Cost Effective Adsorption of Aluminium and Iron from Synthetic and Real Wastewater by Rice Hull Activated Carbon (RHAC)

The adsorption of aluminium(III) and iron(III) ions from their single and binary systems, by RHAC was investigated in a batch system. The activated carbon prepared from rice hulls was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transformation infrared techniques. Batch adsorption experiments were performed under different operating conditions including pH (2 - 5), adsorbent dosage (0.5 - 2.0 g/l), initial ion concentration (5 - 100 mg/l), and contact time (30 - 240 min). The equilibrium time for maximum ions removal was found to be 180 min in single and binary ions systems. The kinetics of adsorption was evaluated using the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and Elovich kinetic models. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equilibrium models were applied to the adsorption experimental data. Real wastewater samples were collected from different locations to investigate the efficiency of rice hull activated carbon in treating real samples. The real wastewater samples were treated with the activated carbon prepared from rice hulls and a commercial activated carbon. The results showed that the activated carbon prepared in the present work was more efficient in the removal of aluminium and iron from real wastewater as compared to the commercial activated carbon which is more advantageous considering both economics and environmental parameters.

Study on Preparation and Separation of SIC Whiskerand Particle from Rice Hulls

The growth mechanism of paramorphic SiC whisker (SiCw) and SiC particle (SiCp) produced from rice bulls under the catalytic actions is studied. The results indicate that the growtb mechanism of the SiCw is vapour-liquid-solid (VLS) , while the crystalline structure of the SiCw is β-SiC. Some SiCp will be formed during the production of the SiCw. Under the pilot-plant condition, the grade of SiCw is over 20%, and SiCp is over 50%. The micron-grade of SiCw and SiCp are separated successfully by flotation and other traditional mineral separation and purification technology. So the grade of the high purity SiCw is over 95 %.

Effects of Rice Hull Particle Size and Content on the Mechanical Properties and Visual Appearance of Wood Plastic Composites Prepared from Poly（vinyl chloride）

This research aims to develop Wood Plastic Composites （WPCs） from rice hull and poly（vinyl chloride） （PVC）. The in- fluences of the rice hull particle size and content on the mechanical properties and the visual appearance of the WPC decking board were investigated. The experimental results revealed that the impact strength tended to decrease with increasing rice hull content. The composites with larger particle sizes exhibited higher impact strength. Under tensile and flexure load, higher rice hull content induced greater modulus and ultimate strength when the rice hull was applied at less than 60 phr. Beyond this concentration, the modulus and the strength dropped due to the formation of rice hull agglomerates. The smaller particles of the milled rice hull, the greater tendency there was for them to act as a pigment to form a darker shade close that of the rice hull on the composite decking board. The larger particle sizes were 106 μm and beyond simply embedded in the white PVC matrix.

New Aliphatic Alcohol and Ester Constituents from Rice Hulls of Oryza sativa

Six new aliphatic alcohol and ester compounds of n-octacos-9-enyl propionate （1）, 4-（3-formylheptyl）cyclohexyl 4-（cyclohexylcarbonyloxymethyl）cyclohexyl-carboxylate （2）, n-hentriacont-25-en-5α-ol （3）, n-hexetriacont-9,26-dien-8α,11β,23α-triol （4）, n-tetracontan-15α-ol （5） and n-tritetracontan-5α-ol （6） were isolated from the hulls of Oryza sativa. The structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.

Removal of sodium diclofenac from aqueous solutions by rice hull biochar

Diclofenac is an ecotoxic pharmaceutical compound affecting both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems even at low concentrations.In this study,batch adsorption experiments were conducted to remove sodium diclofenac(SD)from aqueous solutions using rice hull biochar(RHB)adsorbents.Higher SD removals were obtained with increasing initial SD concentration,RHB dosage,contact time,and decreasing initial pH.Isotherm studies revealed that Langmuir isotherm best fitted the experimental data with the highest coefficient of determination for both pH 2(R2=0.9827)and pH 7(R2=0.9460).For kinetic studies,the pseudo second-order model gave R2=0.9999 for both pH 2 and pH 7.SD removals reached up to 97%at pH 2 and up to 80%at pH 7.Higher SD removals were achieved at solution pH lower than the adsorbent pHpzc since electrostatic repulsion was eliminated.Fourier-transform infrared analysis showed the major involvement of C=O in the adsorption process.This study demonstrated the potential of using agricultural residues such as rice hulls for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with pharmaceutical compounds.

Comparison and analysis of QTLs for grain and hull thickness related traits in two recombinant inbred line(RIL) populations in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Grain traits are major constraints in rice production, which are key factors in determining grain yield and market values. This study used two recombinant inbred line（RIL） populations, RIL-JJ（japonica/japonica） and RIL-IJ（indica/japonica） derived from the two crosses Shennong 265/Lijiangxintuanheigu（SN265/LTH） and Shennong 265/Luhui 99（SN265/LH99）. Sixty-eight quantitative trait loci（QTLs） associated with 10 grain traits were consistently detected on the 12 chromosomes across different populations and two environments. Although 61.75% of the QTLs clustered together across two populations, only 16.17% could be detected across two populations. Eight major QTLs were detected on the 9, 10 and 12 chromosomes in RIL-JJ under two environments, a novel QTL clustered on the 10 chromosome, q GT10, q BT10 and q TGW10, have a higher percentage of explained phenotypic variation（PVE） and additive effect; 15 major QTLs were detected on the 5, 8, 9, and 11 chromosomes in RIL-IJ under two environments, a novel clustered QTL, q GT8 and q TGW8, on the 8 chromosome have a higher additive effect. Finally, the analysis of major QTL-BSA mapping narrowed the q TGW10 to a 1.47-Mb region flanked by simple sequence repeat markers RM467 and RM6368 on chromosome 10. A comparison of QTLs for grain traits in two different genetic backgrounds recombinant inbred line populations confirmed that genetic background had a significant impact on grain traits. The identified QTLs were stable across different populations and various environments, and 29.42% of QTLs controlling grain traits were reliably detected in different environments. Fewer QTLs were detected for brown rice traits than for paddy rice traits, 7 and 17 QTLs for brown rice out of 25 and 43 QTLs under RIL-JJ and RILIJ populations, respectively. The identification of genes constituting the QTLs will help to further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying grain shape.

Genetic Analysis and Mapping of TWH Gene in Rice Twisted Hull Mutant

A mutant with twisted hulls was found in a breeding population of rice （Oryza sativa L.）. The mutant shows less grain weight and inferior grain quality in addition to twisted hulls. Genetic analysis indicated that the phenotype of mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene （temporarily designated as TW（H）. To map the TWH gene, an F2 population was generated by crossing the twh mutant to R725, an indica rice variety with normal hulls. For bulked segregant analysis, the bulk of mutant plants was prepared by mixing equal amount of plant tissue from 10 twisted-hull plants and the bulk of normal plants was obtained by pooling equal amount tissue of 10 normal-hull plants. Two hundred and seven pairs of simple sequence repeat （SSR） primers, which are distributed on 12 rice chromosomes, were used for polymorphism analysis of the parents and the two bulks. The TWH locus was initially mapped close to the SSR marker RM526 on chromosome 2. Therefore, further mapping was performed using 50 pairs of SSR primers around the marker RM526. The TWH was delimited between the SSR markers RM14128 and RM208 on the long arm of chromosome 2 at the genetic distances of 1.4 cM and 2.7 cM, respectively. These results provide the foundation for further fine mapping, cloning and functional analysis of the TWH gene.

K-Domain Splicing Factor OsMADS1 Regulates Open Hull Male Sterility in Rice

We identified the rice floral organ development mutant, termed as open hull and male sterile 1 （ohms1）, from the progeny of the indica restorer line Zhonghui 8015 treated with 60Co γ-ray irradiation. The ohms1 mutant exhibited an open hull and lemma- and palea-like structure conversion between the anthers and stigma, which resulted in the ohms1 mutant spikelet showing‘tridentate lemma＇. The ohms1 mutant was entirely sterile but had 60%-70% fertile pollen. Genetic analysis and gene mapping showed that ohms1 was controlled by a single recessive gene, and the mutant gene was fine-mapped to a 42-kb interval on the short arm of chromosome 3 between markers KY2 and KY29. Sequence analysis of the four open reading frames in this region revealed that the mutant carried a single nucleotide transformation （A to G） at the last base of the fifth intron, which was likely corresponded to ohms1 phynotype, in an MIKC type MADS-box gene OsMADS1 （LOC_Os03g11614）. Enzyme digestion and cDNA sequencing further indicated that the variable splicing was responsible for the deletion of the sixth exon in ohms1, but no structural changes in the MADS domain or amino acid frame shifts appeared. Additionally, real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR analysis showed that the OsMADS1 expression level decreased significantly in the ohms1 mutant. The expression levels of rice flowering factors and floral glume development-related genes also changed significantly. These results demonstrate that OsMADS1 may play an important role in rice floral organ development, particularly in floral glume development and floret primordium differentiation.

Growth performance,meat quality, and bone-breaking strength in broilers fed dietary rice hull silicon

Bone problems have been a key issue that perilously affects broilers’ health and welfare, resulting in severe economic loss. The present study was aimed at investigating the influence of dietary rice hull silicon(RHS) on the performance, meat quality, and bone-breaking strength of broilers. One hundred 10-day-old Arbor Acres chicks were used in the study. The birds were divided into 5 groups: one group was kept as the control, and other groups were provided with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mg/kg dietary RHS along with their basal diets. Results showed that diets containing various levels of dietary RHS did not adversely affect(P> 0.05) the body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio, Drip loss of thigh meat showed a reduced value in the group supplemented with 7.5 mg/kg dietary RHS compared with other groups(P < 0.05), and the lowest thawing loss was observed in the same group;however, it showed no significant difference among other groups;Similarly, thawing loss of breast meat tended to decrease in the dietary RHS groups and significantly decreased(P < 0.05) in the 7.5 mg/kg RHS group. The shear force of breast meat was higher in all RHS groups, and the highest was in the 7.5 mg/kg RHS group(P < 0.05).Although tibia breaking strength increased significantly(P < 0.05) in the 7.5 mg/kg RHS group(P < 0.05),but a significant difference in femur breaking strength was not found among groups. In conclusion,dietary RHS can be used as a natural mineral supplement for improving bone-breaking strength and reducing drip and thawing loss of breast and thigh muscles;particularly RHS at a level of 7.5 mg/kg in broiler diets.

QTL Mapping for Hull Thickness and Related Traits in Hybrid Rice Xieyou 9308

We conducted a quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis of 165 rice recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Zhonghui 9308 （Z9308） and Xieqingzao B （XB） in Hainan and Hangzhou, China. Grain thickness （GT）, brown rice thickness （BRT）, hull thickness （HT） and milling quality were used for QTL mapping. HT was significantly and positively correlated with GT and BRT. Twenty-nine QTLs were detected with phenotypic effects ranging from 2.80% to 21.27%. Six QTLs, qGT3, qBRT3, qBRT4, qHT6.1, qHT8 and qHT11, were detected repeatedly across two environments. Inherited from XB qHT6.1, qHT8 and qHT11 showed stable expression, explaining 9.92%, 21.27% and 10.83% of the phenotypic variances in Hainan and 9.61%, 6.40% and 6.71% in Hangzhou, respectively. Additionally, the QTL cluster between RM5944 and RM5626 on chromosome 3 was probably responsible for GT and milling quality. The cluster between RM6992 and RM6473 on chromosome 4 played an important role in grain filling. Three near isogenic lines （NILs）, X345, X338 and X389, were selected because they contained homozygous fragments from Zhonghui 9308, corresponding to qHT6.1, qHT8 and qHT11, respectively. The hull of XB was thicker than those of X345, X338 and X389. In all the lines, qHT6.1, qHT8 and qHT11 that regulated rice HT were stably inherited with obvious genetic effects.

Distribution Characterization of Leaf and Hull Pubescences and Genetic Analysis of Their Numbers in japonica Rice (Oryza sativa)

Distributions of pubescences on leaf blade and hull in japonica rice were observed under an optical microscope. Numbers of leaf and hull pubescences in P1, P2, F1, B1, B2 and F2 generations were investigated in three combinations of japonica rice (Sidao 10A/Wuyujing 3R, Wuyujing 3A/Sidao 10R and Liuyan 189A/HR-122), and genetic analysis for these two traits were conducted by using the joint analysis method of P1, P2, F1, B1, B2 and F2 generations with the mixed major gene plus polygene inheritance models. Leaf pubescences characterized by swollen base and fine tip distributed regularly on the boundary between dark green stripe and light green stripe of leaf blade. Hull pubescences with various lengths distributed irregularly on the whole hull. Numbers of leaf pubescences in the reciprocal combinations of Sidao 10A/Wuyujing 3R and Wuyujing 3A/Sidao 10R and numbers of hull pubescences in all the three combinations were controlled by one pair of additive major genes plus additive-dominant polygenes. In the combination of Liuyan 189A/HR-122, number of leaf pubescences was controlled by one pair of additive-dominant major genes plus additive-dominant polygenes. Both numbers of leaf and hull pubescences were mainly governed by major genes.

Dissection of QTLs for Hull Silicon Content on the Short Arm of Rice Chromosome 6

The QTL qHUS6 for hull silicon content in rice was previously located on the short arm of rice chromosome 6. By using an F2：3 population segregating in the RM587-RM19784 region harboring qHUS6 in an isogenic background, two QTLs for hull silicon content were detected, of which qHUS6-1 was located in the distal region and qHUS6.2 in the region proximal to the centromere. Three rice plants carrying small heterozygous segments in the target region were selected, of which two covered the qHUS6-1 region and the other covered the qHUS6-2 region. Three F2：3 populations were derived from the selfed seeds of the three plants, respectively. QTL mapping was performed using the two populations segregating in the qHUS6-1 region, and qHUS6-1 was delimited to a 147.0-kb region flanked by the markers RM510 and RM19417. Five groups of F3 lines with different genotypic compositions in the qHUS6-2 region were selected from the other F2-3 population. Two QTLs were separated with two-way ANOVA, of which qHUS6-2a was located in the interval defined by RM19706-RM19795 and qHUS6-2b in the interval RM314-RM19665.

稻谷壳提取物对钢在HCl中的缓蚀作用

以稻谷壳为原料,用超声辅助提取法制备出稻谷壳提取物(RHE),探究了其在1.0 mol·L^(-1)HCl中对钢的缓蚀作用。结果表明,RHE对钢在1.0 mol·L^(-1)HCl中有较好的缓蚀效果,缓蚀效果随RHE浓度的增加而增强,且30℃、RHE浓度为250 mg·L^(-1)时,缓蚀率达到92.86%。同时,RHE具有一定的长期稳定性。RHE的吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温式,其标准吸附Gibbs自由能(ΔG^(0))为-20~-40 kJ·mol^(-1),表明RHE的吸附方式为混合吸附。极化曲线测试表明RHE为混合型缓蚀剂,同时抑制阴极和阳极的腐蚀反应,电化学阻抗谱测试(EIS)表明钢在1.0 mol·L^(-1)HCl的腐蚀受电荷转移电阻的控制。溶液的紫外-可见吸收光谱(UVvis)和表面张力证实RHE吸附到钢的表面导致RHE浓度减少。RHE的加入导致钢表面接触角增大,疏水性增强,证实了缓蚀保护膜的形成。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和金相显微镜进一步证实RHE在钢表面形成缓蚀保护膜。此外,FTIR表明RHE分子中含有O、N等杂原子,再次证实了RHE混合吸附到钢表面形成缓蚀保护膜。

覆盖模式对冬作马铃薯根层土壤剖面硝态氮分布特征的影响

[目的]探讨不同覆盖模式对冬作马铃薯根层土壤剖面硝态氮动态变化及分布特征的影响。[方法]以费乌瑞它马铃薯一级脱毒种薯为供试植物,采用完全随机区组设计,布置3个覆盖处理:无覆盖(T_(1))、6 000 kg/hm^(2)稻壳覆盖(T_(2))和黑膜覆盖(T_(3)),进行田间试验。[结果]稻壳覆盖处理与黑膜覆盖处理的根层剖面硝态氮动态变化基本一致,但均与无覆盖处理的动态变化存在差异;在冬作马铃薯生长前期,无覆盖处理的土壤硝态氮含量高于覆盖稻壳处理与黑膜覆盖处理,后期覆盖稻壳处理与黑膜覆盖处理土壤硝态氮含量高于无覆盖处理;在收获时,稻壳处理0~20cm土层的土壤硝态氮含量低于20~40cm土层,但两者之间的差异未达到显著水平(P>0.05),其他采样时期和处理的土壤硝态氮含量均表现为0~20cm的数值高于20~40cm。[结论]除稻壳覆盖收获时20~40cm土壤硝态氮含量高于0~20cm土壤外,不同覆盖模式下,不同时期0~20cm土层的土壤硝态氮均含量高于20~40cm土层。

高低碳碳化稻壳保温性能研究

针对碳化稻壳的蜂窝状结构还是碳含量是其起保温作用的情况,采用自主设计的测无定形隔热材料导热系数装置,测得C35型碳化稻壳(含碳量≥35%)与普通低碳碳化稻壳(含碳量≤15%)导热系数比为0.87~0.94。计算碳化稻壳燃烧放热量同钢水或钢渣通过碳化稻壳层散热量,发现前者是后者的约47~295倍,碳含量为碳化稻壳起保温作用的主要因素。经实践,钢包中加入厚度2.4 cm的碳化稻壳,保温时间约为8~10 min。综合比较使用高碳碳化稻壳保温的性价比更高。

改性稻壳对含油含重金属废水吸附处理的研究进展

水体污染越来越普遍,严重地威胁着人类的健康,特别是含油含重金属离子的废水,对这些废水的净化处理迫在眉睫。调查研究发现,改性后的稻壳对铜、铅、铬、镉和锌等重金属和油脂有很好的吸附作用。稻壳来源丰富、价格低廉,可以大大降低废水的处理成本,在处理污水方面有较大的发展前景。本文在查阅国内外相关文献的基础上,从稻壳的理化性质展开,探讨了其吸附的改性方法及其在废水处理中的吸附机理。

酿酒用清蒸糠壳质量评价方法与应用

采用层次分析方法研究了影响糠壳清蒸质量的10种因素,并确定了权重,20目筛下物为2.37%,容重为2.37%,夹杂物为2.37%,糠骨力为5.50%,手感为5.50%,色泽为12.33%,气味为34.10%,果胶质为11.82%,多缩戊糖为11.82%,糠醛为11.82%。综合评价糠壳清蒸质量,结果表明,采用蒸糠时间40~50 min,蒸糠温度115~125℃的组合工艺处理的糠壳,均为优良品。该评价方法突破了传统感官评价的主观片面性与局限性,为蒸糠优化工艺提供理论依据。

水稻颖壳退化突变体degraded hull 2(dh2)的遗传分析与基因定位

鉴定和克隆水稻花器官突变体新基因,对了解水稻花器官发育的分子遗传机制和分子信号调控途径有重要作用。本研究报道了1个水稻颖壳异常突变体,来源于EMS(ethyl methane sulfonate)处理的缙恢10号(Oryzasativa)诱变群体,暂被命名为degrade dhull2(dh2)。表型分析发现突变体小花第1轮内稃或外稃横向细胞数目减少,导致内稃或外稃变窄而不能正常勾合,从而呈现开裂现象,其内3轮花器官均无明显变化。遗传分析表明该突变性状受1个隐性单基因控制。利用群体分离分析法(bulked segregation analysis,BSA),将DH2基因定位在第3染色体的IND-5和IND-14之间,遗传距离分别为0.99cM和1.49cM。该研究结果为DH2基因的图位克隆奠定了基础。

水稻颖壳退化突变体degenerated hull 3(dh3)的表型分析与基因定位

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)花器官的发育直接影响其产量和品质。本研究报道了一个水稻颖壳退化突变体,来源于恢复系缙恢10号的ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)诱变群体,命名为degenerated hull 3(dh3)。该突变体表现为内外稃退化变窄,且不能正常闭合。在一些突变严重的小花中,外稃甚至退化成芒状,内稃边缘和浆片退化变窄且融合。遗传分析表明该性状受1对隐性基因调控。利用不育系西农1A与dh3杂交构建的356株F_2突变群体,将DH3基因精细定位在第12染色体的SSR标记RM27706和RM27709之间,物理距离为44.72 kb,该区段内未见已知功能基因的报道。本研究的结果为以后DH3基因的图位克隆与功能分析打下基础。

Effect of Nitrogen on Hull Traits and Its Causes in Yangdao6

The experiments were carried out under solution and pot cultural conditions with rice Yang-dao6. Effect of nitrogen on hull size, weight and plumpness and its relationship with plant nutrition were analysed. On comparison with no fertilization, low N application concentration from transplanting to heading, or employing basal fertilizer or tiller promoting one would result in increment of hull size and weight, while raising N application concentration from transplanting to heading or employing excessive spike fertilizer would result in smaller, lighter hull and poorer hull plumpness. The more amount of nitrogen applied, the more hull development would be inhibited. Top dressing at heading would facilitate hull substance accumulation, but its effect on hull size was small. The variation of hull traits differed in the following order: hull weight>hull weight per unit area>hull area>hull length>hull width. Hull traits were highly significantly correlated to the nitrogen content of plant at heading, with correlation coefficient from - 0. 8684* * to - 0.9336 * * , and positively correlated to the contents of soluble sugar and starch at heading, with correlation coefficient of 0.6660NS - 0.9501 * * . Improving hull characters would be beneficial to substance accumulation of grain, thus improving grain weight considerably(r = 0.6388* - 0.9574* * ).