Climate change alters the intensity and frequency of drought and rewetting(D/W)events;however,the influence patterns of D/W on soil N_(2)O efflux in the water-limited area were not fully understood.Therefore,the impac...Climate change alters the intensity and frequency of drought and rewetting(D/W)events;however,the influence patterns of D/W on soil N_(2)O efflux in the water-limited area were not fully understood.Therefore,the impacts of D/W cycles varying in different extent of rewetting and frequency to N_(2)O efflux in two kinds of soil on the Loess Plateau were investigated.The incubation conditions consisted of 1)D/W treatments with four 7-day cycles from 10%water holding capacity(WHC)to 60%WHC or 90%WHC,2)constant moisture of 60%WHC and 90%WHC.The pulse of N_(2)O efflux rate under 10-60%WHC treatment was higher than that under 10-90%WHC treatment in calcic cambisols,while opposite trend was observed in earth-cumuli-orthic anthrosols.Meanwhile,the pulse of N_(2)O efflux rate decreased as cycle number increased for different wetting intensities and soil types.The direct N_(2)O efflux under 10-60%WHC and 10-90%WHC treatments were 5.49 and 1.89μg N_(2)O-N g^(-1)soil in calcic cambisols,with those being 1.92 and 10.85μg N_(2)O-N g^(-1)soil in earth-cumuli-orthic anthrosols,respectively.The N loss in earth-cumuli-orthic anthrosols was approximately 5.74 times greater than that in calcic cambisols under 10-90%WHC treatment,whereas the N loss under 10-60%WHC treatment was about 2.86 times greater in calcic cambisols than that in earth-cumuli-orthic anthrosols.This study suggested that extreme rainfall events can enhance the N_(2)O efflux and N loss in agricultural soils on the Loess Plateau in terms of soil type and wetting intensity,which should not be ignored in the N fertilizer management.展开更多
During the non-frost season, the condensation of dew makes Nostoc flagelliforme Born. et Flah., a highly drought-tolerant terrestrial cyanobacterium, frequently undergo rehydration-dehydration. Rehydration begins in t...During the non-frost season, the condensation of dew makes Nostoc flagelliforme Born. et Flah., a highly drought-tolerant terrestrial cyanobacterium, frequently undergo rehydration-dehydration. Rehydration begins in the dark at night. After rewetting in the dark, photochemical activity and the structure of photosystem (PS) II were not recovered at all; the structure of PSI, energy transfer in phycobilisomes, and energy transfer from phycobilisomes to PSI were recovered within 5 min, as in the light. The recovery of energy transfer from phycobilisomes to PSII was light dependent and energy transfer from phycobilisomes to PSII was only partially recovered in the dark. These results suggest that the two-trigger control (water and light) of photo synthetic recovery may make N. flagelliforme avoid unnecessary energy consumption and, at the same time, the partial recovery of energy transfer from phycobilisomes to PSII in the dark could help N. flagelliforme accumulate more photosynthetic products during the transient period of rehydration-dehydration.展开更多
Dry–rewetting（DW） disturbance frequently occurs in soils due to rainfall and irrigation, and the frequency of DW cycles might exert significant influences on soil microbial communities and their mediated functions....Dry–rewetting（DW） disturbance frequently occurs in soils due to rainfall and irrigation, and the frequency of DW cycles might exert significant influences on soil microbial communities and their mediated functions. However, how microorganisms respond to DW alternations in soils with a history of heavy metal pollution remains largely unknown.Here, soil laboratory microcosms were constructed to explore the impacts of ten DW cycles on the soil microbial communities in two contrasting soils（fluvo-aquic soil and red soil）under three copper concentrations（zero, medium and high）. Results showed that the fluctuations of substrate induced respiration（SIR） decreased with repeated cycles of DW alternation. Furthermore, the resistance values of substrate induced respiration（RS-SIR）were highest in non-copper-stressed（zero） soils. Structural equation model（SEM） analysis ascertained that the shifts of bacterial communities determined the changes of RS-SIR in both soils. The rate of bacterial community variance was significantly lower in noncopper-stressed soil compared to the other two copper-stressed（medium and high） soils,which might lead to the higher RS-SIR in the fluvo-aquic soil. As for the red soil, the substantial increase of the dominant group WPS-2 after DW disturbance might result in the low RS-SIR in the high copper-stressed soil. Moreover, in both soils, the bacterial diversity was highest in non-copper-stressed soils. Our results revealed that initial copper stress could decrease the resistance of soil microbial community structure and function to subsequent DW disturbance.展开更多
The recent investigations on the rewettmg and film boiling of liquid flowing along a hot/heated surface are briefly reviewed and discussed.Some advanced theoretical analyses are conducted and new conclusions achieved....The recent investigations on the rewettmg and film boiling of liquid flowing along a hot/heated surface are briefly reviewed and discussed.Some advanced theoretical analyses are conducted and new conclusions achieved.These investigations describe the fundamental characteristics of liquid flow boiling and further the complicated rewetting phenomena,and have resulted in considerable insight intothe mechanism.展开更多
广发、频发的干旱事件已造成了严重的作物减产,深入解析玉米对干旱的响应过程及机制,对准确评估干旱影响进而合理指导玉米生产具有重要现实意义。基于锦州农业气象试验站已布设的干旱-复水联动试验平台(CK:自然降水处理;RD:2020年6月30...广发、频发的干旱事件已造成了严重的作物减产,深入解析玉米对干旱的响应过程及机制,对准确评估干旱影响进而合理指导玉米生产具有重要现实意义。基于锦州农业气象试验站已布设的干旱-复水联动试验平台(CK:自然降水处理;RD:2020年6月30日至8月10日控水,之后复水),监测净光合速率(Net Photosynthetic Rate,Pn)、蒸腾速率(Transpiration Rate,Tr)、日茎流量(Daily Stem Flow,DSF)、玉米产量构成要素等参数。结果表明,拔节期,与CK处理相比,RD处理控水初期Pn降低5.0%,Tr增加12.4%,但均不显著;灌浆期,当土壤含水量(Soil Water Content,SWC)降至40.0%后,RD处理下Pn、Tr及DSF显著降低,分别降低至CK处理水平的23.6%和6.9%和32.5%,灌浆期叶片光合产物大部分向果穗输送,耗水能力大于拔节期,干旱对Pn、Tr及DSF的抑制效应更为明显。乳熟期,RD处理进入复水阶段,Pn、Tr和DSF增加,分别恢复至CK处理水平的61.5%、75.0%和46.6%,说明控水期间降低的Pn、Tr和DSF无法在复水期间完全恢复。控水通过显著降低叶含水率(Leaf Water Ratio,LWR)、茎含水率(Stem Water Ratio,SWR)而显著降低Pn和Tr,其中LWR与Pn和Tr的相关系数分别为0.55和0.84;SWR与Pn和Tr的相关系数分别为0.59和0.67。拔节期至灌浆期连续控水可能导致光合器官活性下降,复水也未能使其恢复,最终导致作物减产,与CK处理相比,RD处理下穗长、穗粗、百粒重等产量结构要素显著降低,造成54.0%的减产率。展开更多
基金This work was financially supported by the‘Hundred-talent Project’of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(A315021407).
文摘Climate change alters the intensity and frequency of drought and rewetting(D/W)events;however,the influence patterns of D/W on soil N_(2)O efflux in the water-limited area were not fully understood.Therefore,the impacts of D/W cycles varying in different extent of rewetting and frequency to N_(2)O efflux in two kinds of soil on the Loess Plateau were investigated.The incubation conditions consisted of 1)D/W treatments with four 7-day cycles from 10%water holding capacity(WHC)to 60%WHC or 90%WHC,2)constant moisture of 60%WHC and 90%WHC.The pulse of N_(2)O efflux rate under 10-60%WHC treatment was higher than that under 10-90%WHC treatment in calcic cambisols,while opposite trend was observed in earth-cumuli-orthic anthrosols.Meanwhile,the pulse of N_(2)O efflux rate decreased as cycle number increased for different wetting intensities and soil types.The direct N_(2)O efflux under 10-60%WHC and 10-90%WHC treatments were 5.49 and 1.89μg N_(2)O-N g^(-1)soil in calcic cambisols,with those being 1.92 and 10.85μg N_(2)O-N g^(-1)soil in earth-cumuli-orthic anthrosols,respectively.The N loss in earth-cumuli-orthic anthrosols was approximately 5.74 times greater than that in calcic cambisols under 10-90%WHC treatment,whereas the N loss under 10-60%WHC treatment was about 2.86 times greater in calcic cambisols than that in earth-cumuli-orthic anthrosols.This study suggested that extreme rainfall events can enhance the N_(2)O efflux and N loss in agricultural soils on the Loess Plateau in terms of soil type and wetting intensity,which should not be ignored in the N fertilizer management.
文摘During the non-frost season, the condensation of dew makes Nostoc flagelliforme Born. et Flah., a highly drought-tolerant terrestrial cyanobacterium, frequently undergo rehydration-dehydration. Rehydration begins in the dark at night. After rewetting in the dark, photochemical activity and the structure of photosystem (PS) II were not recovered at all; the structure of PSI, energy transfer in phycobilisomes, and energy transfer from phycobilisomes to PSI were recovered within 5 min, as in the light. The recovery of energy transfer from phycobilisomes to PSII was light dependent and energy transfer from phycobilisomes to PSII was only partially recovered in the dark. These results suggest that the two-trigger control (water and light) of photo synthetic recovery may make N. flagelliforme avoid unnecessary energy consumption and, at the same time, the partial recovery of energy transfer from phycobilisomes to PSII in the dark could help N. flagelliforme accumulate more photosynthetic products during the transient period of rehydration-dehydration.
基金financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51221892 and 41025004)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDB15020200)
文摘Dry–rewetting（DW） disturbance frequently occurs in soils due to rainfall and irrigation, and the frequency of DW cycles might exert significant influences on soil microbial communities and their mediated functions. However, how microorganisms respond to DW alternations in soils with a history of heavy metal pollution remains largely unknown.Here, soil laboratory microcosms were constructed to explore the impacts of ten DW cycles on the soil microbial communities in two contrasting soils（fluvo-aquic soil and red soil）under three copper concentrations（zero, medium and high）. Results showed that the fluctuations of substrate induced respiration（SIR） decreased with repeated cycles of DW alternation. Furthermore, the resistance values of substrate induced respiration（RS-SIR）were highest in non-copper-stressed（zero） soils. Structural equation model（SEM） analysis ascertained that the shifts of bacterial communities determined the changes of RS-SIR in both soils. The rate of bacterial community variance was significantly lower in noncopper-stressed soil compared to the other two copper-stressed（medium and high） soils,which might lead to the higher RS-SIR in the fluvo-aquic soil. As for the red soil, the substantial increase of the dominant group WPS-2 after DW disturbance might result in the low RS-SIR in the high copper-stressed soil. Moreover, in both soils, the bacterial diversity was highest in non-copper-stressed soils. Our results revealed that initial copper stress could decrease the resistance of soil microbial community structure and function to subsequent DW disturbance.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Chinaalso by NSFNASA of U.S.
文摘The recent investigations on the rewettmg and film boiling of liquid flowing along a hot/heated surface are briefly reviewed and discussed.Some advanced theoretical analyses are conducted and new conclusions achieved.These investigations describe the fundamental characteristics of liquid flow boiling and further the complicated rewetting phenomena,and have resulted in considerable insight intothe mechanism.
文摘广发、频发的干旱事件已造成了严重的作物减产,深入解析玉米对干旱的响应过程及机制,对准确评估干旱影响进而合理指导玉米生产具有重要现实意义。基于锦州农业气象试验站已布设的干旱-复水联动试验平台(CK:自然降水处理;RD:2020年6月30日至8月10日控水,之后复水),监测净光合速率(Net Photosynthetic Rate,Pn)、蒸腾速率(Transpiration Rate,Tr)、日茎流量(Daily Stem Flow,DSF)、玉米产量构成要素等参数。结果表明,拔节期,与CK处理相比,RD处理控水初期Pn降低5.0%,Tr增加12.4%,但均不显著;灌浆期,当土壤含水量(Soil Water Content,SWC)降至40.0%后,RD处理下Pn、Tr及DSF显著降低,分别降低至CK处理水平的23.6%和6.9%和32.5%,灌浆期叶片光合产物大部分向果穗输送,耗水能力大于拔节期,干旱对Pn、Tr及DSF的抑制效应更为明显。乳熟期,RD处理进入复水阶段,Pn、Tr和DSF增加,分别恢复至CK处理水平的61.5%、75.0%和46.6%,说明控水期间降低的Pn、Tr和DSF无法在复水期间完全恢复。控水通过显著降低叶含水率(Leaf Water Ratio,LWR)、茎含水率(Stem Water Ratio,SWR)而显著降低Pn和Tr,其中LWR与Pn和Tr的相关系数分别为0.55和0.84;SWR与Pn和Tr的相关系数分别为0.59和0.67。拔节期至灌浆期连续控水可能导致光合器官活性下降,复水也未能使其恢复,最终导致作物减产,与CK处理相比,RD处理下穗长、穗粗、百粒重等产量结构要素显著降低,造成54.0%的减产率。
