Reverse Engineering, Some Board Games as a Key to the Development of Artificial Intelligence and Construction of Economic Models

Reverse engineering, also called back engineering, is the process of extracting knowledge or designing information from anything： mechanical device electronic components, computer programs, or biological, chemical matters, and--subsequently--analyzing its components. Reverse engineering can be applied for the sake of creating artificial intelligence, e.g. when the used methods are based on very old games, such as Go and chess. Many generations of computers are able to play at the same level as human grandmasters. A computers＇ arrival at that level is due to imitation of human Go or chess play. A particular emphasis shall be placed upon the Go game, known for 5,500 years. Invented in China, it may be classified as the oldest board game, having its ardent enthusiasts until present times. Old physical issues can be easily projected upon the modeling of new economic phenomena and quantum games. The aim of this paper is to discuss the applications of reverse engineering, traditional social games and other domains, such as quantum physics, to the analysis of utterly new social as well as economic phenomena.

Integrated Product and Process Design Using a Reverse Engineering System

Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) and revers e engineering (RE) have changed drastically the concept of product re-design, pla nning and manufacture of components. However, the main problems currently facing the developers of reverse engineering system, is the time consuming digitis ation of 3D data and the conversion of large amounts of data into a concise and manageable format and linking it to a CAD/CAM system. Automated 3-D profile gen eration, measurements and inspection of manufactured component represents one of the important functions in reverse engineering and in the improvements in produ ct quality in rapid product developments. The paper presents a novel methodology for the development of a reverse enginee ring technique for use in the rapid product development in a CIM environment . The system developed provides integration, data capture and manipulation, dat a transfer between a CAD, CAM, Computer-aided inspection (CAI) and a 3-D profi le scanning system. An efficient scanning strategy has been developed for scann ing and surfaces data acquisition. The products were scanned using a laser scann ing system with a dedicated scan control card and the associated software packag es. A versatile rig was developed for the ease of data gathering of the profile scanning process. The surface data collected was then used to build a mathematic al surface model, which was then used to develop a virtual 3-D model of the pro duct. The resulting surface model provides the geometrical input to the subseque nt machining operation using either a CNC system or other manufacturing operatio n e.g. dies casting/mould casting etc. The prototypes developed were inspected u sing a state-of-the art CNC-CMM that was integrated to the CAD/CAM system. Si nce the scanning/digitised data captured by laser scanning probes requires no ma nual editing, significant time saving over most non-contact probe systems was a chieved. Since the creation of an accurate CAD model of a redesigned component o r a prototype constitute a major element of the total turnaround time; maximum r eturn can be achieved by increasing the efficiency of the redesigning process. T he paper also outlines with a case study the application of the developed system . The system developed offers the flexibility of using the concept of reverse en gineering of a variety of components with the complimentary facility of integrat ion between CAD/CAM Computer-aided Inspection (CAI) systems and a scanning syst em. The developed reverse engineering application in an integrated manufacturing system can increase the consistency, improve cost-efficiency, reduce produ ct turn around and skill levels required to redesign, reengineer and prototyping components and products.

Three-Dimensional Geometrical Modelling of Wild Boar Head by Reverse Engineering Technology

In this paper, a wild boar head was taken as the bionic research object for the development of new ridgers, a kind of plough. The reverse engineering technology was adopted to obtain the surface geometrical information of the head. Several three-dimensional （3D） point clouds of the head were captured first using a non-touch laser scanner, and an integrated point cloud was generated by aligning these point clouds using UG/Imageware. Then, the digital surface model of the head was rebuilt by means of CATIA. The characteristic curves of the surface model were analyzed. The results show that the average error between the rebuilt surface and the point cloud is -0.431 ram. The max curvature of the ridge on the neb of the head is 0.187 mm^-1, and the max and rain Gauss curvatures on the surface are 0.008 mm^-2 and -0.002 mm^-2. These geometrical information are the essential parameters for biomimetics study of the ridger.

Aspect-oriented software reverse engineering

To solve the identification and comprehension problem of crosscutting concerns in existing legacy software system, a framework of aspect-oriented software reveme engineering is proposed. An approach on re-modularizing traversal features of legacy system is presented based on various unified modeling language （UML） diagrams. While modeling crosscutting concerns in UML use case diagrams, the non-functional requirements that affect several use case modules can be enveloped into aspect modules with a stereotype mechanism. The recurring message transmission patterns can be re-modularized as aspects in UML sequence diagrams with UML collaborations. Standard UML activity diagram notations are extended and modified by node fusion and addition, which support the graphical composition operation between crosscutting behaviors and primary business roles of concurrent systems. Case study indicates that travernal features of software system can be extracted and re-modularized from various perspectives in aspect-oriented reverse engineering, which improves comprehensibility and maintainability of legacy systems.

Fringe Projection Measurement System in Reverse Engineering

Acquisition of physical data with high precision is a key step in reverse engineering (RE). It is an important stimulative for the progress of reverse engineering with which various digitizing devices are invent ed, developed and made applicable. This paper introduces a three dimensional opt ical measurement method based on digital fringe projection technique in RE to im prove the technique through its application. A practical example is presented an d the result demonstrates the applicability and feasibility of the measurement s ystem as well as the reliability and validity of relevant methods and algorithms .

Reverse Engineering Based Methodology for Redesigning Contour Milling Tools

Reverse Engineering (RE) involves the use of techniques aimed to retrieve information about manufactured products, not only regarding geometries, but also materials and functionality. Today, even if several RE techniques are known, many of them still leave the object unusable to analyze. Nevertheless, other alternatives to this problem allows for obtaining a Digital or Virtual Model (VM) via the three-dimen- sional scanning. Getting the VM of an item, via scanning or not, can offer many possibilities to digital analysis (FEM). Furthermore, starting from VM, it is possible to achieve the physical reproduction of an element, part or workpiece—in the same or different materials—using Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies. This enables to improve the product through a redesign process. In this paper, a RE based methodology is proposed for redesigning a tool for contour milling, after comparing different microscopy based techniques, 3D-Scanner tools and CAD-CAGD utilities for generating a Virtual Model of the newly designed mill.

Reverse Engineering Activity Diagrams from Object Oriented Code： An MDA-Based Approach

The success of system modernization depends on the existence of technical frameworks for information integration and tool interoperation like the Model Driven Architecture （MDA）. Reverse engineering techniques play a crucial role in system modernization. This paper describes how to reverse engineering activity diagrams from object oriented code in the MDA context focusing on transformations at model and metamodel levels. A framework to reverse engineering MDA models from object oriented code that distinguishes three different abstraction levels linked to models, metamodels and formal specifications, is described. At model level, transformations are based on static and dynamic analysis. At metamodel level, transformations are specified as 0CL （Object Constraint Language） contracts between M0F （Meta Object Facility） metamodels which control the consistency of these transformations. The level of formal specification includes algebraic specifications of MOF metamodels and metamodel-based transformations. This paper analyzes a recovery process of activity diagrams from Java code by applying static and dynamic analysis and shows a formalization of this process in terms of MOF metamodels. The authors validate their approach by using Eclipse Modeling Framework, Ecore metamodels and ATL （Atlas Transformation Language）.

A Statistical Comparison of the Implementation of Concurrent Engineering in Jordanian Industry

In this paper, a statistical comparative investigation of the implementation of Concurrent Engineering (CE) in Jordanian Industry is introduced, practices of CE are reviewed, then mapped into six statistical latent. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) is developed for the implementation of CE, then the model is applied to the following Jordanian industrial sectors: chemical and cosmetics industries, engineering and electrical industries and information technology, wood and furniture industries, and construction industry. The implementation level for the six CE practices among the selected sectors is investigated;a statistical comparative analysis between the considered industrial sectors is conducted. Thereafter, a system dynamics model is developed to understand the true CE trade-offs, which is used as a validity measure to insure that the proposed statistical model and hypotheses are valid.

PRODUCT MODELING AND PROCESS PLANNING WITHIN CONCURRENT ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENT

A prodouct modeling and a process planning that are two essential basses of realizing concurrent engineering are investigated , a logical modeling technique , grammar representation scheme of technology knowledge and architecture of expert system for process planning within con- current engineering environment are proposed. They have been utilized in a real reaserch project.

Numerical Simulation System for Casting Process in Concurrent Engineering

According to the implementing principle and application background of the Concurrent Engineering (CE) project, studies on the integration of numerical simulation system for casting process with CE, simulation of turbulent phenomena in filling process of casting by Algebraic Stress Model (ASM), computation efficiency of filling process and quantitative prediction of shrinkage cavity and porosity under feeding condition of several risers are discussed. After the simulation of casting process of typical magnesium based alloy casting with complicated structure, remarkable success in assuring the quality is also presented.

Benefit measurement of the soil and water conservation for ecological forestry engineering

Data were collected from Three-north Region, Middle and upper reaches region of Yangtze River and Coastal region. By analysis of factors influencing soil erosion, the longitude, latitude, annual precipitation, and the slope degree were selected as regional independent variables and canopy density and stock litter were selected as independent variables, and integral diffusing models were established for evaluation of the benefit of soil and water conservation of forest. By solving the parameters of models using the package of STATISTICA, the Power function between independent variables and dependent variables was set up. The soil conservation amount of forest and economic values were estimated using the contrast method for the ecological forestry engineering of the above three areas.

Concurrent Engineering oriented Integrated Product Model Based on STEP

In this paper, the generalized feature concept is put forward according to concurrent engineering. An integrated product model is established based on the generalized feature according to STEP in order to provide enrichment information for product concurrent development process. The integration of the information and function of CAD/CAPP can be realized based on the integrated product model that supports concurrent engineering. IPM has been used successfully in product concurrent development.

REVERSE MODELING FOR CONIC BLENDING FEATURE

A novel method to extract conic blending feature in reverse engineering is presented. Different from the methods to recover constant and variable radius blends from unorganized points, it contains not only novel segmentation and feature recognition techniques, but also bias corrected technique to capture more reliable distribution of feature parameters along the spine curve. The segmentation depending on point classification separates the points in the conic blend region from the input point cloud. The available feature parameters of the cross-sectional curves are extracted with the processes of slicing point clouds with planes, conic curve fitting, and parameters estimation and compensation, The extracted parameters and its distribution laws are refined according to statistic theory such as regression analysis and hypothesis test. The proposed method can accurately capture the original design intentions and conveniently guide the reverse modeling process. Application examples are presented to verify the high precision and stability of the proposed method.

An improved multidirectional velocity model for micro-seismic monitoring in rock engineering

An improved multidirectional velocity model was proposed for more accurately locating micro-seismic events in rock engineering. It was assumed that the stress wave propagation velocities from a micro-seismic source to three nearest monitoring sensors in a sensor's array arrangement were the same. Since the defined objective function does not require pre-measurement of the stress wave propagation velocity in the field, errors from the velocity measurement can be avoided in comparison to three traditional velocity models. By analyzing 24 different cases, the proposed multidirectional velocity model iterated by the Simplex method is found to be the best option no matter the source is within the region of the sensor's array or not. The proposed model and the adopted iterative algorithm are verified by field data and it is concluded that it can significantly reduce the error of the estimated source location.

A Real-time Concurrent Product and Process Design System for Mechanical Parts

A real time concurrent product and process design system for mechanical parts is described in this paper. It consists of integrated product model, the expert system of product manufacturability evaluation and the controller of concurrent design. With the help of the controller of concurrent design, each feature of a part can be designed and evaluated based on manufacturing knowledge and resources, and can be modified according to the results of evaluation. The machining method of design feature can be selected based on manufacturing knowledge. So real time concurrent product and process design can be implemented based on integrated product model that is established based on generalized feature. Products and its design process can be optimized with the help of this system. The information and function integration of product design process can be realized. The time to market and the cost of products can be reduced.

AN ENGINEERING MODEL FOR MULTICOMPONENT REVERSIBLE REACTION NETWORK

The treatment of a multicomponent reversible reaction network is extremely complicated because largenumber of rate constants must be precisely determined and because the calculation based on these rateconstants is tedious.In order to reduce the degrees of freedom of the process,the authors propose a methodin which the reactor and the separator are regarded as a whole.Based on this approach,an N-componentreversible reaction system can be dealt with as a two—component system.Consequently,a simple and ac-cessible way of the apparent rate determination is suggested.For fiist-order reactions,an explicit,simplifiedexpression has been derived for both lumped and distributed parameter reaction systems.

基于特征匹配的逆向工程模型重建方法

逆向工程(RE)也称反求工程,以实物、样件、软件(包括图样、程序、技术文件等)或影像(图片、照片等)为对象,应用产品设计方法学、系统工程学、计算机辅助技术方法进行系统分析和研究,探索掌握其关键技术,进而开发出同类或更先进产品。从数据采集、数据处理和模型构建3个阶段给出了RE中的模型重建过程。首先基于特征的点云匹配方法进行数据采集,获取物体表面的点云数据,然后采取降噪、平滑等方式进行预处理,最后通过曲面拟合、曲面特征提取和数据拼接完成实物到模型的建模。同时给出了各阶段的通用方法和实际应用的注意事项。RE可快速准确地确定实物的结构特点、内部构造等信息,并为后续设计提供参考。

超效率SBM-Malmquist模型在燃气管道完整性管理效能评价中的应用

为解决燃气管道完整性管理效能评价时,无法准确对比各评价单元完整性管理水平的差异,以及无法动态测算同一评价单元完整性管理效能的问题,提出了一种基于超效率松弛值测算(Slacks-Based Measure, SBM)的模型和Malmquist模型相结合的方法,对管道完整性管理效能评价进行研究。首先,综合考虑完整性管理实施过程、效果与效益,并结合专家意见和相关规范标准,构建效能评价指标体系,该指标体系由3项一级指标和14项二级指标进行表征。其次,采用考虑非期望产出的超效率SBM模型解决各评价单元的比较与排序问题,再将Malmquist模型与超效率SBM模型相结合,测算各评价单元效能的动态变化趋势。最后,针对5家燃气公司在2019—2022年的完整性管理效能,采用所提出的效能评价模型开展评价。结果表明,超效率SBM模型和Malmquist模型相结合是实现管道完整性管理效能客观定量评价的有效方法,通过横向对比和动态测度发现短板并提出针对性的改进意见,其分析结果与实际工程相吻合,证明该方法能够有效评估完整性管理效能,为管道完整性管理提供了一种评价思路。

WP10.5H柴油发动机三维数字模型重构

基于正/逆向混合建模技术对WP10.5H柴油发动机缸盖和缸体进行逆向重构,利用硅胶翻模技术获取发动机内部进、排气道和复杂水道结构的数据,分析了逆向过程中的误差来源,给出了提高模型重构精度的方法,研究结果可为大型复杂零件的模型重构提供参考。

考虑投入产出的常规公交调度绩效回溯性动态评价

实时调度因其灵活性在公交运营组织中发挥着重要决策作用。现行调度(员)绩效评价虽然能够考核行车计划执行情况,却忽略了在乘客体验和企业投入产出层面对调度效果考查,也不支持回溯过往调度实施效果。为使调度员能够精准提升调度技能和绩效、解决调度决策滞后造成的运能浪费等问题并提高乘客满意度,从投入产出及回溯性动态评价2个维度提出基于三阶段Super-SBM(super-efficiency slack-based measurement)模型的常规公交调度绩效评价方法,考虑路况及客流对调度效果的影响,在现行指标基础上从乘客角度增加运营速度、候车时间变化率及满载率标准差3项产出指标,构建评价体系。对2条上海公交线路的实际调度进行回溯性评价,验证了本文评价方法能准确区分调度效果差异。结果表明,高峰时段灵活的调度策略比在平峰能产生更明显的效益,且调度策略在不同时空场景呈现差异化适用性。通过回溯分析历史调度记录的绩效,一方面可以针对各场景为调度员提供调度决策支持,另一方面可为基于机器学习的公交实时调度策略生成技术挑选合适的学习样本,从而提升常规公交运营组织效率。