹天气的监测预警提供了分析依据。