The desert plant Rhazya stricta has anticancer and antimicrobial properties, and is widely used in indigenous medicines of Saudi Arabia. However, the therapeutic benefits rely on an accurate identification of this spe...The desert plant Rhazya stricta has anticancer and antimicrobial properties, and is widely used in indigenous medicines of Saudi Arabia. However, the therapeutic benefits rely on an accurate identification of this species. The authenticity of R. stricta and other medicinal plants and herbs procured from local markets can be questionable due to a lack of clear phenotypic traits. DNA barcoding is an emerging technology for rapid and accurate species identification. In this study, six candidate chloroplastid barcodes were investigated for the authentication of R. stricta. We compared the DNA sequences from fifty locally collected and five market samples of R. stricta with database sequences of R. stricta and seven closely related species. We found that the coding regions matK, rbcL, rpoB, and rpoC1 were highly similar among the taxa. By contrast, the intergenic spacers psbK-psbI and atpF-atpH were variable loci distinct for the medicinal plant R. stricta. psbK-psbI clearly discriminated R. stricta samples as an efficient single locus marker, whereas a two-locus marker combination comprising psbK-psbI + atpF-atpH was also promising according to results from the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool and a maximum likelihood gene tree generated using PHyML. Two-dimensional DNA barcodes (i.e., QR codes) for the psbK-psbI and psbK-psbI + atpF-atpH regions were created for the validation of fresh or dried R. stricta samples.展开更多
By combination of finite number theory and quantum information, the complete quantum information in the <em>DNA</em> genetic code has been made likely by <em>Planat et al</em>. (2020). In the p...By combination of finite number theory and quantum information, the complete quantum information in the <em>DNA</em> genetic code has been made likely by <em>Planat et al</em>. (2020). In the present contribution a varied quartic polynomial contrasting the polynomial used by <em>Planat et al</em>. is proposed that considered apart from the golden mean also the fifth power of this dominant number of nature to adapt the code information. The suggested polynomial is denoted as <em>g</em>(<em>x</em>) = <em>x</em><sup>4</sup> - <em>x</em><sup>3</sup> - (4 - <em><i style="white-space:normal;">ϕ</i></em><sup>2</sup> )<em>x</em><sup>2</sup> + (4 – <i>ϕ</i><sup>2</sup>)x + 1, where <img src="Edit_40efe764-d690-499f-8424-129f9ca46f78.bmp" alt="" /> is the golden mean. Its roots are changed to more golden mean based ones in comparison to the <em>Planat</em> polynomial. The new coefficients 4 – <em>ϕ</em><sup>2</sup> instead of 4 would implement the fifth power of the golden mean indirectly applying <img src="Edit_5b44b644-3f59-4fad-a586-ec5345ba6be4.bmp" alt="" />. As an outlook, it should be emphesized that the connection between genetic code and resonance code of the <em>DNA</em> may lead us to a full understanding of how nature stores and processes compacted information and what indeed is consciousness linking everything with each other suggestedly mediated by all-pervasive dark constituents of matter respectively energy. The number-theoretical approach to <em>DNA</em> coding leads to the question about the helical structure of the electron.展开更多
文摘The desert plant Rhazya stricta has anticancer and antimicrobial properties, and is widely used in indigenous medicines of Saudi Arabia. However, the therapeutic benefits rely on an accurate identification of this species. The authenticity of R. stricta and other medicinal plants and herbs procured from local markets can be questionable due to a lack of clear phenotypic traits. DNA barcoding is an emerging technology for rapid and accurate species identification. In this study, six candidate chloroplastid barcodes were investigated for the authentication of R. stricta. We compared the DNA sequences from fifty locally collected and five market samples of R. stricta with database sequences of R. stricta and seven closely related species. We found that the coding regions matK, rbcL, rpoB, and rpoC1 were highly similar among the taxa. By contrast, the intergenic spacers psbK-psbI and atpF-atpH were variable loci distinct for the medicinal plant R. stricta. psbK-psbI clearly discriminated R. stricta samples as an efficient single locus marker, whereas a two-locus marker combination comprising psbK-psbI + atpF-atpH was also promising according to results from the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool and a maximum likelihood gene tree generated using PHyML. Two-dimensional DNA barcodes (i.e., QR codes) for the psbK-psbI and psbK-psbI + atpF-atpH regions were created for the validation of fresh or dried R. stricta samples.
文摘By combination of finite number theory and quantum information, the complete quantum information in the <em>DNA</em> genetic code has been made likely by <em>Planat et al</em>. (2020). In the present contribution a varied quartic polynomial contrasting the polynomial used by <em>Planat et al</em>. is proposed that considered apart from the golden mean also the fifth power of this dominant number of nature to adapt the code information. The suggested polynomial is denoted as <em>g</em>(<em>x</em>) = <em>x</em><sup>4</sup> - <em>x</em><sup>3</sup> - (4 - <em><i style="white-space:normal;">ϕ</i></em><sup>2</sup> )<em>x</em><sup>2</sup> + (4 – <i>ϕ</i><sup>2</sup>)x + 1, where <img src="Edit_40efe764-d690-499f-8424-129f9ca46f78.bmp" alt="" /> is the golden mean. Its roots are changed to more golden mean based ones in comparison to the <em>Planat</em> polynomial. The new coefficients 4 – <em>ϕ</em><sup>2</sup> instead of 4 would implement the fifth power of the golden mean indirectly applying <img src="Edit_5b44b644-3f59-4fad-a586-ec5345ba6be4.bmp" alt="" />. As an outlook, it should be emphesized that the connection between genetic code and resonance code of the <em>DNA</em> may lead us to a full understanding of how nature stores and processes compacted information and what indeed is consciousness linking everything with each other suggestedly mediated by all-pervasive dark constituents of matter respectively energy. The number-theoretical approach to <em>DNA</em> coding leads to the question about the helical structure of the electron.
