Amid the background where the rhinoceros horn has been hoarded as a rare commodity,there is never a lack of counterfeits and adulterated products of rhinoceros horns on the market.This article aims to summarize the co...Amid the background where the rhinoceros horn has been hoarded as a rare commodity,there is never a lack of counterfeits and adulterated products of rhinoceros horns on the market.This article aims to summarize the commodity specifications and identification key points of the rhinoceros horn from its medicinal standard,to provide a reference for studying substitutes of rhinoceros horn.展开更多
in this paper we determined the northern boundaries of rhinoceros distribution in different historic stages base on our previous study results of rhinoceros extinction process in China. With Logistic equation, the env...in this paper we determined the northern boundaries of rhinoceros distribution in different historic stages base on our previous study results of rhinoceros extinction process in China. With Logistic equation, the environmental carrying capacity was explored and a spatial4emporal model for rhinoceros extinction was established.展开更多
At present only five species of rhinoceros surrive in the world, among which three in Asia No wild rhinoceros has been found alive in East Asia now But many recent evidences reveal the fact that rhinoceros still liv...At present only five species of rhinoceros surrive in the world, among which three in Asia No wild rhinoceros has been found alive in East Asia now But many recent evidences reveal the fact that rhinoceros still lived not very long ago in the East Asian Continent of Holocene The attention to East Asia rhinoceros in Holocene first arose from archaeological studies on ancient ruins in China Archaeologists first found some subfossil skeletons of rhinoceros in ruins of Yin Dynasty in Anyang of Henan in the 1930s Then more skeletons of rhinoceros were found in many other Neolithic Ages runis, such as in Tonghai (Yunnan), Nanning (Guangxi), Xichuan (Henan), Yuyao (Zhejiang), and Haian (Jiangsu).(Guangxi Archaeological Team 1972; Jia 1977; Wu 1983; Huang and Liang 1984; Xu 1990). Moreover, Zhou Benxiong reported some rhinoceros teeth containing residual organic matter found in caves in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River According to a number of very now skeletons of rhinoceros found in some caves in Central China and South China, Yang Zhongjian drew the inferences that rhinoceros might live in the Southern part of China until in the Han Dynasty (about 2000 yrs B P ) at least These discoveries provided the material evidences for the distribution of rhinoceros in East Asian Continent Recently, some scholars brought forward more new information about Chinese rhinoceros from the analysis of historical records and investigations of unearthed cultural relics respectively (Wen and He 1981; Sun 1982). Based on the above materials and informations, this paper is going to deal with the species of rhinoceros once living in East Asia from the viewpoint of zoo geography At last, we brouhgt up the evolution process of the rhinoceros in distribution in Asia with comprehensive analysis of physiographical elements and human activities展开更多
It is suggested that the isolates of Oryctes Nudivirus (OrNV), cultured for decades in cells of Heteronychus arator (F.) (HA), be checked to verify genomic changes have not occurred which adapt them to culture but red...It is suggested that the isolates of Oryctes Nudivirus (OrNV), cultured for decades in cells of Heteronychus arator (F.) (HA), be checked to verify genomic changes have not occurred which adapt them to culture but reduce or cancel their ability to infect the target pest, the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros (L.). Full genomes of field-caught OrNV isolates, and their infectivity against larvae and adults, could be compared with those of HA-cultured isolates. Further data to correlate OrNV dosage indices with doses in number of virions/ml could be advantageous so as to explore if CRB larvae or adults may resist infection by a sub-threshold dose. Also the possibility of changes in the HA culture cells which alter the outer coat of the resulting virion, hence perhaps its infectivity towards CRB cells, could be checked. Might it be possible to move beyond HA-culture and develop tissue culture of Oryctes rhinoceros cells for mass production of OrNV as this beetle species is the target? Nuclear genomes of OrNV-resistant and OrNV-susceptible strains of the CRB could be examined for changes perhaps correlated with resistance. The possibility of endosymbiotic bacteria affecting CRB susceptibility to OrNV might be checked.展开更多
The European rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes nasicornis (L.), is a large flying beetle in the subfamily Dynastinae of family Scarabaeidae and order Coleoptera. It is well-known to be a Palaearctic species, inhabiting Europ...The European rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes nasicornis (L.), is a large flying beetle in the subfamily Dynastinae of family Scarabaeidae and order Coleoptera. It is well-known to be a Palaearctic species, inhabiting Europe and Asia up to North Africa, with no reported material from the Sub-Saharan African region including Tanzania. The present work reports an occurrence of O. nasicornis in Tanzania specifically in Iringa region in the Southern Highlands zone of the country. The report is accompanied by description of the key morphological characters of the insect validating its diagnosis. The findings facilitate a basis for intervention of the existing records about O. nasicornis, including its biogeographical affiliation and the related undertakings. It is most likely that the species also ranges in other localities in Tanzania and the Sub-Saharan Africa region in general because of the existing proximity and interactions.展开更多
In recent decades, the take-off mechanisms of flying animals have received much attention in insect flight initiation. Most of previous works have focused on the jumping mechanism, which is the most common take-off me...In recent decades, the take-off mechanisms of flying animals have received much attention in insect flight initiation. Most of previous works have focused on the jumping mechanism, which is the most common take-off mechanism found in flying animals. Here, we presented that the rhinoceros beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus, takes offwithout jumping. In this study, we used 3-Dimensional （3D） high-speed video techniques to quantitatively analyze the wings and body kinematics during the initiation periods of flight. The details of the flapping angle, angle of attack of the wings and the roll, pitch and yaw angles of the body were investigated to understand the mechanism of take-off in T. dichotomus. The beetle took off gradually with a small velocity and small acceleration. The body kinematic analyses showed that the beetle exhibited stable take-off. To generate high lift force, the beetle modulated its hind wing to control the angle of attack; the angle of attack was large during the upstroke and small during the downstroke. The legs of beetle did not contract and strongly release like other insects. The hind wing could be con- sidered as a main source of lift for heavy beetle.展开更多
Rhinoceroses are among the most endangered mammals in the world. Despite a recent increase in numbers in most wild populations, poaching or political instability may exterminate large populations very quickly. Therefo...Rhinoceroses are among the most endangered mammals in the world. Despite a recent increase in numbers in most wild populations, poaching or political instability may exterminate large populations very quickly. Therefore, captive or ex situ rhinoceros populations can play an important role in their conservation. Previous studies identified infant mortality and interbirth intervals among the main parameters affecting the viability and survival of rhinoceros populations. In our study, we tested the recently suggested prediction that in captive Indian rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis, longer interbirth intervals may result in higher infant mortality. We also examined the factors that are the main pre- dictors of infant mortality and interbith intervals using the studbook data on Indian rhinoceros born in zoos worldwide as well as data from Dudhwa National Park, India, where rhinoceroses were success- fully reintroduced. We found no association between interbirth intervals and infant mortality. In both populations, the main predictor of infant mortality was mother＇s parity, with higher mortality in calves born to primiparous mothers. In addition, we found that the interbirth intervals were shorter in zoos than in Dudhwa and that they increased with increase in age of the mother, which was the only factor affecting interbirth interval in both populations. Our results show that the same factors affect both parameters in both populations and thus illustrate that the reproduction and infant survival of Indian rhinoceros in zoos reflect the natural pattern. Furthermore, we suggest that in captivity, the interbirth intervals could be slightly prolonged to approach the situation in the wild.展开更多
基金Supported by the Third Batch of TCM Backbone Personnel Training Project of Beijing Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine。
文摘Amid the background where the rhinoceros horn has been hoarded as a rare commodity,there is never a lack of counterfeits and adulterated products of rhinoceros horns on the market.This article aims to summarize the commodity specifications and identification key points of the rhinoceros horn from its medicinal standard,to provide a reference for studying substitutes of rhinoceros horn.
文摘in this paper we determined the northern boundaries of rhinoceros distribution in different historic stages base on our previous study results of rhinoceros extinction process in China. With Logistic equation, the environmental carrying capacity was explored and a spatial4emporal model for rhinoceros extinction was established.
文摘At present only five species of rhinoceros surrive in the world, among which three in Asia No wild rhinoceros has been found alive in East Asia now But many recent evidences reveal the fact that rhinoceros still lived not very long ago in the East Asian Continent of Holocene The attention to East Asia rhinoceros in Holocene first arose from archaeological studies on ancient ruins in China Archaeologists first found some subfossil skeletons of rhinoceros in ruins of Yin Dynasty in Anyang of Henan in the 1930s Then more skeletons of rhinoceros were found in many other Neolithic Ages runis, such as in Tonghai (Yunnan), Nanning (Guangxi), Xichuan (Henan), Yuyao (Zhejiang), and Haian (Jiangsu).(Guangxi Archaeological Team 1972; Jia 1977; Wu 1983; Huang and Liang 1984; Xu 1990). Moreover, Zhou Benxiong reported some rhinoceros teeth containing residual organic matter found in caves in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River According to a number of very now skeletons of rhinoceros found in some caves in Central China and South China, Yang Zhongjian drew the inferences that rhinoceros might live in the Southern part of China until in the Han Dynasty (about 2000 yrs B P ) at least These discoveries provided the material evidences for the distribution of rhinoceros in East Asian Continent Recently, some scholars brought forward more new information about Chinese rhinoceros from the analysis of historical records and investigations of unearthed cultural relics respectively (Wen and He 1981; Sun 1982). Based on the above materials and informations, this paper is going to deal with the species of rhinoceros once living in East Asia from the viewpoint of zoo geography At last, we brouhgt up the evolution process of the rhinoceros in distribution in Asia with comprehensive analysis of physiographical elements and human activities
文摘It is suggested that the isolates of Oryctes Nudivirus (OrNV), cultured for decades in cells of Heteronychus arator (F.) (HA), be checked to verify genomic changes have not occurred which adapt them to culture but reduce or cancel their ability to infect the target pest, the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros (L.). Full genomes of field-caught OrNV isolates, and their infectivity against larvae and adults, could be compared with those of HA-cultured isolates. Further data to correlate OrNV dosage indices with doses in number of virions/ml could be advantageous so as to explore if CRB larvae or adults may resist infection by a sub-threshold dose. Also the possibility of changes in the HA culture cells which alter the outer coat of the resulting virion, hence perhaps its infectivity towards CRB cells, could be checked. Might it be possible to move beyond HA-culture and develop tissue culture of Oryctes rhinoceros cells for mass production of OrNV as this beetle species is the target? Nuclear genomes of OrNV-resistant and OrNV-susceptible strains of the CRB could be examined for changes perhaps correlated with resistance. The possibility of endosymbiotic bacteria affecting CRB susceptibility to OrNV might be checked.
文摘The European rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes nasicornis (L.), is a large flying beetle in the subfamily Dynastinae of family Scarabaeidae and order Coleoptera. It is well-known to be a Palaearctic species, inhabiting Europe and Asia up to North Africa, with no reported material from the Sub-Saharan African region including Tanzania. The present work reports an occurrence of O. nasicornis in Tanzania specifically in Iringa region in the Southern Highlands zone of the country. The report is accompanied by description of the key morphological characters of the insect validating its diagnosis. The findings facilitate a basis for intervention of the existing records about O. nasicornis, including its biogeographical affiliation and the related undertakings. It is most likely that the species also ranges in other localities in Tanzania and the Sub-Saharan Africa region in general because of the existing proximity and interactions.
文摘In recent decades, the take-off mechanisms of flying animals have received much attention in insect flight initiation. Most of previous works have focused on the jumping mechanism, which is the most common take-off mechanism found in flying animals. Here, we presented that the rhinoceros beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus, takes offwithout jumping. In this study, we used 3-Dimensional （3D） high-speed video techniques to quantitatively analyze the wings and body kinematics during the initiation periods of flight. The details of the flapping angle, angle of attack of the wings and the roll, pitch and yaw angles of the body were investigated to understand the mechanism of take-off in T. dichotomus. The beetle took off gradually with a small velocity and small acceleration. The body kinematic analyses showed that the beetle exhibited stable take-off. To generate high lift force, the beetle modulated its hind wing to control the angle of attack; the angle of attack was large during the upstroke and small during the downstroke. The legs of beetle did not contract and strongly release like other insects. The hind wing could be con- sidered as a main source of lift for heavy beetle.
文摘Rhinoceroses are among the most endangered mammals in the world. Despite a recent increase in numbers in most wild populations, poaching or political instability may exterminate large populations very quickly. Therefore, captive or ex situ rhinoceros populations can play an important role in their conservation. Previous studies identified infant mortality and interbirth intervals among the main parameters affecting the viability and survival of rhinoceros populations. In our study, we tested the recently suggested prediction that in captive Indian rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis, longer interbirth intervals may result in higher infant mortality. We also examined the factors that are the main pre- dictors of infant mortality and interbith intervals using the studbook data on Indian rhinoceros born in zoos worldwide as well as data from Dudhwa National Park, India, where rhinoceroses were success- fully reintroduced. We found no association between interbirth intervals and infant mortality. In both populations, the main predictor of infant mortality was mother＇s parity, with higher mortality in calves born to primiparous mothers. In addition, we found that the interbirth intervals were shorter in zoos than in Dudhwa and that they increased with increase in age of the mother, which was the only factor affecting interbirth interval in both populations. Our results show that the same factors affect both parameters in both populations and thus illustrate that the reproduction and infant survival of Indian rhinoceros in zoos reflect the natural pattern. Furthermore, we suggest that in captivity, the interbirth intervals could be slightly prolonged to approach the situation in the wild.
