Practice of Glycemic Self-Monitoring in Diabetic Patients Followed at the Endocrinology Department of Donka University Hospital in Guinea

Diabetes is a chronic pathology whose evolution is marked by micro and macroangiopathic complications. Optimal management can prevent the onset of complications and improve patients’ quality of life. Objectives: To determine the frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose and to describe the errors found during self-monitoring in diabetic patients followed at the Endocrinology Department of Donka University Hospital in Guinea. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study carried out between August and September 2020 involving diabetic patients followed up at the Endocrinology and Diabetology Department of the Donka National Hospital, CHU Conakry. Results: A total of 301 patients were enrolled, with an average age of 44.24 ± 21.01 years. 64.12% were female. Type 2 diabetes predominated in 64% of cases. The mean duration of diabetes was 6.14 ± 4.67 years, and 75.08% of patients lived in urban areas. Patients were on insulin in 36.21% of cases, insulin and biguanides (26.25%), hypoglycemic sulfonamide and biguanides (19.27%) and biguanides in 18.27% of cases. The frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose was 43%, and 38% of patients made errors, notably reusing lancets (60%), not checking the expiration date (55.65%) and not washing their hands (48%). Conclusion: This study shows that self-monitoring of blood glucose is not performed by the majority of patients. Numerous errors were identified during blood glucose testing. Continued therapeutic education on the use of blood glucose meters will help empower patients and improve their quality of life.

Accuracy of pipeline blood glucose monitoring in patients with severe liver injury undergoing artificial liver support system treatment

Severe deterioration of liver function in patients can be characterized by coagulation disorders, jaundice, hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, and other symptoms. Severe liver injury can develop as acute liver failure, subacute liver failure, acute-on-chronic liver failure, or further worsening of end-stage liver disease [1].

Investigation and Analysis on the Management Standard of Blood Glucose Monitoring for Clinical Nurses in Nyingchi Region of Tibet

Background: In participating in the medical support work in the Nyingchi area of Tibet, the author found that the medical education resources in this area are scarce, and the clinical nurses in this area have relatively insufficient knowledge about blood glucose monitoring and management. Accurately understanding the knowledge-attitude/belief-practice (KAP) level of nurses in Nyingchi area on blood glucose management is of great significance to the development of blood glucose monitoring management guidance for nurses in this area. Therefore, this study investigated the current status of the management of blood glucose monitoring management standards for clinical nurses in Nyingchi, Tibet. Objective: To investigate and analyze the current situation of clinical nurses in Nyingchi region of Tibet to grasp the regulation of blood glucose monitoring and guide the implementation of the norm of blood glucose monitoring for clinical nurses. Methods: The research survey was carried out from March to April 2020. Random sampling method was used to select 134 clinical in-service nurses in Nyingchii, Tibet. The self-designed knowledge-attitude/belief-practice survey questionnaire for clinical nurses’ blood glucose monitoring and management in Tibet was used. Nurses’ blood glucose monitoring management “KAP” scores and related influencing factors are analyzed. Results: Blood sugar monitoring and management knowledge score is (36.78 ± 6.80), attitude dimension is (42.48 ± 6.42), practice dimension is (61.87 ± 10.24) and total score is (304.73 ± 36.24). The nurse’s department and whether to participate in diabetes training are the main influencing factors of the blood glucose monitoring management norms, knowledge and behavior (both P < 0.05). Conclusion: The standard knowledge of blood glucose monitoring and management of clinical nurses in Nyingchi region of Tibet is at the middle level, positive attitude and unsatisfactory behavior. Nursing managers should conduct standardized training for clinical nurses in blood glucose monitoring, develop the training mode of diabetes specialty nursing talents in Nyingchi area, and construct a complete management system of diabetes specialty nursing.

Self-monitoring of blood glucose in gestational diabetes mellitus patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries

Self-monitoring of blood glucose(SMBG)is critical for gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)care.However,there are several hurdles to its practice during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic in GDM patients in low-and middle-income countries when GDM care recommendations emphasize telemedicine-based care.Based on available knowledge,this letter proposes the following barriers to SMBG in these GDM patients during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic:Poor internet connectivity,affordability of SMBG and digital applications to connect with healthcare providers,government-imposed social mobility restriction,psychological stress,and mental health conditions.Nevertheless,definitive evidence will only be acquired from rigorous research.

Differences in the system accuracy acceptability of four types of blood glucose monitoring systems against five different standards

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the system accuracy of four types of blood glucose monitoring systems(BGMSs)and explore the differences in the system accuracy acceptability of each BGMS against five different standards.Methods:The glucose measurement values obtained from four types of BGMSs(Roche Accu-Chek® Performa,Bayer Contour™ TS,Sinomedisite Glupad® H1 Plus,and Sinocare® Gold-Accu)were evaluated against the reference values obtained from the biochemical analyzer of the central laboratory.The system accuracy acceptability of each BGMS was determined using the criteria specified in five standards,namely the International Organization for Standardization(ISO)15197:2003,Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)POCT12-A3,ISO 15197:2013,Chinese Society of Laboratory Medicine(CSLM)consensus,and US Food and Drug Administration(FDA)guidelines.Results:From 2018 to 2022,10,980 pairs of measurement values were obtained from 366 glucose meters of four types of BGMSs.Significant correlations were observed between the glucose measurement values from the BGMSs and the reference values from the biochemical analyzer of the central laboratory.The correlation coefficient r was 0.995 for Roche Accu-Chek® Performa,0.994 for Bayer Contour™ TS,0.983 for Sinomedisite Glupad® H1 Plus,and 0.997 for SinocareR Gold-Accu.The acceptability criteria specified in ISO 15197:2003 were met by 100.00%(135/135)of the glucose meters of Roche Accu-Chek® Performa,100.00%(109/109)of Bayer Contour™ TS,81.61%(71/87)of Sinomedisite Glupad® H1 Plus,and 100.00%(35/35)of SinocareR Gold-Accu.Whereas,the acceptability criteria specified in ISO 15197:2013 were met by 99.26%(134/135)of the glucose meters of Roche Accu-Chek® Performa,88.07%(96/109)of Bayer Contour™ TS,58.62%(51/87)of Sinomedisite Glupad R H1 Plus,and 91.43%(32/35)of SinocareR Gold-Accu.Conclusions:Among the four types of BGMSs evaluated,the glucose meters of Roche Accu-Chek® Performa exhibited superior system accuracy.The system accuracy acceptability of each BGMS varied significantly against the acceptability criteria specified in the five different standards.

Review of minimally invasive continuous glucose monitoring technology & instruments

Continuous blood glucose monitoring is important for the diagnosis,treatment,and study of diabetes. many organizations have been working on this subject in recent two decades. Glucose concentration in interstitial fluid is closely related to the blood glucose levels. Minimally invasive continuous blood glucose monitoring technology based on the glucose detection in interstitial fluid develops rapidly and gets more and more attentions from the patients and the doctors,due to its instantaneous real-time display of glucose level,"24/7"coverage,and the ability to characterize glycemic variability. According to the different detection methods,most of the continuous glucose monitoring technology could be divided into two kinds: subcutaneous implantation method and transdermal extraction method. This paper review s the recent development of minimally invasive blood glucose monitoring technology and instruments. The mainly remained challenges and related research directions are presented as well.

Development of Wearable Semi-invasive Blood Sampling Devices for Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Survey

Semi-invasive blood sampling devices mimic the way female mosquitoes extract blood from a host. They generally consist of a microneedle, a microactuator for needle insertion, a blood extraction mechanism and a blood glucose sensor. These devices have great potential to overcome the major disadvantages of several current blood glucose monitoring methods. Over last two decades, extensive research has been made in all of these related fields. More recently, several wearable devices for semi-invasive blood sampling have been developed. This review aims at summarizing the current state-of-the-art development and utilization of such wearable devices for continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels, with a special attention on design considerations, fabrication technologies and testing methods.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as a possible intervention to delay the onset of type 1 diabetes:A new horizon

Type 1 diabetes(T1D)is a chronic autoimmune condition that destroys insulinproducing beta cells in the pancreas,leading to insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia.The management of T1D primarily focuses on exogenous insulin replacement to control blood glucose levels.However,this approach does not address the underlying autoimmune process or prevent the progressive loss of beta cells.Recent research has explored the potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs)as a novel intervention to modify the disease course and delay the onset of T1D.GLP-1RAs are medications initially developed for treating type 2 diabetes.They exert their effects by enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion,suppressing glucagon secretion,and slowing gastric emptying.Emerging evidence suggests that GLP-1RAs may also benefit the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with T1D.This article aims to highlight the potential of GLP-1RAs as an intervention to delay the onset of T1D,possibly through their potential immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects and preservation of beta-cells.This article aims to explore the potential of shifting the paradigm of T1D management from reactive insulin replacement to proactive disease modification,which should open new avenues for preventing and treating T1D,improving the quality of life and long-term outcomes for individuals at risk of T1D.

Evaluation of hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery system in type 1 diabetes in real-world clinical practice:One-year observational study

BACKGROUND In 2016,the Food and Drug Administration approved the first hybrid closed-loop(HCL)insulin delivery system for adults with type 1 diabetes(T1D).There is limited information on the impact of using HCL systems on patient-reported outcomes(PROs)in patients with T1D in real-world clinical practice.In this independent study,we evaluated glycemic parameters and PROs over one year of continuous use of Medtronic’s 670G HCL in real-world clinical practice.AIM To assess the effects of hybrid closed loop system on glycemic control and quality of life in adults with T1D.METHODS We evaluated 71 patients with T1D(mean age:45.5±12.1 years;59%females;body weight:83.8±18.7 kg,body mass index:28.7±5.6 kg/m2,A1C:7.6%±0.8%)who were treated with HCL at Joslin Clinic from 2017 to 2019.We measured A1C and percent of glucose time-in-range(%TIR)at baseline and 12 months.We measured percent time in auto mode(%TiAM)for the last two weeks preceding the final visit and assessed PROs through several validated quality-of-life surveys related to general health and diabetes management.RESULTS At 12 mo,A1C decreased by 0.3%±0.1%(P=0.001)and%TIR increased by 8.1%±2.5%(P=0.002).The average%TiAM was only 64.3%±32.8%and was not associated with A1C,%TIR or PROs.PROs,provided at baseline and at the end of the study,showed that the physical functioning submodule of 36Item Short-Form Health Survey increased significantly by 22.9%(P<0.001).Hypoglycemia fear survey/worry scale decreased significantly by 24.9%(P<0.000);Problem Areas In Diabetes reduced significantly by-17.2%(P=0.002).The emotional burden submodules of dietary diversity score reduced significantly by-44.7%(P=0.001).Furthermore,analysis of Clarke questionnaire showed no increase in awareness of hypoglycemic episodes.WHO-5 showed no improvements in subject’s wellbeing among participants after starting the 670G HCL system.Finally,analysis of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index showed no difference in sleep quality,sleep latency,or duration of sleep from baseline to 12 mo.CONCLUSION The use of HCL in real-world clinical practice for one year was associated with significant improvements in A1C,%TIR,physical functioning,hypoglycemia fear,emotional distress,and emotional burden related to diabetes management.However,these changes were not associated with time in auto mode.

Detection and management of perioperative blood glucose abnormalities

Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic disease.With the improvement of living standards,the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in China is increasing.There are now more people with diabetes in China(>100 million)than in any other country.About half of these people with diabetes need to undergo at least one procedure in their lifetime.Diabetic patients have a much higher probability of perioperative dysglycemia than the normal population,which has a great impact on their prognosis.In addition,non-diabetic patients may also have abnormal blood glucose levels due to various reasons during the perioperative period,which will also lead to a series of adverse consequences.This ar ticle reviews the perioperative blood glucose management of patients to provide a reference for improving their health status.

Parsimonious Model for Blood Glucose Level Monitoring in Type 2 Diabetes patients

To establish the parsimonious model for blood glucose monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving oral hypoglycemic agent treatment. One hundred and fifty-nine adult Chinese type 2 diabetes patients were randomized to receive rapid-acting or sustained-release gliclazide therapy for 12 weeks.

Recent developments in non-invasive blood glucose monitoring technology

Diabetes mellitus is a huge and significantly grow ing problem. Continuous and real-time monitoring of blood glucose plays a key role for the people with diabetes,which can help them to control glucose concentration more effectively. However,current blood glucose monitoring methods require blood by needle-pricking,which limit the detection frequency. It is necessary to develop non-invasive blood glucose monitoring methods to achieve the ideal therapeutic and management of diabetes. In this paper,the developments and challenges of non-invasive blood glucose monitoring technologies in recent years are reviewed. And the bottleneck and the developing trends are also analyzed.

What,why and how to monitor blood glucose in critically ill patients

Critically ill patients are prone to high glycemic variations irrespective of their diabetes status.This mandates frequent blood glucose(BG)monitoring and regulation of insulin therapy.Even though the most commonly employed capillary BG monitoring is convenient and rapid,it is inaccurate and prone to high bias,overestimating BG levels in critically ill patients.The targets for BG levels have also varied in the past few years ranging from tight glucose control to a more liberal approach.Each of these has its own fallacies,while tight control increases risk of hypoglycemia,liberal BG targets make the patients prone to hyperglycemia.Moreover,the recent evidence suggests that BG indices,such as glycemic variability and time in target range,may also affect patient outcomes.In this review,we highlight the nuances associated with BG monitoring,including the various indices required to be monitored,BG targets and recent advances in BG monitoring in critically ill patients.

Dextrose in the banked blood products does not seem to affect the blood glucose levels in patients undergoing liver transplantation

AIM: Hyperglycemia commonly seen in liver transplantation (LT) has often been attributed to the dextrose in the storage solution of blood transfusion products. The purpose of the study is to compare the changes of the blood glucose levels in transfused and non-transfused patients during LT. METHODS: A retrospective study on 60 biliary pediatric patients and 16 adult patients undergoing LT was carried out. Transfused pediatric patients were included in Group Ⅰ (GⅠ), those not transfused in Group Ⅱ (GⅡ). Twelve adult patients were not given transfusion and assigned to Group Ⅲ(GⅢ); whereas, four adult patients who received massive transfusion were assigned to Group Ⅳ (GⅣ). The blood glucose levels, volume of blood transfused, and the volume of crystalloid infused were recorded, compared and analyzed. RESULTS: Results showed that the changes in blood glucose levels during LT for both non-transfused and minimally transfused pediatric groups and non-transfused and massively-transfused adult groups were almost the same. CONCLUSION: We conclude that blood transfusion does not cause significant changes in the blood glucose levels in this study.

WJD 5^(th) Anniversary Special Issues(2): Type 2 diabetes Structured SMBG in early management of T2DM: Contributions from the St Carlos study

Diabetes mellitus type 2(T2DM)is a global pandemic that will affect 300 million people in the next decade.It has been shown that early and aggressive treatment of T2DM from the onset decreases complications,and the patient’s active role is necessary to achieve better glycemic control.In order to achieve glycemic control targets,an active attitude in patients is needed,and selfmonitoring of blood glucose(SMBG)plays a significant role.Nowadays,SMBG has become an important component of modern therapy for diabetes mellitus,and is even more useful if it is performed in a structured way.SMBG aids physicians and patients to achieve a specific level of glycemic control and to prevent hypoglycemia.In addition,SMBG empowers patients to achieve nutritional and physical activity goals,and helps physicians to optimize the different hypoglycemic therapies as demonstrated in the St Carlos study.This article describes the different ways of using this educational and therapeutic tool from the medical point of view as well as from the patient’s perspective.

Accuracy evaluation of Roche Accu-Chek Performa blood glucose meters at low glucose concentrations:A nine-year retrospective study

Objective:To evaluate the accuracy of Roche Accu-Chek Performa glucose meters at a low glucose concentration of<5.55 mmol/L(100 mg/dL)over a 9-year period.Methods:The accuracy of the Roche Accu-Chek Performa glucose meters at low glucose concentrations was evaluated using annual comparison data for 9 consecutive years from 2015 to 2023,according to the acceptability criteria specified in International Organization for Standardization(ISO)15197:2013.Blood samples with low glucose concentrations of<5.55 mmol/L were prepared by incubation and glycolysis.The glucose concentration was detected using Roche Accu-Chek Performa glucose meters and a biochemical analyzer in the central laboratory.Results:A total of 2978 pairs of comparison results from 211 glucose meters at a low glucose concentration of<5.55 mmol/L were retrospectively analyzed from 2015 to 2023.The clinical use duration spanned from 1 to 9 years and 40.76%(86 out of 211 glucose meters)had been used for more than 2 years.The correlation coefficient r between glucose meter measurements and laboratory reference values was 0.98(p<0.001).The mean according to Roche Accu-Chek Performa glucose meters was 0.05 mmol/L(0.9 mg/dL)higher than that of the biochemical analyzer(Z=-13.82,p<0.0001).The results showed that 100.00%(211 out of 211)of the Roche Accu-Chek Performa glucose meters met the acceptability criteria specified in ISO 15197:2013.At a low glucose concentration of<5.55 mmol/L,99.90%(2975 out of 2978)of the comparative data pairs in the error distribution fell within the range of±0.83 mmol/L(15 mg/dL).Parkes consensus error grid analysis showed that 100.00%(2978 out of 2978)of comparative data pairs fell within region A.Conclusions:This study demonstrated that Roche Accu-Chek Performa glucose meters successfully met the accuracy standards of ISO 15197:2013 for measuring blood glucose within the hypoglycemic range.Greater attention should be given to the performance of blood glucose monitoring systems in the low glycemic range,especially for patients with diabetes who are prone to hypoglycemia and require precise measurements.

智能无创妊娠期血糖监测仪样机的临床验证

该研究旨在通过临床验证,评估一款智能无创妊娠期血糖监测仪样机的有效性。该监测仪基于近红外光谱法,利用AI大数据分析光电容积脉搏波数据,实现对妊娠期妇女血糖的无创监测。研究团队开发了一种利用感测芯片的监测仪,有效克服了无创血糖监测中的信号弱和个体差异问题。通过智能无创妊娠期血糖监测仪配套手机APP(application)上直观显示检测结果,提升了用户体验。临床验证显示,20~30岁孕妇的无创监测数据与传统血糖测量方法存在显著差异(P<0.05),而31~42岁孕妇则无显著差异。研究指出,该监测仪需进一步校准和扩大样本量,以提高与有创血糖监测结果的一致性。

肝癌切除手术患者目标导向性血糖监测的证据总结

目的检索并总结肝癌切除手术患者目标导向性血糖监测相关证据,为临床提供指导依据。方法应用PICO程式结构化临床问题,检索中国指南网,美国指南网,英国国家临床医学研究所指南库,国际指南图书馆,英格兰学院间指南网,UpToDate,BMJ,Cochrane Library,PubMed,Web of Science,EMbase,CINAHL,中国生物医学数据库,中国知网,万方医学数据库。采用相关评价工具对纳入的文献进行质量评价。结果共纳入文献15篇,包括指南6篇,专家共识3篇,原始研究6篇,总结出18条审查指标,包括多学科团队构建、术前评估及健康教育、监测方法、术前/术中/术后目标导向性血糖监测措施、异常血糖处理、术后交接及管理等内容。结论本研究总结了肝癌切除手术患者目标导向性血糖监测的最佳证据,为规范临床血糖监测及控制,降低血糖异常事件及并发症发生率,加速术后康复提供循证依据。

术后早期连续血糖监测与取栓后急性缺血性卒中患者预后评估的相关性研究

目的 探讨急性缺血性卒中患者机械取栓术后1~7 d连续血糖水平与预后的相关性。方法 回顾性选取首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院2021年1月1日至2023年8月31日期间接受机械取栓手术的151例急性缺血性卒中患者为研究对象,收集术后1~7 d空腹及早、午、晚餐后2 h的指尖血糖数据。出院后随访患者术后90 d改良Rankin评分(mRS),采用双变量相关性分析法研究术后1~7 d血糖水平与患者预后的相关性。结果 患者术后第1天(空腹,P=0.028)、第2天(午餐后,P=0.027)、第4天(早餐后,P=0.014)、第5天(午餐后,P=0.006)及第6天(早餐后,P=0.043)血糖水平与术后90 d mRS评分存在显著相关性。结论 术后1~7 d血糖控制对患者预后恢复有显著影响,高血糖状态与术后90 d较差的神经功能障碍显著相关。有效的血糖管理策略可以为患者提供更有利的康复条件和改善预后的可能性。

老年男性2型糖尿病患者血糖波动与骨代谢指标及骨密度的相关性研究

目的探讨老年男性2型糖尿病患者(T2DM)血糖波动相关指标与骨代谢指标及骨密度的相关性。方法选取2020年9月至2023年3月在安徽医科大学第一附属医院内分泌科就诊的老年男性T2DM患者252例,根据患者骨密度结果分为正常组、骨量减少组以及骨质疏松组。所有受试者均进行临床信息的采集,同时行体格检查、实验室检查,所有受试者均进行连续72h动态血糖监测(CGM),并收集血糖波动相关指标。采用t检验或方差检验对3组患者间的一般临床资料、实验室结果进行比较;采用Pearson相关分析、多元回归分析探讨血糖波动相关指标与骨代谢指标及骨密度的相关性。结果随着骨量减少的严重程度的增加,患者的年龄、病史时间显著增加,BMI显著降低,使用GLP-1受体激动剂的患者比例在骨质疏松症组显著减少。同时骨形成指标OC、PINP以及骨吸收指标CTX、TRAP均有明显减少。血糖波动指标TIR、SDBG、CV、MAGE、MODD随着患者骨量减少的严重程度的增加而显著增加。另外,通过Pearson相关分析、多元回归分析后发现,OC与CV、MAGE、MODD呈显著独立负相关,CTX与TIR、CV、MAGE呈显著独立负相关,TRAP与MAGE呈显著独立负相关。股骨颈T值与全髋T值与MAGE呈显著独立负相关。结论本研究发现老年男性T2DM患者血糖波动和骨转换标志物、骨密度之间存在独立的负相关关系。故积极控制老年男型T2DM患者的血糖波动可能有利于骨代谢以及骨密度的改善。