Soybean(Glycine max)rhizosphere organic phosphorus recycling relies on acid phosphatase activity and specific phosphorusmineralizing-related bacteria in phosphate deficient acidic soils

Bacteria play critical roles in regulating soil phosphorus(P) cycling. The effects of interactions between crops and soil P-availability on bacterial communities and the feedback regulation of soil P cycling by the bacterial community modifications are poorly understood. Here, six soybean(Glycine max) genotypes with differences in P efficiency were cultivated in acidic soils with long-term sufficient or deficient P-fertilizer treatments. The acid phosphatase(AcP) activities, organic-P concentrations and associated bacterial community compositions were determined in bulk and rhizosphere soils. The results showed that both soybean plant P content and the soil AcP activity were negatively correlated with soil organic-P concentration in P-deficient acidic soils. Soil P-availability affected the ɑ-diversity of bacteria in both bulk and rhizosphere soils. However, soybean had a stronger effect on the bacterial community composition, as reflected by the similar biomarker bacteria in the rhizosphere soils in both P-treatments. The relative abundance of biomarker bacteria Proteobacteria was strongly correlated with soil organic-P concentration and AcP activity in low-P treatments. Further high-throughput sequencing of the phoC gene revealed an obvious shift in Proteobacteria groups between bulk soils and rhizosphere soils, which was emphasized by the higher relative abundances of Cupriavidus and Klebsiella, and lower relative abundance of Xanthomonas in rhizosphere soils. Among them, Cupriavidus was the dominant phoC bacterial genus, and it was negatively correlated with the soil organic-P concentration. These findings suggest that soybean growth relies on organic-P mineralization in P-deficient acidic soils, which might be partially achieved by recruiting specific phoCharboring bacteria, such as Cupriavidus.

Synergistic mechanisms of AMF and biochar driving rhizosphere fungal community in shallot in barren soil

The addition of biochar(BC)or Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)alone has been reported to promote plant growth,while their synergistic effects on Allium schoenoprasum root morphology and rhizosphere fungal community in barren soil is still unclear.In this study,we investigated the effects of BC and AMF(Funneliformis mosseae)on plant growth and root morphology in barren soil and revealed the structure of soil fungal communities Therefore,a greenhouse pot trial consisting of five treatments was enforced.The results showed that the combination of biochar and AMF significantly improved plant biomass,nutrient uptake,mycorrhizal colonization rates and soil properties and significantly impacted rhizosphere fungal community composition and structure.Biochar significantly increased the fungal community stability and enhanced their positive correlation with plants.Our findings indicated that the combination of AMF and biochar play synergic role for plant growth and rhizosphere fungal community in barren soil.

Morphological Characterization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Associated with the Rhizosphere According to the Age of Xanthosoma sagittifolium L. Schott Plants in the Field

The objective of this work was to carry out a morphological characterization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of Xanthosoma sagittifolium L. Schott plants. The plant material used was the white and red cultivars of X. sagittifolium, belonging to age intervals of 3 - 6, 6 - 9, and 9 - 12 months. Three harvest sites were chosen in the Central Region of Cameroon. In each site, soil from the rhizosphere and plant roots was collected in a randomized manner. In the field, the agronomic parameters were evaluated. The physicochemical characteristics of the soils, the mycorrhization index, and the morphological characterization of the mycorrhizal types of each site were carried out. The results obtained show that the agronomic growth parameters varied significantly using the Student Newman and Keuls Test depending on the harvest sites. The soils’ pH in all sites was acidic and ranged between 4.6 and 5.8. The Nkometou site has a loamy texture while the Olembe and Soa sites have loam-clay-sandy and loam-clay textures respectively. The highest mycorrhization frequencies appeared at the Nkometou site, with 75 and 87.33% of the white and red cultivars plant roots at 6 - 9 and 3 - 6 months. The relative abundance of AMF arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores in the rhizosphere of X. sagittifolium plants varied with age and cultivar. There were 673 spores between 9 - 12 months in Nkometou in the red cultivar. Six AMF genera were identified in all the different soils collected: Acaulospora sp., Funneliformis sp., Gigaspora sp., Glomus sp., Scutellospora sp., and Septoglomus sp. The genus Glomus sp. was the most present at all age intervals in both cultivars.

Analysis of Microbial Community Structure and Diversity in Crop Rhizosphere Soil Based on Illumina NovaSeq Sequencing Platform

[Objectives]To make full use of crop rhizosphere microbial resources.[Methods]Illumina NovaSeq sequencing platform was used to analyze the richness and diversity of microbial community structure in rhizosphere soil of rice and maize crops in Baitu Town,Gaoyao District,Zhaoqing City.[Results]A total of 14936 OTUs of bacteria and 1905 OTUs of fungi were obtained from three samples of rice rhizosphere soil,and 13437 OTUs of bacteria and 1413 OTUs of fungi were obtained from three samples of maize rhizosphere soil.The diversity and richness of bacterial communities were higher than those of fungi.There are differences in soil bacterial and fungal communities among different crop samples.The analysis of species with bacteria difference at genus level among crop rhizosphere soil samples showed that 18 genera with significant differences were obtained from 6 samples;species analysis of fungi at the genus level showed that 3 genera with significant differences were obtained from 6 samples.[Conclusions]The research results of this paper have positive significance for the development and utilization of soil resources in Zhaoqing City and the full exploitation of rice and maize rhizosphere microbial resources.

Changes in the activities of key enzymes and the abundance of functional genes involved in nitrogen transformation in rice rhizosphere soil under different aerated conditions

Soil microorganisms play important roles in nitrogen transformation. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in the activity of nitrogen transformation enzymes and the abundance of nitrogen function genes in rhizosphere soil aerated using three different methods(continuous flooding(CF), continuous flooding and aeration(CFA), and alternate wetting and drying(AWD)). The abundances of amoA ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB), nirS, nirK, and nifH genes, and the activities of urease, protease, ammonia oxidase, nitrate reductase, and nitrite reductase were measured at the tillering(S1), heading(S2), and ripening(S3) stages. We analyzed the relationships of the aforementioned microbial activity indices, in addition to soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN), with the concentration of soil nitrate and ammonium nitrogen. The abundance of nitrogen function genes and the activities of nitrogen invertase in rice rhizosphere soil were higher at S2 compared with S1 and S3 in all treatments. AWD and CFA increased the abundance of amoA and nifH genes, and the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase, and decreased the abundance of nirS and nirK genes and the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase, with the effect of AWD being particularly strong. During the entire growth period, the mean abundances of the AOA amoA, AOB amoA, and nifH genes were 2.9, 5.8, and 3.0 higher in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively, and the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase were 1.1, 0.5, and 0.7 higher in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively. The abundances of the nirS and nirK genes, and the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were 73.6, 84.8, 10.3 and 36.5% lower in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively. The abundances of the AOA amoA, AOB amoA, and nifH genes were significantly and positively correlated with the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase, and the abundances of the nirS and nirK genes were significantly positively correlated with the activities of nitrate reductase. All the above indicators were positively correlated with soil MBC and MBN. In sum, microbial activity related to nitrogen transformation in rice rhizosphere soil was highest at S2. Aeration can effectively increase the activity of most nitrogen-converting microorganisms and MBN, and thus promote soil nitrogen transformation.

Different genotypes regulate the microbial community structure in the soybean rhizosphere

The soybean rhizosphere has a specific microbial community,but the differences in microbial community structure between different soybean genotypes have not been explained.The present study analyzed the structure of the rhizosphere microbial community in three soybean genotypes.Differences in rhizosphere microbial communities between different soybean genotypes were verified using diversity testing and community composition,and each genotype had a specific rhizosphere microbial community composition.Co-occurrence network analysis found that different genotype plant hosts had different rhizosphere microbial networks.The relationship between rhizobia and rhizosphere microorganisms in the network also exhibited significant differences between different genotype plant hosts.The ecological function prediction found that different genotypes of soybean recruited the specific rhizosphere microbial community.These results demonstrated that soybean genotype regulated rhizosphere microbial community structure differences.The study provides a reference and theoretical support for developing soybean microbial inoculum in the future.

Rhizosphere bacterial communities and soil nutrient conditions reveal sexual dimorphism of Populus deltoides

Sexual dimorphism of plants shapes the diff erent morphology and physiology between males and females.However,it is still unclear whether it infl uences belowground ecological processes.In this study,rhizosphere soil of male and female Populus deltoides and bulk soil were collected from an 18-year plantation(male and female trees mix-planted)and grouped into three soil compartments.Soil carbon(C),nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)levels were determined,and soil bacterial communities were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing.The results showed the less total carbon and total organic carbon,the more nutrients(available phosphorus,nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen)available in the rhizosphere soils of female poplars than soils of males.However,α-diversity indices of the rhizosphere bacterial communities under male plants were signifi-cantly higher.Principal component analysis showed that the bacterial communities were signifi cantly diff erent between the male and female soil compartments.Further,the bacterial co-occurrence network in soil under male trees had more nodes and edges than under females.BugBase analysis showed the more functional bacteria taxa related to biofi lm formation and antioxidation under males.The results indicate that soils under male poplars had more diverse and more complex co-occurrence networks of the rhizosphere bacterial community than soils under female trees,implying that male poplars might have better environmental adaptability.The study provides insight into the diff erent soil-microbe interactions of dioecious plants.More details about the infl uencing mechanism of sexual dimorphism on rhizosphere soil bacterial communities need to be further studied.

Nutrient coordination mechanism of tiger nut induced by rhizosphere soil nutrient variation in an arid area, China

Tiger nut is a bioenergy crop planted in arid areas of northern China to supply oil and adjust the planting structure.However,in the western region of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China,less water resources have resulted in a scarcity of available farmland,which has posed a huge obstacle to planting tiger nut.Cultivation of tiger nut on marginal land can effectively solve this problem.To fully unlock the production potential of tiger nut on marginal land,it is crucial for managers to have comprehensive information on the adaptive mechanism and nutrient requirement of tiger nut in different growth periods.This study aims to explore these key information from the perspective of nutrient coordination strategy of tiger nut in different growth periods and their relationship with rhizosphere soil nutrients.Three fertilization treatments including no fertilization(N:P(nitrogen:phosphorous)=0:0),traditional fertilization(N:P=15:15),and additional N fertilizer(N:P=60:15)were implemented on marginal land in the Dengkou County.Plant and soil samples were collected in three growth periods,including stolon tillering period,tuber expanding period,and tuber mature period.Under no fertilization,there was a significant correlation between N and P contents of tiger nut roots and tubers and the same nutrients in the rhizosphere soil(P<0.05).Carbon(C),N,and P contents of roots were significantly higher than those of leaves(P<0.05),and the C:N ratio of all organs was higher than those under other treatments before tuber maturity(P<0.05).Under traditional fertilization,there was a significant impact on the P content of tiger nut tubers(P<0.05).Under additional N fertilizer,the accumulation rate of N and P was faster in stolons than in tubers(P<0.05)with lower N:P ratio in stolons during the tuber expansion period(P<0.05),but higher N:P ratio in tubers(P<0.05).The limited availability of nutrients in the rhizosphere soil prompts tiger nut to increase the C:N ratio,improving N utilization efficiency,and maintaining N:P ratio in tubers.Elevated N levels in the rhizosphere soil decrease the C:N ratio of tiger nut organs and N:P ratio in stolons,promoting rapid stolon growth and shoot production.Supplementary P is necessary during tuber expansion,while a higher proportion of N in fertilizers is crucial for the aboveground biomass production of tiger nut.

Effect of slope position on leaf and fine root C,N and P stoichiometry and rhizosphere soil properties in Tectona grandis plantations

Little is known about C-N-P stoichiometries and content in teak(Tectona grandis)plantations in South China,which are mostly sited on hilly areas with lateritic soil,and the effect of slope position on the accumulation of these elements in trees and rhizosphere soils.Here we analyzed the C,N,P content and stoichiometry in leaves,fine roots and rhizosphere soils of trees on the upper and lower slopes of a 12-year-old teak plantation.The Kraft classification system of tree status was used to sample dominant,subdominant and mean trees at each slope position.The results showed that the C,N and P contents in leaves were higher than in fine roots and rhizosphere soils.The lowest C/N,C/P and N/P ratios were found in rhizosphere soils,and the C/N and C/P ratios in fine roots were higher than in leaves.Nutrient accumulation in leaves,fine roots and rhizosphere soils were significantly influenced by slope position and tree class with their interaction mainly showing a greater effect on rhizosphere soils.Leaf C content and C/N ratio,fine root C and P contents,and C/N and C/P ratios all increased distinctly with declining slope position.The contents of organic matter(SOM),ammonium(NH4+-N),nitrate-nitrogen(NO3--N)and available potassium(AK)in rhizosphere soils were mainly enriched on upper slopes,but exchange calcium(ECa),available phosphorus(AP),and pH were relatively lower.Variations in the C,N and P stoichiometries in trees were mainly attributed to the differences in rhizosphere soil properties.N and P contents showed significant positive linear relationships between leaf and rhizosphere soil,and C content negative linear correlation among leaves,fine roots and rhizosphere soils.Chemical properties of rhizosphere soils,particularly C/N and NH4+-N,had significant effects on the leaf nutrients in trees on the upper slope.Correspondingly,rhizosphere soil properties mainly influenced fine root nutrients on the lower slope,and soil AK was the major influencing factor.Overall,these results offer new insights for the sustainability and management of teak plantations in hilly areas.

Correction to:Effect of slope position on leaf and fi ne root C,N and P stoichiometry and rhizosphere soil properties in Tectona grandis plantations

During production process,the below mentioned errors appeared in the original article and inadvertently published with error.The corrections are as given below.

Rhizosphere Soil Fungal Diversity and Soil Physicochemical Properties of Different Vegetations in Tundra of Changbai Mountain

By studying the diversity and community structure of rhizosphere soil fungi of different plants in the tundra on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain, it provides theoretical support for the restoration of environmental degradation and in-depth study of fungal diversity in the tundra of Changbai Mountain. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to determine the ITS1 region of fungal amplicons, so as to analyze the diversity of fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil of six plants in the tundra of Changbai Mountain, and to analyze the correlation between the environment and the diversity and richness of fungal communities in combination with relevant soil physical and chemical factors. The diversity and richness of fungal community in the rhizosphere soil of six plants in Changbai Mountain tundra were different. The Simpson and Shannon indexes of Saxifraga stolonifera Curt were the highest, and the richness of fungal community in Dryas octopetala was the highest. The analysis of fungal community composition showed that the fungal colonies in plant rhizosphere soil samples mainly belonged to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, which were the main dominant phyla. Mortierella, Fusarium and Sordariomycetes are common fungal genera in the rhizosphere soil of six plants, but their abundances are different among different plants. Water content was negatively correlated with fungal diversity, and TP was positively correlated with fungal community diversity. There were some differences in the composition and diversity of rhizosphere soil fungal communities of six plants in Changbai Mountain tundra. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the main soil fungal phyla in the rhizosphere of six plants in Changbai Mountain tundra. The results could provide theoretical guidance for ecological protection of Changbai Mountain tundra.

根际化学与生物多样性的表征方法:组学技术的机遇与挑战

根际是联结植物、土壤和微生物的重要界面,是化学与生物过程耦合最活跃的区域.根际环境影响土壤中有机和无机污染物的行为,而研究方法的完善与提升有助于阐释根际中复杂的过程与作用机制.本文从传统的化学和生物学方法到新兴的组学技术对根际科学的方法学研究进展进行了综述,重点讨论了当今组学技术在根际研究中应用机遇与挑战,同时展望了今后需要关注的科学问题.根际化学组分的传统分析方法涵盖了光谱、色谱、质谱和色质联用等技术,主要聚焦于低分子量有机酸等小分子的定性定量测定,导致对根际化学多样性的认知偏差;传统的根际微生物研究依赖于培养技术,对微生物多样性的描述存在很大的局限.揭示根际异质性和复杂性,亟需采用高端的技术,组学方法显示出极大的优势,显著提高了研究者对根际科学的认识.基于靶向和非靶向代谢组学有利于深入研究根际复杂的化学多样性过程;基于宏基因组学、转录组学和蛋白组学等组学工具能够提供微生物组基因和蛋白的表达、功能特性等更详细的信息,可以全面地揭示根际微生物的多样性.应该强调的是,未来多组学整合分析更是表征根际化学与生物多样性的一个强有力工具,但需要更多的模型、框架和计算基础来实现根际基因、蛋白、转录和代谢水平的多层次关联,以助于挖掘根-微生物-土壤界面大量尚未揭示的关键过程、机理及生态环境效应.

玉米种植改变了引黄灌区盐渍化土壤细菌多样性与功能

为了明确植物修复对盐渍化土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响,本文对宁夏引黄灌区盐渍化土壤玉米种植地根际和非根际土壤以及荒地土壤细菌多样性、群落结构及功能、细菌群落与环境因子之间的相关关系等进行研究。结果表明:玉米种植能够增加盐渍化土壤细菌物种数(OTU, Operational Taxonomic Unit)和多样性,各土壤细菌总物种数和特有物种数(OTU)从高到低依次为:非根际土壤>根际土壤>荒地土壤;土壤细菌多样性(即ACE指数、Chao1指数、Simpson指数与Shannon指数)由大到小均依次为:根际土壤>非根际土壤>荒地土壤, 3种土壤细菌多样性之间差异不显著。玉米种植改变了盐渍化土壤细菌群落结构和功能多样性,玉米种植显著提高了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)与放线菌门(Actinobacteria)两种优势菌门的相对丰度;丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonadaceae)、丝状菌属(Hyphomircobiales)和根瘤菌属(Rhizobiaceae)为3种土壤组间差异贡献最大的物种;玉米种植增加了盐渍化土壤中细菌参与新陈代谢功能与遗传信息处理功能物种的相对丰度,且有效磷、全磷、速效氮、全盐和pH是影响二级功能相对丰度的重要因子。玉米种植后其根际和非根际土壤细菌群落在生态位上与荒地之间存在明显分异。种植玉米修复盐渍化土壤能够改变土壤细菌群落结构、功能和多样性,对改善盐渍化土壤微环境,促进盐渍化土壤微生物功能发挥和盐渍化土壤种植结构优化具有重要意义。

间作黄芪对当归根际土壤微生物的影响

目的:探讨根际土壤微生物对中药材种植模式的响应方式。方法:以间作黄芪及单作下当归根际土壤为研究对象,基于高通量测序技术,分析土壤微生物在不同季节及种植模式下群落组成及功能的差异。结果:间作下Chao1指数、ACE指数高于单作,变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门为间作下的优势菌门,芽单胞菌门的相对丰度在间作下高于单作。11月间作下γ变形菌纲、7月间作下全噬菌纲的丰度显著高于单作。KEGG功能预测表明,在不同时间及间作下根际土壤细菌与细胞过程、环境信息处理、遗传信息处理、代谢功能下属的23类二级功能基因的相对丰度存在显著差异;参与氮循环的功能基因K00371(narH/narY/nxrB)、(K00374 narI/narV)等OTU数在间作下显著高于单作;不同门、纲在间作下的共生网络比单作下连接紧密且更复杂。结论:当归间作黄芪影响土壤细菌群落组成,增加其丰富度及功能的丰富性,影响土壤氮循环能力,促进土壤微生物间的交互作用。

油梨根际土壤微生物群落及其共生网络对根腐病的响应

【目的】为研发根腐病绿色综合防控技术提供理论依据,有效推进油梨树种产业发展。【方法】本研究以百色市林业科学研究所的健康和根腐病发病油梨植株根际土壤为研究对象,并利用基于16S核糖体RNA(rRNA)和内部转录间隔区(ITS)扩增子高通量测序技术,分析健康和染病植株根际细菌和真菌群落结构、组成及多样性差异,比较细菌和真菌群落结构及其相互作用,确定土壤病原菌和有益菌的变化。【结果】染病植株相对于健康植株,根际细菌和真菌群落结构和多样性均没有显著性变化。变形菌门Proteobacteria、酸杆菌门acidobacteria、放线菌门actinobacteria、拟杆菌门bacteroidetes和绿弯菌门chloroflexi是油梨根际土壤优势细菌类群,子囊菌门ascomycota和担子菌门basidiomycota是油梨根际土壤优势真菌类群。在门分类水平、纲分类水平以及属分类水平上,细菌和真菌群落组成有明显的变化,但随着分类水平降低,群落组成变化越明显。此外,健康和染病油梨根际细菌群落α多样性显著高于真菌群落,而健康与染病之间细菌群落结构差异小于真菌。细菌物种之间的相互作用比真菌网络物种间的相互作用更紧密,并且负连接百分比和关节类群数量更多,细菌网络的稳定性更高。同样,油梨根际土壤细菌群落相对于真菌群落表现出更高的生态位宽度和生态位重叠。对根腐病有反应的细菌和真菌,如芽孢杆菌Bacillus、假单胞杆菌pseudomonas和溶杆菌lysobacter和球囊菌纲glomeromycetes,由于其在染病油梨根际土壤中的相对丰度均高于健康土壤,可以被视为相关的生物防治菌。【结论】根腐病并不会使油梨根际细菌和真菌群落结构和多样性发生显著性变化,但会使得一些有益菌的相对丰度增加,并且细菌比真菌对根腐病具有更高的抵抗力。

香葱伴生番茄对青枯病及根际微生态特征的影响

【目的】为明确香葱伴生对番茄青枯病及根际微生态特征的影响,揭示香葱伴生番茄降低青枯病发病率的机理。【方法】通过田间试验设置番茄单作和香葱伴生番茄2个处理,分别采集单作发病番茄(QK)、单作健康番茄(NBS)和香葱伴生番茄(BS)的根际土壤,应用16S rDNA高通量测序和液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)技术,探究香葱伴生对番茄根际微生态特征的影响。【结果】田间试验结果表明,番茄单作处理和香葱伴生番茄处理的青枯病平均病株率分别为50.48、31.43%,香葱伴生番茄处理对番茄青枯病的防治效果为37.74%。16S rDNA高通量测序结果表明,BS、NBS根际土壤细菌群落相对丰度和多样性均显著高于QK;与QK相比,BS和NBS根际土壤细菌茄科雷尔氏菌属相对丰度显著降低,而芽孢杆菌属相对丰度升高;与NBS相比,BS根际土壤细菌茄科雷尔氏菌属相对丰度降低,芽孢杆菌属相对丰度显著提高。利用LC-MS技术共鉴定出番茄根际土壤代谢物586种,其中正离子模式代谢物320种,负离子模式代谢物266种,并将代谢物的功能注释至新陈代谢、遗传信息加工和环境信息加工等代谢通路;与NBS相比,BS根际土壤代谢物中的缬氨酸、L-天冬酰胺和柠檬酸的含量均显著降低,L-赖氨酸、谷氨酸、D-谷氨酰胺和异亮氨酸的含量也低于NBS,但差异未达到显著水平。【结论】香葱伴生番茄显著降低番茄青枯病田间发病率,改变了番茄根际土壤中细菌群落结构和番茄根际土壤代谢物含量。

复合木霉制剂防治黄连根腐病及其机理研究

为评价复合木霉制剂对黄连根腐病的防治效果,并揭示其防病机理,为黄连根腐病专用微生物农药的研发奠定基础,本试验将深绿木霉Trichoderma atroviride、长枝木霉T.longibrachiatum、钩状木霉T.hamatum、拟康宁木霉T.koningiopsis等4种木霉配制的复合制剂和尖镰孢Fusarium oxysporum以不同的方式分别施用于黄连,统计根腐病发生情况,检测黄连根部防御酶活性,用高通量测序分析根际土壤真菌群落结构。结果表明,复合木霉制剂对尖镰孢导致的根腐病具有明显预防效果;复合木霉制剂和尖镰孢分别接种黄连可提高SOD、POD、CAT、PAL、PPO等防御性酶活性,产生诱导抗性;而它们先后接种黄连可产生强化效应,从另一个途径提高植株抗病性。复合木霉制剂和尖镰孢都会降低真菌的数量、多样性,和某些真菌的相对丰度,而复合木霉制剂的抑菌作用更强烈,尤其能明显抑制尖镰孢、Ilyonectria sp.等病原真菌的生长,且能改善土壤真菌群落结构。木霉和尖镰孢都能在土壤中较长期定殖。可见,复合木霉制剂可以预防尖镰孢导致的黄连根腐病,防病机理包括诱导黄连植株产生抗性,接种后再遭受病原菌侵染产生的强化效应,优化土壤真菌群落结构,抑制土壤中病原菌等,且有效期较长。因此复合木霉制剂具有开发为微生物农药防治黄连根腐病的潜力。

有机肥配施生物质炭对根际/非根际土壤氮赋存形态的影响

阐明化肥和有机肥配施生物质炭对根际/非根际土壤养分和氮赋存形态的影响,有助于农田氮的高效利用及科学管理。采用盆栽试验方法,设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、施有机肥(M)、化肥配施生物质炭(CFB)、有机肥配施生物质炭(MB)、新鲜有机肥配施生物质炭(FMB)6个处理,通过测定根际及非根际土壤养分含量和土壤氮赋存形态,阐明不同施肥处理对氮形态转化的影响。结果表明:与CK处理相比,MB处理提高非根际及根际土壤pH 0.32和0.28个单位,FMB处理提高根际土壤pH 0.63个单位;MB和FMB处理分别提高根际土壤有机质含量25.4%和84.9%,同时显著提高根际土壤全氮含量25.4%和50.9%,表现出明显的根际效应。施肥能显著提高土壤离子交换态氮(IEF-N)含量,以CF和CFB处理的效果最好。施用有机肥和生物质炭能显著提高土壤碳酸盐结合态氮(CF-N)含量,以M和MB处理效果最好,且CF-N存在根际富集效应。配施生物质炭(CFB、MB和FMB)处理能促进土壤非可转化态氮(NTF-N)向铁锰氧化物结合态氮(IMOF-N)和有机硫化物结合态氮(OSF-N)这两种活性更高的氮形态转化,其中IMOF-N和OSF-N分别占可转化态氮的35.9%~61.7%和26.7%~46.6%,是根际及非根际土壤可转化态氮(TF-N)的主要成分。因此,有机肥配施生物质炭是改善根际及非根际土壤养分和调控氮转化有效的方式。

栽培与野生七叶一枝花土壤微生物多样性研究

【目的】探明栽培与野生七叶一枝花土壤细菌群落组成的差异。【方法】采用illumina miseq 2×300 bp高通量测序对栽培与野生七叶一枝花土壤的细菌16S rRNA基因序列进行测序分析;同时,利用LDA Effect Size(LEfSE)软件对组间群落微生物丰富度的差异分析,比较栽培与野生七叶一枝花土壤细菌群落组成的差异,明确影响2种栽培模式的重要微生物门类。【结果】七叶一枝花土壤中的微生物组成中,野生七叶一枝花土壤细菌种类优于栽培七叶一枝花土壤。丰富度指数(Ace和Chao)和多样性指数(Shannon和Simpson)分析表明,野生七叶一枝花土壤细菌群落更具有更高的丰富性和多样性。在门水平,栽培和野生七叶一枝花土壤细菌群落具有显著差异的门包括Firmicutes、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)和螺旋菌门(Spirochaetae);显著差异的属包括芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)、纤线杆菌属(Ktedonobacter)和类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus)等。利用LEfSE软件对组间群落微生物丰富度的差异分析发现,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)是野生七叶一枝花土壤样本中的优势菌门,优势属包括芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)、类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus)、Tumebacillus、Mucilaginibacter、硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)、Shimazuella和Singulisphaera;栽培七叶一枝花土壤样本中起到重要作用的门水平细菌群落是装甲菌门(Armatimonadetes),属水平细菌群落是Bryobacter、Aquicella和纤线杆菌属(Ktedonobacter)。相关性分析结果表明,土壤pH与土壤全钾是影响七叶一枝花土壤微生物群落多样性的主要因素。【结论】不同栽培模式和土壤养分影响七叶一枝花土壤微生物多样性,为七叶一枝花的栽培管理与维护提供参考。

抗枯萎病香蕉品种宿根连作根际土壤微生物群落结构特征变化分析

【目的】分析抗枯萎病香蕉品种宿根连作根际土壤微生物群落结构特征变化,为深入研究抗枯萎病香蕉品种宿根连作抗性增强的作用机制及利用生防微生物进行香蕉枯萎病绿色防控提供理论依据。【方法】以抗枯萎病香蕉品种宝岛蕉为试验材料,在枯萎病发病严重土壤上宿根连续种植3造:组培苗第一代(第1造)、宿根第一代(第2造)和宿根第二代(第3造),调查各造枯萎病发病率,四分法采集各造土壤样本并测定土壤化学性质;采集第1造健康和发病植株、第2和第3造健康植株的根际土壤样本,分别编号为S1、V、S2和S3,重复3次,利用Illumina高通量测序平台对12个土壤样本的细菌16Sr RNA和真菌ITS区进行测序分析;采用样本复杂度(Alpha多样性指数)、主坐标(PCoA)和UPGMA聚类分析土壤样本细菌和真菌群落的丰富度和多样性、门和属水平上的群落构成及相对丰度差异;通过Spearman分析优势微生物群落与镰刀菌属的相关性。【结果】抗枯萎病香蕉品种宝岛蕉连续种植3造根际土壤化学性质未发生明显改变,种植第3造的香蕉枯萎病发病率显著低于第1和第2造(P<0.05)。随着种植年限的增加,根际土壤细菌群落的多样性整体呈逐年下降趋势,而真菌群落的多样性整体呈逐年上升趋势。连作改变了香蕉根际土壤微生物的群落构成,S2和S3细菌和真菌的群落结构相近,明显与S1和V群落结构分离。S2和S3的壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)的相对丰度较S1分别低88.02%和89.51%,Fungi_phy_Incertae_sedis的相对丰度分别高41.56%和82.81%,S3镰刀菌属(Fusarium)的相对丰度较S1、S2分别低45.60%和50.47%,与留芽种植宿根蕉抗性表现增强相关。发病植株根际土壤中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)的相对丰度较高,而酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)的相对丰度较低。球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)、毛霉门(Mucoromycota)、隐真菌门(Rozellomycota)和壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)的相对丰度均与镰刀菌呈负相关。【结论】宿根第3造蕉的发病率最低,其根际土壤与第1造发病植株根际土壤的细菌和真菌群落差异明显,推测根际土壤微生物群落丰富度、多样性和群落构成改变是抗枯萎病香蕉品种宿根连作抗性增强的原因。