~1H MAS NMR characterization of hydrogen over silica-supported rhodium catalyst

Hydrogen species in both SiO2 and Rh/SiO2 catalysts pretreated indifferent atmospheres (H2, O2, helium or air) at different temperatures (773 or 973 K) were investigated by means of 1H MAS NMR. In SiO2 and O2-pretreated catalysts, a series of downfield signals at ~7.0, 3.8-4.0, 2.0 and 1.5-1.0 were detected. The first two signals can be attributed to strongly adsorbed and physisorbed water and the others to terminal silanol (SiOH) and SiOH under the screening of oxygen vacancies in SiO2 lattice, respectively. Besides the above signals, both upfield signal at ^-110 and downfield signals at 3.0 and 0.0 were also detected in H2-pretreated catalyst, respectively. The upfield signal at ^-110 originated from the dissociative adsorption of H2 over rhodium and was found to consist of both the contributions of reversible and irreversible hydrogen. There also probably existed another dissociatively adsorbed hydrogen over rhodium, which was known to be b hydrogen and in a unique form of 'delocalized hydrogen'. It was presumed that the b hydrogen had an upfield shift of ca. -20- -50, though its 1H NMR signals, which, having been masked by the spinning sidebands of Si-OH, failed to be directly detected out. The downfield signal at 3.0 was assigned to spillover hydrogen weakly bound by the bridge oxygen of SiO2. Another downfield signal at 0.0 was assigned to hydrogen held in the oxygen vacancies of SiO2 (Si-H species), suffering from the screening of trapped electrons. Both the spillover hydrogen and the Si-H resulted from the migration of the reversible hydrogen and the b hydrogen from rhodium to SiO2 in the close vicinity. It was proved that the above migration of hydrogen was preferred to occur at higher temperature than at lower temperature.

HYDROFORMYLATION CATALYSIS USING POLYMER-SUPPORTED MULTINUCLEAR RHODIUM CARBONYL CLUSTER CATALYSTS

A series of polymer-supported tetranuclear rhodium carbonyl cluster catalysts were prepared b the reaction of Rh4（CO）12with several kinds of polymer supports such as crosslinked poly （N-vinylpyrrolidone） （PNVP） and crosslinked poly （ styrene-co-maleic anhydride） （PMAn）, and subsequently were used to catalyze the hydroformylation of olefins. The catalysts were characterized by IR, SEM and XPS. The influence of the supports structure and crosslinking, metal’s content and particle size of the supports on the catalysts hydroformylation properties was studied. The factors which affect the catalytic conversion were also examined. The experimental results show that the polymer-supported Rh cluster catalysts possess very high catalytic activity and aldehyde selectivity as well as good reproducibility.

Synthesis of Polymer-Supported Heteronuclear Rhodium- Cobalt Bimetallic Carbonyl Cluster Catalysts and Their Hydroformylation Properties

Tetranuclear Rh-Co bimetallic cluster was synthesized and characterized by IR and XPS. The properties of the anchored catalysts, its stability and the ligand effect were also studied. The experimental results show that the optimal conditions for the hydroformylation of hexene-1 are as follows: the temperature is 80℃, reaction time 8 h, pressure 5. 88×105 Pa, and molar ratio of H2/CO 1. 2/1. 0. Functional groups attached to the donor atom(N) possess more or less some influence on the catalytic behavior. Compared with the homogeneous cluster, the polymer-supported bimetallic cluster is more stable. After the catalytic reaction, the structure of the anchored catalysts was not destroyed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization indicates that there is a weak interaction between the polymer support and the active metals.

铑基非均相催化剂在烯烃氢甲酰化反应中的应用研究进展

烯烃氢甲酰化反应是工业中合成醛的重要过程,铑基均相催化剂难以回收的缺点会大大增加烯烃氢甲酰化反应的成本。负载固相多相催化剂因其简便的分离循环操作而广受关注,但存在反应活性较差、金属流失量较大和催化剂制备成本较高等问题,开发催化性能和回收性能好的非均相铑基催化剂具有广阔的前景。以无机固体载体固定化催化剂、HRh(CO)(PPh_(3))_(3)封装型多相催化剂、多孔有机配体(POL)材料负载催化剂和单原子金属间纳米催化剂这4类催化剂为主线,综述了用于烯烃氢甲酰化反应中多相负载型铑基催化剂的研究进展。在多相负载型铑基催化剂中,膦配体组成及制备条件、载体种类及性质和铑与其他金属协同作用等均能对其催化烯烃氢甲酰化反应的催化性能产生影响,对上述4类催化剂的优、缺点和发展前景进行了简要分析。在今后的研究中,建议设计给电子能力强、空间位阻大的膦配体,发掘高比表面积、多级孔道结构的无机/有机载体,深入探究金属纳米粒子间的相互作用,进一步提高铑基催化剂在烯烃氢甲酰化中的催化性能和回收性能。

Hydrosilylation of olefins over rhodium complex anchored over thioether-functionalized MCM-41

The hydrosilylation of alkenes with triethoxysilane has been achieved at 120 C in the presence of 0.01 mol%of thioetherfunctionalized MCM-41 anchored rhodium complex,affording the corresponding addition products in 68-91%yields.This supported rhodium complex can be reused several times without noticeable loss of activity.Our system not only solves the basic problems of catalyst separation and recovery,but also avoids the use of phosphine ligands.

Methane oxybromination over Rh-based catalysts:Effect of supports

Bromine mediation has been regarded as one of the most efficient ways to activate and convert methane to useful organics.This article reports the effects of active components(Rh,Ru,Pd and Pt)and supports(SiO2,Mg O and Al2O3)on the catalysis of methane oxybromination.Among the prepared catalysts,Rh/SiO2 is the best in performance(CH4 conversion of ca.20%and CH3Br selectivity exceeding 70%).The results reveal that support type has a notable influence on the catalytic performance of Rh,especially on product distribution.The high selectivity to CH3 Br over Rh/SiO2 is attributed to its low propensity for CH3Br oxidation.It was found that Rh small in particle size shows high catalytic activity and CH3Br selectivity.Although silicalite-1 zeolite suffers from a certain degree of structural damage due to the presence of high temperature steam,the use of silicalite-1 as support results in a performance comparable to that of Rh/SiO2.

煤化工装置配体催化剂消耗分析及研究

为了提升煤基混合碳四综合利用装置的经济附加值,进一步降低煤基混合碳四生产2丙基庚醇(以下简称“2 PH”)产品羰基合成反应配体催化剂的消耗,结合煤化工生产装置上的实际案例,通过优化反应温度、氢碳比、配体催化剂浓度、反应器补水操作及缓冲溶液配置比例和注入量等相关操作,找到了适合工业装置高、低负荷运行的最佳操作条件和工艺参数,降低配体催化剂的分解消耗,延长铑催化剂的使用寿命,使得煤化工装置经济效益增加显著。

铱/铑/钌复合催化剂催化甲醇羰基化合成醋酸的研究

随着醋酸行业竞争越来越激烈,降低生产成本以提高市场竞争力显得非常重要。研究了在保持催化活性的基础上采用价格相对低廉、稳定性较好的贵金属铱,钌来部分替代贵金属铑在羰基化合成醋酸中的可行性。

超级微波消解-ICP-AES法测定铑炭催化剂中铑含量

建立一种采用超级微波消解,ICP光谱法测定5%Rh/C催化剂中Rh含量的方法。通过单因素实验和正交优化,对称样量、酸体系、消解温度、消解时间等因素进行考察,确定最佳消解方法:约0.10 g试样在密闭消解罐中,以9 mL硝酸和1 mL过氧化氢为酸体系,240℃消解温度下保持40 min,经赶酸定容后,采用ICP-AES法测定溶液中的贵金属含量。该方法简便、快捷,消解试样完全且结果稳定,相对标准偏差小于1.0%。

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定尾气净化用金属载体催化剂中的铂、钯和铑含量

如何精准地测定汽车尾气催化剂的贵金属含量(铂、钯、铑),对于控制贵金属的成本、回收贵金属及控制催化剂的性能具有重要意义。试验采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法来测定尾气用净化金属载体催化剂中的铂(Pt)、钯(Pd)和铑(Rh)含量。具有而言,含有尾气净化用金属载体催化剂的试样采用盐酸进行预处理,然后加入聚环氧乙烷溶液降低胶粒对过滤的影响,过滤产物在马弗炉(300℃)内进行炭化处理,并加入20 g Na_(2)O_(2),经过沉淀凝聚实现富集分离。最后,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪对分离的铂、钯、铑的含量进行测定。在样品测定过程中,Pt、Pd和Rh的加标回收率分布范围表现良好,分别为97.1%~109.0%、91.0%~101.8%和93.2%~102.2%。该方法具有快速定量分析、检出限较低、精密度良好、动态范围宽的特点,为贵金属检测行业的标准制定奠定了数据理论支撑。

Methane oxidative carbonylation catalyzed by rhodium chalcogen halides over carbon supports

Gas phase carbonylation of methane is studied in the presence of molecular oxygen over pure carbon carriers and carbon supported rhodium chalcogen halides. Activated carbons and fullerene blacks have been used as carbon supports. XPS and IR-spectroscopy data show the formation of rhodium chalcogen halides in solids prepared by different methods. We have found that the productivity of acetic acid by carbon supported rhodium chalcogen halides depends strongly on the carbon carrier and the method of the catalyst preparation. Namely, the catalyst with highest productivity for the acetic acid is prepared by synthesizing the rhodium chalcogen halide over the carbon support followed by thermal destruction. We have also found that rhodium chalcogen halides over activated carbons are more active compared with fullerene supported catalysts.

Catalytic perfomance of rhodium chalcogen halides and rhodium chalcogenides over silica supports in methane oxidative carbonylation

The gas phase methane oxidative carbonylation was studied in the presence of molecular oxygen over silica materials including their mechanical mixtures with rhodium chalcogen chlorides obtained in non-aqueous inorganic media. The formation of Rh4SCl7, Rh4S9Cl2, Rh4SesCl3 and Rh3Se3Cl solids was confirmed by elemental analysis, IR absorption spectroscopy, XPS and X-ray diffraction. Silica, vanadium-, and molybdenum-containing mesoporous molecular sieves have been used as supports. It was found that productivity of oxygenates （methanol, methyl acetate and acetic acid） depends mainly on the method of the catalyst preparation and the type of the support.

SYNTHESIS AND CATALYTIC HYDROSILYLATION PROPERTY OF POLYSILOXANE-SUPPORTED MERCAPTOSELENAETHER PLATINUM OR RHODIUM COMPLEX

Silica-bound mercaptoselenaether-containing silsesquioxane and its platinum or rhodium complex were synthesized from gamma-(2,3-epithiopropyl) propyltrimethoxysilane via ring-opening reaction with bis(2-hydroxyethyl) selenide, followed by hydrolysis and immobilization on fumed silica, and then reacting with potassium chloroplatinite or rhodium chloride in acetone under nitrogen atmosphere. It was found that two noble metal complexes can catalyze the hydrosilylation of olefins with triethoxysilane effectively. The influences of temperature, the amount of complex used, the nature of olefin on catalytic activity were investigated.

Rh/CeO_(x-)C_(3)N_(4)催化剂的制备及其催化水合肼制氢性能研究

本研究将CeO_(x)引入催化剂载体中,在N_(2)气氛下高温焙烧制得CeO_(x)掺杂的氮化炭材料作为载体,通过浸渍还原法将活性组分Rh负载到CeO_(x-)C_(3)N_(4)载体上合成Rh/CeO_(x-)C_(3)N_(4)催化剂,并探究其对催化水合肼制氢的性能的影响。研究结果表明,Rh/CeO_(x-)C_(3)N_(4)催化剂中,活性组分Rh与CeO_(x)之间存在协同效应,其中,CeO_(x)的掺杂有效地分散和稳定金属活性组分,为催化反应提供更多的活性位点。因此,该催化剂对催化水合肼制氢具有良好的催化活性。所制备的Rh/CeO_(x-)C_(3)N_(4)催化剂催化水合肼展现出最好的催化活性,初始转化率TOF值高达1959.24 h^(-1)。循环五次后,催化活性依然保持良好,表明其拥有良好的稳定性。

三苯基膦功能化聚酰胺/铑催化烯烃氢甲酰化

以三(3-氨基苯基)膦与联苯-4,4′-二甲酸为原料合成了一种三苯基膦功能化的聚酰胺有机载体,并通过红外光谱、固体核磁对其结构进行表征。聚酰胺载体与Rh(acac)(CO)_(2)组成的多相催化体系可以有效地催化1-己烯的氢甲酰化反应。研究表明,该多相催化剂具有较好的化学稳定性和催化效果。在90℃下,甲苯溶剂中,催化剂在15 h内完全催化转化1-己烯生成庚醛和2-己烯,产物中醛的选择性为37.4%。通过离心的方法可以实现催化剂与产物的快速分离及多次利用。催化剂的循环使用研究表明,在使用5次后,对1-己烯的催化活性仍高达100%,醛的选择性在34.9%以上,产物醛的正异构比约为2.5。

铑−单膦催化剂在不对称氢化反应中的研究进展

不对称氢化反应凭借良好的原子经济性、立体选择性和环境效益等优点在有机合成化学领域占有重要地位.不对称催化氢化反应研究的核心内容是手性配体和手性催化剂,其中过渡金属中的铑表现出催化活性高、化学性质稳定等优异性能,以及手性单齿膦配体具有合成方法简便、原料易得等优点,使得铑−单膦催化剂在不对称氢化反应中得到广泛应用.基于此,开发新型、催化效率高的手性单膦配体及铑催化剂仍是一个不断发展的领域.以铑催化不对称氢化反应为核心,手性单齿膦配体的发展为主线,作者详细介绍了反应过程中涉及到的手性单齿膦配体、底物结构、反应条件和产物的对映选择性等,以期对铑−单膦催化剂在不对称氢化反应中的应用有深入理解.

从汽车尾气废催化剂浸出液中提取钯试验研究

研究了用自制二异戊基硫醚(S201)作萃取剂,从含贵金属汽车尾气废催化剂浸出液中回收钯。考察了有机相组成、萃取相比V_(o)/V_(a)、搅拌速度、萃取时间对萃取分离钯的影响。结果表明:在萃取有机相为12.5%S201+87.5%磺化煤油、相比V_(o)/V_(a)=1/5、搅拌速度700 r/min、萃取时间30 min条件下,钯萃取率达90%;铂、铑留在萃余液中,钯与铂、铑得到有效分离;合成的S201循环使用8次后,钯萃取率达90%以上,重复使用性能良好。该法工艺简单,操作简便,可从低浓度汽车尾气废催化剂浸出液中高效萃取分离钯。

碱熔-碲共沉淀分离-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定废弃环保催化剂中铂钯铑

准确测定废弃环保催化剂中铂、钯、铑含量,是实现废弃环保催化剂贵金属高效回收和处置的重要保障技术条件之一,对回收铂族金属和交易等都具有重要的意义。采用碱熔分解废弃环保催化剂样品,在盐酸溶液中,以二氯化锡溶液为还原剂,碲共沉淀富集铂、钯、铑并与共存离子分离,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定铂、钯、铑含量。结果表明,在1.2~2.7 mol/L盐酸体系中,加入碲沉淀剂,以二氯化锡为还原剂,能完全沉淀富集铂、钯、铑。铂、钯、铑校准曲线的线性范围为0.50~50.00μg/mL,线性相关系数分别为0.99998、0.99996、0.99997,检出限分别为2.6、0.9、1.2μg/g,测定范围为25~25000μg/g。按照实验方法测定废弃环保催化剂中铂、钯、铑,结果相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为0.2%~3.6%,加标回收率为96.0%~109%,方法应用于废弃环保催化剂中铂、钯、铑含量的测定,结果满意。