The Synthesis and Storage Sites of Phenolic Compounds in the Root and Rhizome of <i>Echinacea purpurea</i>

Cichoric acid is the main phenolic compound in the root and rhizome of the medicinal part, Echinacea purpurea that is known for possessing immune enhancing characteristics. In this study, we analysis the the synthesis and storage sites of phenolic compound in E. purpurea. We used fluorescent microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, cytochemical and immunocytochemical localization to observe the distribution of phenolic compounds. Our results show that the phenolic compounds were mostly distributed in the cortex parenchyma cells, vascular parenchyma cells and pith parenchyma cells in the root and rhizome, and mainly present in the vacuoles, large intercellular spaces and their surrounding cell walls. No phenolic compounds were observed in the cytoplasm and the organelles. We concluded that the phenolic compounds were synthetized in the cortex parenchyma cells, vascular parenchyma cells and pith parenchyma cells in the root and rhizome, and stored in the vacuoles of parenchyma cells. The above results provided significantly cytological information for further approaching the metabolic regulation and transfer pathways of phenolic compounds in biochemistry and molecular biology.

Identification of Volatile Oil Components of Nardostachys jatamansi DC. Root and Rhizome,Herb

[Objectives] Volatile oil components of traditional drug use site " root and rhizome" of N. jatamansi and herb were identified and contrasted,which aimed to provide the basis for rationally using wild N. jatamansi resource. [Methods]Volatile oil components from different sites of N. jatamansi were identified and isolated by GC-MS. [Results] There were 56 kinds of volatile oil components from different sites of N. jatamansi,in which 39 components from herb of N. jatamansi,39 components from root and rhizome of N. jatamansi,and there were 22 common components. But 1 component in higher concentration had obvious difference. [Conclusions] The herb of N. jatamansi could not completely replace " root and rhizome" of N. jatamansi as the medicine,which was consistent with prior detection result of each physicochemical index from different sites of N. jatamansi. The research could provide the reference for making quality standard of N. jatamansi medicine and rational basis for its further research and development.

Effects of the Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Dahurian Angelica Root and Szechwan Lovage Rhizome on Spontaneous Hypertension Rats

The supercritical fluid extraction of Dahurian Angelica Root (Bai Zhi) and Szechwan Lovage Rhizome (Chuan Xiong) was named as BCC. In the study, we investigated whether BCC had effects on left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and myocardial fibrosis in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR). For SHR + BCC group, BCC (0.3 g/kg) was orally administered daily for 12 weeks. The SHR group and the Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY, normal control) group, the equal volume of 5‰ CMC-Na distilled water. After 12 weeks, left ventricle was segregated from each rat in the groups, and the left ventricle weight/body weight (LVW/BW) calculated. The volume fraction of collagen (VFC) in myocardium and the diameter of cardiac muscle cell (DCMC) were examined by histological staining. Biochemical indicators of blood sample such as Angiotensin II (Ang II), Aldosterone (ALD), Hyaluronic Acid (HA), Laminin (LN), Procollagen III (PC III) and Collagen type IV (CIV) levels were detected by using radioimmunoassay (RIA). And also NOS and iNOS levels were measured by means of ultra-violet spectroscopy (UV). The results shown that in SHR + BCC group, the LVW/BW, DCMC and VFC decreased significantly versus SHR group, the same as biochemical indicators except NOS and iNOS. All of above index was similar to WKY group. Statistically significant correlations were found among the plasma Ang II level, the mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), and the NOS level of the three groups. Our study indicates that the BCC can control the LVH and myocardial fibrosis in SHR.

Studies on Rhizome Multiplication and Differentiation of Cymbidium sinense × Cymbidium goeringii

With the rhizomes obtained from the germination of Cymbidium sinense ~ Cymbidium goeringii seeds as a material, the effects of different basic media and different plant growth regulators on the multiplication and differentiation of rhizomes and rooting and transplanting of seedlings were investigated. The results showed that the basal medium more suitable for the multiplication and differentiation of rhizomes was 1/2MS; the medium more suitable for the multiplication and differentiation of rhizomes of the hybrid orchid was 1/2MS ＋ 6 - BA 2.0 mg/L ＋ KT 0.5 mg/L ＋ NAA 0.05 mg/L; the medium more suitable for the rooting of the hybrid orchid was 1/2MS ＋ IBA 0.5 mg/L; and after training of seedlings, transplanting was performed onto moss, and after 25 d, the survival rate was 95.6%.

杂交兰双艺金龙根状茎增殖、分化及生根壮苗研究

杂交兰双艺金龙(Cymbidium‘Shuangyi Jinlong’)是福建百秾生态科技有限公司从杂交兰栽培品种黄金龙的无性系变异单株中选育出的新品种,集花艺和叶艺于一身,发芽性好,易开花,抗性较强,有较高的市场需求。为提高杂交兰种苗繁殖效率,提升种苗品质,建立标准化生产体系,以双艺金龙的根状茎为材料,对其根状茎增殖与分化、生根壮苗、炼苗移栽等各阶段影响因素进行正交试验。结果表明:(1)适宜根状茎增殖生长的培养基是MS+1.00 mg/L NAA+0.10 mg/L 6-BA+20.00 g/L蔗糖+1.00 g/L活性炭+6.30 g/L琼脂+1.00 g/L蛋白胨,根状茎数量和鲜质量增殖系数分别为3.57和4.63。(2)适宜根状茎芽分化的培养基是1/2MS+1.50 mg/L NAA+0.90 mg/L TDZ+100.00 g/L香蕉泥+25.00 g/L蔗糖+6.30 g/L琼脂,芽分化率为97.78%,分化系数达6.87。(3)生根壮苗效果较好的培养基是1/2MS+1.00 mg/L IBA+100.00 g/L香蕉泥+0.17 g/L KH_(2)PO_(4)+1.00 g/L蛋白胨+30.00 g/L蔗糖+6.30 g/L琼脂+1.00 g/L活性炭,培养90 d植株平均生根数5条,根长5.40 cm,假鳞茎厚度4.35 mm,株高12.95 cm,每株苗鲜质量2.42 g。(4)炼苗21 d后选用水苔∶松树皮(V∶V=1∶1)为基质进行移栽,移栽60 d存活率为83.33%。本研究综合考虑各因素的影响效应,最终确定了各阶段的最佳培养基配方和炼苗移栽方案,为双艺金龙标准化生产体系的建立提供参考。

中药预防肿瘤患者静脉血栓栓塞症的研究进展

肿瘤患者发生静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)的风险显著升高,严重影响患者的生活质量及预后。近年来,中药在预防肿瘤患者VTE方面的作用日益受到关注。本文综合分析相关文献,深入探讨中药预防肿瘤患者VTE的作用机制、临床应用及研究进展。研究表明,中药可通过改善血液循环、抑制血小板聚集、促进纤溶系统活性、抑制肿瘤细胞促凝活性以及保护血管内皮细胞等多途径发挥预防VTE的作用。然而,目前仍存在一些问题需要进一步解决,如缺乏大规模、多中心临床研究,作用机制尚不完全明确以及中药质量控制难度大等。未来,需开展更多高质量的研究,为临床合理应用中药预防肿瘤患者VTE提供更充分的证据。

Photoprotective Effects of Hydroxychloroqine and TCMs on Human Keratinocytes Damaged from Ultraviolet Irradiation

Objective: To investigate damage effects of ultraviolet irradiation on eternal keratinocyte-HaCaT cells and to evaluate photo-protective efficiency of hydroxychloroqine and Traditional Chinese Medicines(epigallocatechingallate[EGCG], baikal skullcap root and szechwan lovge rhizome) on HaCaT cells damaged by middle wave ultraviolet(UVB) irradiation. Methods: Subconfluent HaCaT cells were sham or UVB irradiated and treated with above TCM agents. The damage degree of HaCaT cells was observed by a light microscop. Cell growth was recorded by cell count and cellular activity was detected by MTT method. The secretion amount of IL-6 and TNF-α was measured by ELISA. Results: The irradiation damage of HaCaT cells was depended on the irradiated dosages and cellular activity was reduced by 36%-80%, with a maximum decrease over 90% after 72 h. The intervention of the above drugs may increase the cellular activity by 10%-72%. The photo-protective efficiency was more apparent in EGCG (from 1.19±0.07 to 1.28±0.06, P<0.01) than that in hydroxychloroqine (from 0.43±0.04 to 0.96±0.04, P<0.05). The other two tested drugs also showed photo-protective effect(from 0.44±0.07 to 1.21±0.02, P<0.05). As to cytokine secretion, EGCG could decline the secretion amount of IL-6 and TNF-α apparently. Hydroxychloroqine and baikal skullcap root baikal skullcap root could only reduce the secretion of IL-6. The secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α could not be inhibited by szechwan lovge rhizome. Conclusion: The injury effect of UVB irradiation on cultured keratinocytes is dose-dependent and the tested drugs have photo-protective potency. Inhibition of cytokine secretion may be one of the mechanisms related to reducing the damage effect of UVB irradiation.

Macropropagation and Production of Clonal Planting Materials of Panax pseudoginseng Wall.

Panax pseudoginseng Wall., a highly medicinal, herbaceous, long-lived plant, grows in the forest litter of shady primary forest. The species is threatened in the natural habitat due to unsustainable harvesting of rhizome for medicine and habitat destruction. The species has very poor adaptive power to the synthetic environment and fails to grow and propagate. Present study was undertaken to develop suitable low cost propagation technique and produce clonal planting materials through rhizome splitting and root cutting. Rhizomes and roots were cut into segments and sowed in the raised soil bed prepared by mixing decayed wood powder, sand and top black soil at 1:1:3 ratios in a shaded poly house. Of the sowed rhizome segments ~55% segments remained recalcitrant to morphogenetic response in the first year of the study and the response improved in the subsequent years. In the third year ~51% rhizome segments responded positively. The horizontal root cuts mostly remained morphogenetically dormant but inclined root cuts exhibited better response. The morphogenetic response from the roots was comparatively very poor compare to rhizome segments. The plantlets formed both rhizome segments and root cuttings were maintained for three years in the bed/pots followed by transferring in the cultivated plots.

Approaches and Perspectives of the Westward Spread of Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Case Study of the Radicis Chynae

Some Western scholars have re-examined the concept of“Chinese medicine”and its knowledge system under the influence of global history research methods in recent years,in an attempt to understand the factors that led to the spread of Chinese medicine around the world,and what kind of Chinese medicine is constituted outside of China.Thus,researchers have studied the initial stage of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)’s entry into the western world,tracing its roots and observing new knowledge systems formed in the process of cross-cultural communication.Responding to the research of Western scholars,this paper studies the Radicis Chynae(《中国根书简》Letters on Chinese Root),a monograph written by Andreas Vesalius,a famous European anatomist who lived in the 16th century.The author of this article examined the understanding and interpretation of Chinese medicine by the European intelligentsia from 16th to 19th century,investigated the influence of the westward spread of TCM on the scientific revolution and medical progress in Europe,and analyzed its relationship with the rise of Sinology in Europe.This article discusses the knowledge interaction between Chinese medicine and the formation of modern European medicine from the perspective of global history and cross-culture.

大黄防治疫病的理论及应用探微

大黄是常用的攻下驱邪药,驱逐停滞,效用以除血之滞、饮之积和食之积为主。疫病里热积滞用大黄通食滞,常见大黄类方有表里双解的宣白承气汤和防风通圣散;调畅气机的治疫大黄类方有升降散和大柴胡汤等。疫病血瘀证用大黄导血滞如桃核承气汤,疫病津液代谢障碍用大黄除水滞如茵陈蒿汤等。

淡竹蔸根和鞭根细根寿命特征

植物细根寿命是影响细根周转的重要因素,在陆地生态系统碳和养分循环中扮演着重要角色。但是,目前对竹类植物根寿命的直接观测资料和研究仍显不足,尤其缺乏关于竹类植物蔸根和鞭根两种类型根寿命特征的研究。利用根箱对淡竹(Phyllostachys glauca)蔸根和鞭根细根生长动态开展研究,结果表明:(1)淡竹蔸根和鞭根细根寿命间没有显著差异,但是根序对根寿命有显著影响。1级根寿命显著低于2级根寿命,2级根寿命显著低于3级根寿命。(2)蔸根和鞭根的出生和死亡具有不同的季节模式。鞭根新根出生集中于7、8、9月,在7月达到峰值,死亡高峰发生在春季(3—5月)。蔸根新根发生没有单一峰值,在3月、7月、11月各有一次新根发生的小高峰,死亡高峰发生在夏季(6—8月)。(3)淡竹蔸根和鞭根的细根寿命与出生时间的关系不同。蔸根夏季出生的细根中值寿命最长,春季出生的细根中值寿命最短。鞭根春季出生的细根中值寿命最长,冬季(12—2月)出生的细根中值寿命最短。发现淡竹蔸根和鞭根的细根具有不同的生长规律,其寿命与根序级别、出生时期密切相关,研究结果可为竹林生产和管理提供理论依据。

水冬瓜根及茎的质量控制方法研究

目的建立水冬瓜根及茎药材的质量控制方法。方法观察水冬瓜根及茎药材的性状、显微特征;按2020年版《中国药典》(四部)通则方法对水冬瓜根及茎药材中的水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分和醇溶性浸出物进行测定;采用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2012版)》建立11批水冬瓜根及茎药材的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱,并进行共有峰的指认及相似度评价;采用HPLC法测定水冬瓜根及茎中松柏苷、紫丁香苷、绿原酸、(+)-syringaresinol-O-β-D-glucopyranoside、丁香脂素的含量。结果水冬瓜根及茎药材性状与显微鉴别特征明显。水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分和醇溶性浸出物的含量平均值分别为7.54%、2.18%、0.15%、7.81%。11批水冬瓜根及茎药材的指纹图谱有16个共有峰,相似度为0.856~0.960,共指认出松柏苷、紫丁香苷、绿原酸、(+)-syringaresinol-O-β-D-glucopyranoside、丁香脂素5个共有成分。上述5个成分的含量分别为0.0472~0.4016、0.8368~8.6979、1.2453~10.9500、0.1390~0.4378、0.0164~0.6353 mg/g。结论所建方法稳定、准确性好,可用于水冬瓜根及茎药材的质量控制。初步拟定水冬瓜根及茎药材中水分不得过11.0%,总灰分不得过4.0%,醇溶性浸出物不得少于5.0%,松柏苷、紫丁香苷、绿原酸、(+)-syringaresinol-O-β-D-glucopyranoside、丁香脂素含量分别不得少于0.04、0.83、1.24、0.13、0.01 mg/g。

陈锐基于“态靶辨治”理论抵挡汤新用管窥

抵挡汤自东汉张仲景始,历代医家不断演变加减药味,临床广泛应用。立足于大黄、水蛭二味抵挡核心药,探讨抵挡汤在糖尿病肾病中的新功效。陈锐教授认为应用抵挡汤应遵循治疗的疾病、用法服法应随时间、空间的变化而变化,抵挡汤组方思维、治疗大法、治疗疾病的核心病机是不变的,临床用药药味、药量、治疗靶向应简单化与精准化。

茅苍术根茎、须根挥发性成分比较

目的比较茅苍术根茎、须根挥发性成分。方法制作根茎、须根石蜡切片,光学显微镜下观察其横切面。水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油。GC-MS法检测苍术素、β-桉叶醇、茅术醇、苍术酮含量,并分析挥发性成分。采用多元统计分析软件进行主成分分析及差异代谢物筛选。结果根茎横切面可见大型油室,须根中可见油细胞。须根挥发油含量占根茎的24.88%,共检测出共有成分55种、根茎特有成分2种、须根特有成分6种。根茎中β-桉叶醇、茅术醇、苍术酮、苍术素含量比例为22.84∶1.16∶2.78∶1.00,须根中为5.59∶0.22∶0.97∶1.00。根茎、须根中挥发性成分具有显著性差异,组间区分度良好。根据OPLS-DA模型筛选出茅术醇、β-桉叶醇等12种差异代谢物。结论茅苍术根茎、须根挥发油成分类似,但含量不同,后者综合利用潜力更大。

基于文献挖掘探析肝癌前病变的中医临床用药规律

目的收集并整理中医药治疗肝癌前病变临床用药经验的文献,通过分析其组方规律,归纳总结疾病特点和治疗思路,为该病的临床中医药治疗在遣方用药、经验加减上提供参考。方法经过系统性检索中国知网、维普中文科技期刊数据库、万方数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、PubMed、Web of Science、EMBASE、Cochrane等8个电子数据库,纳入自建库起至2023年12月收录的中医药治疗肝癌前病变的临床研究及个人经验类文献,提取符合纳入标准的方药信息,基于“中医药数据挖掘系统TCM Miner”组成用药记录数据库来统计药频及性味归经,使用SPSS 25.0统计软件进行聚类分析,通过SPSS Modeler 14.1的Apriori模块完成关联规则分析,最后应用SPSS Modeler网络模块来完成对高频药物的复杂网络分析。结果最终达到标准纳入研究的共34篇文献,其中含有34首中药复方,共110味药物,涉及15类功效,总计291药物频次。频数分析显示,药物词频前8位的中药为黄芪、白术、丹参、白花蛇舌草、鳖甲、莪术、半枝莲、郁金;在“四气”中所占比重前3位的药物排名依次为寒、温、平;“五味”中所占比重前3位排名依次为苦、甘、辛;由多到少药物在归经频次中前4位排名依次为肝、脾、肾、肺。Apriori关联规则分析显示核心药对组合为“白花蛇舌草+半枝莲”;复杂网络分析得到核心处方为白术、白芍、白花蛇舌草、茯苓、莪术、郁金、鳖甲、黄芪、三棱、丹参、半枝莲。结论中医治疗肝癌前病变以健脾养肝、活血解毒为组方首选,配伍行气、清热、化瘀、软坚散结等药物。

国医大师张志远应用大黄药对经验

国医大师张志远临证七十余载,尊古通今,博采众长,建树颇多,临床善用大黄药对,总结大黄药对在降气、止血、泻火、通便、破积、调经等方面的综合作用,丰富了大黄药对的应用经验,扩大了大黄的临床诊疗范围。

Correlation between FcγRⅢA and Aortic Atherosclerotic Plaque Destabilization in ApoE Knockout Mice and Intervention Effects of Effective Components of Chuanxiong Rhizome and Red Peony Root

Objective： To explore the correlation between Fc γ R IIIA （CD16A） and aortic atherosclerotic plaque destabilization in apoE knockout （apoE KO） mice and the intervention effects of effective components of Chuanxiong Rhizome and Red Peony Root. Methods： Eight 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were selected as the control group. Forty 8-week-old male apoE KO mice were randomly divided into the model group, apoE KO ＋ intraperitoneal injection immunoglobulin group （IVIG）, apoE KO ＋ simvastatin group （Sm）, apoE KO ＋ high dosage of Xiongshao Capsule （XSC,芎芍胶囊） group （XSCH）, and apoE KO ＋ low dosage of XSC group （XSCL）, 8 mice in each group. Mice in the control group were put on a normal diet, and others were fed with a high-fat diet. After 10-week different interventions, monocyte CD16 expression was detected by flow cytometry, aortic matrix metalloproteinase-9 （MMP-9） mRNA expression was detected using reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction, and serum tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-a level was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results： Compared with the control group, monocyte CD16 expression, aortic MMP-9 mRNA expression, and serum TNF-a level in the model group increased obviously （P〈0.01）. Injections of apoE KO mice with intraperitoneal immunoglobulin during a 5-day period significantly reduced the monocyte CD16 expression, aortic MMP-9 mRNA expression, and serum TNF-a level （P〈0.01 or 0.05） over a 10-week period of high-fat diet. Indices above in the Sm group, XSCH group, and XSCL group decreased in a different degree. Of them, the aortic MMP-9 mRNA expression in XSCH group was lower than that in Sm group （P〈0.05） and the monocyte CD16 expression and serum TNF-a level showed no significant difference between XSCH group and Sm group （P〉0.05）. Correlation analyses suggested positive correlation between monocyte CD16 expression and aortic MMP-9 mRNA expression or serum TNF-a level in IVIG group, XSCH group, and XSCL group. Conclusions： Fc γ/R IliA mediates systemic inflammation in the progression of coronary heart disease with blood stasis syndrome. XSC could stabilize atherosclerotic plaque by suppressing inflammation and its target was relative with Fc γ RIIIA.

Comparison of the effects and mechanisms of Alismatis Rhizoma with and without salt processing in ameliorating edema due to kidney Yin deficiency based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and transcriptomics

Salt-processed Alismatis Rhizoma(SAR)is extensively used in clinical practice and exhibits a more robust urination-promoting effect than Alismatis Rhizoma(AR).This study employed ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)and pattern analysis to compare the terpenoids between AR and SAR.Additionally,this study compared the effects of AR and SAR on the gene expression in the kidneys of the rat model of edema(syndrome of kidney Yin deficiency)by transcriptomics to decipher the mechanism of salt processing.Materials and methods:AR and SAR were extracted by ultrasonication,and data were collected by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS in the positive ionmode.Transcriptome sequencing was employed to determine the gene expression levels of the ratmodel treated with AR and SAR,and the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were obtained.Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment was performed for the DEGs.The protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was built,on the basis of which the core targets were screened out.Finally,real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)was conducted to verify the core targets.Results:A total of 63 terpenoids were detected in AR and SAR,and salt processing had a significant effect on the content of terpenoids.AR and SAR mainly participated in the regulation of inflammation and immune responses,and SAR regulated more DEGs than AR.Additionally,SAR exerted more extensive regulatory effects on the targets than AR.Conclusion:Salt processing mainly changes the content of chemical compounds in AR,which may indirectly optimize the proportion of the main compounds to enhance the therapeutic effect while reducing the toxicity.AR and SAR mainly ameliorate the edema due to kidney Yin deficiency by reducing inflammation and improving immunity.Finally,SAR regulates more genes and signaling pathways and exerts more extensive regulatory effects than AR.

NAA对多花黄精根发育影响的解剖学研究

本研究以多花黄精Polygonatum cyrtonema的根为研究对象,在形态学和细胞学水平探讨多花黄精根的发育及施加外源生长素对根生长的影响。结果表明:不同NAA浓度对多花黄精种子萌发无影响,种子萌发率均为20%~30%;不同NAA浓度对多花黄精根的生长影响显著,随着NAA浓度的升高(0.50、1.00、2.00 mg·L^(-1)),与对照(不添加NAA)相比,多花黄精种子来源的根数量分别增多约11、13、16条,根长缩短约10、15、19 cm,多花黄精根茎来源的根数量增多更为明显,约15、31、36条,根长缩短约4、6、7 cm,而且通过促进细胞体积增大和数目增多使根直径增粗约300、500、800μm。另外,多花黄精根的外皮层和内皮层细胞壁增厚不明显,不同于典型的单子叶植物根结构。本研究为了解生长素对多花黄精根的生长发育和形态结构方面的调控作用提供了细胞学基础。

2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》(一部)收载的根及根茎类中药功能及应用分析

目的:分析2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》(以下简称《中国药典》)(一部)收载的根及根茎类中药性能及应用特点,为其进一步研究与开发提供参考依据。方法:将符合纳入标准的169种根及根茎类中药录入Microsoft Excel 2020,按照功效归类、四气、五味、归经、用量用法、注意事项等类别进行数量统计分析。结果:169种根及根茎类中药,按《中药学》教材进行分类,得到清热药最多达36种,其次是补虚药32种;寒性药物73种,温性药物71种;苦味药最多;归肺经药物最多;孕妇慎用或配伍禁忌共55种;大多数根及根茎类中药均给出了明确剂量;带“参”的中药共有15种。结论:2020版《中国药典》(一部)根及根茎类中药虽入药部位相似,但功效具有较大的差异,临床应用较为广泛,对其进行统计分析,具有一定的临床指导意义。